枸杞速溶粉的研制

为了获得蓬松度高、溶解速度极佳的枸杞粉产品。以枸杞鲜果为原料,通过加热、打浆、酶解、过滤、均质后经设置制干剂的种类、助干剂添加量、物料浓度、进风温度和进料流量5个因素,将枸杞出粉率作为考查指标,优化枸杞原汁喷雾干燥工艺。结果表明,在枸杞原汁中添加35%的麦芽糊精,物料质量分数为40%,在进风温度140℃,进料流量400 mL/h的条件下进行喷雾干燥,测得出粉率为51.72%。经感官评定,制得枸杞产品呈玫红色细粉状,质地均匀,冲调后在水中迅速溶解并散发浓郁的枸杞香味。     

杏鲍菇苦荞速溶粉的研制

以杏鲍菇粉和苦荞粉为原料,经浸提、过滤、浓缩后,添加一定量的麦芽糊精、β-环状糊精、单硬脂酸甘油酯、蔗糖脂肪酸酯、羧甲基纤维素钠等辅料,进行喷雾干燥制备速溶粉。采用单因素试验和响应面优化设计筛选最佳配方。结果表明,杏鲍菇苦荞速溶粉最佳配方如下:杏鲍菇粉与苦荞粉配比为2∶1,按浸提液可溶性固形物含量计;辅料添加量分别为麦芽糊精21%,β-环状糊精2.1%,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.3%,蔗糖脂肪酸酯0.4%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.3%。在此条件下制得的产品感官品质优良、溶解性好。     

芦笋速溶粉的研制

以芦笋为原料,通过榨汁、过滤、加入辅料、均质、浓缩、喷雾干燥等工序,制备芦笋速溶粉。优化得出工艺参数料液比为1∶2,麦芽糊精添加量20%,柠檬酸添加量2%,在此条件下制得的产品口感醇厚,具有芦笋特有清香。     

银杏果压片糖果的研制

以银杏、莲子、蔓越莓为主要原料,添加山梨糖醇、硬脂酸镁、麦芽糊精等辅料,采用湿法压片工艺研制银杏压片糖果,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化配方得到最佳配比。结果表明,银杏压片糖果最佳配方为山梨糖醇添加量35%,甜菊糖苷添加量0.5%,硬脂酸镁添加量0.9%,脱脂奶粉添加量10%,麦芽糊精添加量8%,原料粉配比(白果粉∶莲子粉∶蔓越莓粉=5∶3∶2) 40%,压片水分含量5%,白果片烘干温度50℃。制得的白果片具有银杏香味和良好的口感风味,并且保持了银杏的营养物质,能量较低。     

南瓜籽油微胶囊化的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对以超临界CO2萃取的南瓜籽油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行显微镜观察和抗氧化试验。结果表明：南瓜籽油微胶囊配方中对产品包埋率的影响大小顺序为,壁材（大豆分离蛋白/麦芽糊精）配比>芯材与壁材配比>总固形物含量;由正交试验所得微胶囊配方的最佳配比为：大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精的质量比为1:1,芯材与壁材的质量比为1:5,总固形物含量为25%(W/V)。微胶囊化工艺参数中影响微胶囊化效率的主次顺序是:进风温度>出风温度>均质压力;喷雾干燥工艺条件为：进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,均质压力30MPa。在上述条件下南瓜籽油微胶囊产品的包埋率为90.2%,微胶囊产品具有很好的抗氧化性能和微观结构     

南瓜籽油微胶囊化的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对以超临界CO2萃取的南瓜籽油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行显微镜观察和抗氧化试验。结果表明:南瓜籽油微胶囊配方中对产品包埋率的影响大小顺序为,壁材(大豆分离蛋白/麦芽糊精)配比>芯材与壁材配比>总固形物含量;由正交试验所得微胶囊配方的最佳配比为:大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精的质量比为1:1,芯材与壁材的质量比为1:5,总固形物含量为25%(W/V)。微胶囊化工艺参数中影响微胶囊化效率的主次顺序是:进风温度>出风温度>均质压力;喷雾干燥工艺条件为:进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,均质压力30MPa。在上述条件下南瓜籽油微胶囊产品的包埋率为90.2%,微胶囊产品具有很好的抗氧化性能和微观结构。     

蓝莓微波真空干燥特性及工艺研究

采用微波真空干燥法制备蓝莓粉,以蓝莓粉中花青素含量、感官评分和色差值为评价指标,研究微波功率、真空压强和麦芽糊精添加量对蓝莓干燥特性及产品品质的影响.通过单因素和响应面试验,得出影响蓝莓粉品质各因素的主次顺序为:真空压强＞微波功率＞麦芽糊精添加量,其中微波功率和真空压强的交互作用显著;微波真空干燥法制备蓝莓粉的最优工艺条件为:微波功率660 W,真空压强70 kPa,麦芽糊精添加量24％;在此最佳参数下,蓝莓粉中花青素含量为7.953 mg/g,与冻干蓝莓粉的色差值为9.426.研究结果可为蓝莓保藏和精深加工提供参考.     

真空冷冻干燥制备余甘子果粉工艺研究

以新鲜余甘子为原料，采用真空冷冻干燥技术，在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验优化余甘子果粉制备工艺。结果表明，真空冷冻干燥制备余甘子果粉的最佳工艺参数为：热烫时间30 s,β-环状糊精添加量8 g/200 g，木糖醇添加量5 g/200 g，过80目筛。此条件下制得的余甘子果粉含水率低，为4.99%±0.02%，符合行业标准；产品多酚含量为196.39 mg/g，总糖含量为1.036 mg/g,VC含量为450.86 mg/100 g，感官评分为84.90分；产品粉末细腻，呈橙黄色，冲调性良好，但有轻微沉淀，酸甜可口，回甘明显，稍有余甘子特有清香。     

香葱粉喷雾干燥工艺优化

以新鲜香葱为原料,采用喷雾干燥法制备香葱粉,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法筛选出喷雾干燥得率最佳的参数。结果表明,喷雾干燥制备香葱粉的最佳工艺条件为:料液浓度30%,进口温度140℃,热空气流量0.32 m~3/min,此条件下喷雾干燥香葱粉得率为30.9%,得到的香葱粉淡绿色,分散性好,并保留了香葱特有的气味。     

喷雾干燥法制备速溶枣粉及其冲调性分析

以红枣为原料,通过发酵工艺制备枣浆,采用喷雾干燥法制备速溶枣粉,以速溶枣粉的润湿时间和分散时间为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化速溶枣粉制备工艺。结果表明,喷雾干燥法制备速溶枣粉最佳工艺条件为:进风口温度130℃,进料流量1.27 m L/h,料液浓度22.31%,此条件下制备枣粉的润湿时间为44.12 s,分散时间为8.23 s,外观呈浅棕红色,具有红枣特有香气,冲调性良好。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.