能量密度对低温等离子体辅助催化转化柴油机颗粒物和NOx的影响

为了研究低温等离子体辅助催化后处理技术对柴油机有害排放物的作用效果,基于介质阻挡放电理论设计了低温等离子体（NTP）发生器,研究了NTP发生器工作电压随能量密度的变化关系。以涂覆γ-Al2O3的蜂窝状陶瓷为载体,采用柠檬酸凝胶法制备了LaMnO3催化剂,建立了NTP辅助LaMnO3催化试验系统。在台架试验基础上,研究了能量密度变化对NTP辅助LaMnO3催化技术转化（颗粒物）PM和NOx的影响规律。试验结果表明：在相同频率作用下,NTP发生器的能量密度随着工作电压的升高而增加;与原机相比,NTP辅助LaMnO3催化技术作用后NO浓度显著降低,NO2浓度显著增加,NOx浓度降低;随着能量密度的增加,碳烟转化效果越明显,碳烟的不透光烟度最高降低约83%。结果表明NTP辅助LaMnO3催化技术可有效转化PM和NOx,在柴油机排气后处理领域有着广泛的研究前景。     

低温等离子体协同纳米催化技术降低柴油机NOx排放

针对目前国内外开展的利用低温等离子体协同催化(NPAC)技术转化NOx排放的热点科学问题,采用柠檬酸络合法制备了一种La0.8K0.2Mn0.5Co0.5O3(LKMCO)纳米催化剂,协同低温等离子体(non-thermalplasma,NTP)发生器建立了NPAC系统。通过发动机台架试验,研究了NPAC技术转化柴油机NOx排放的影响因素,重点分析了NTP能量密度和排气温度对转化NOx的影响规律。结果表明:在NTP不同放电频率工作下,O2浓度与原机相比明显降低,降幅最高为5.17%;随着能量密度的增加,NO2浓度升高,NO浓度降低。在放电频率为14.0kHz条件下,当能量密度大于80J/L时,NO2和NO浓度开始转化;在温度为280～350℃时,LKCMO催化剂发挥活性,NPAC技术作用下NOx转化效率得以显著提高。     

低温等离子体对柴油机排放颗粒物组分净化效果的热重分析

为探究低温等离子体(non-thermal plasma,NTP)对柴油机排气中颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)不同组分的净化效果及作用规律。利用自行设计的NTP发生器以O2为气源生成NTP活性物质并喷射入柴油机排气中,在不同的反应温度下对PM进行净化试验。通过滤膜对反应前后的PM分别进行采样并进行热重分析。热重分析中采用变气氛的控制策略实现将PM中挥发性组分(volatile fraction,VF)和元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)失重过程的区分,并利用阿伦尼乌斯(Arrhenius)法对EC进行了氧化动力学分析。试验结果表明在反应温度为120℃时,NTP对PM的去除量最大,达到了66.79%,对EC的去除量也达到了各反应温度下的最大值。经NTP处理后,VF的挥发起始温度与终止温度无明显变化,PM中VF的质量分数下降了5.86%~13.90%,变化幅度随着反应温度的升高而提高。LVF(low volatile fraction)在VF中所占质量分数明显上升,表明NTP与VF中不同组分的反应速率有明显差异。EC在NTP的作用下氧化起始温度和终止温度降低了30~40℃。EC的表观活化能在NTP处理后从175.97~210.49 k J/mol降低至94.13~109.13 k J/mol。依据EC曲线变化可总结出反应温度的升高对NTP处理EC过程的影响主要体现在处于半氧化态的EC质量分数的上升。该文证实了NTP能够对柴油机排气中PM进行有效去除,为NTP应用于排气处理提供了试验依据。     

利用介质阻挡放电等离子体杀灭鲜榨果汁大肠杆菌

与传统热杀菌相比,非热杀菌能较大程度地保持食品中营养成分,节约能耗。为了进一步研究非热杀菌技术,利用自行设计的介质阻挡放电反应器（DBDR）,以鲜榨果汁为杀菌介质,研究了DBDR所产生的低温等离子体（LTP）的杀菌效果和对鲜榨果汁品质的影响。采用响应面法建立了介质阻挡放电等离子体（DBDP）杀灭鲜榨果汁饮料中大肠杆菌的二次多项数学模型,验证了模型的有效性,并探讨了循环次数、pH值、温度及电压对DBDP杀灭大肠杆菌的影响,优化出杀灭7个数量级大肠杆菌（E.coli）ATCC 8739的工艺参数为：循环次数6次,pH值 3.14,温度39.72℃,电压21.42 kV。为进一步研究DBDP的杀菌规律和探讨杀菌机理奠定了数学基础,同时,此模型的决定系数R2达到0.9817,可推广应用到其他果蔬汁的杀菌处理,提高鲜榨果蔬汁的品质和质量安全。     

排气余热辅助低温等离子体再生柴油机颗粒捕集器试验

为探究低温等离子体(non-thermal plasma,NTP)对无外加热源的柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)的再生过程与再生效果,搭建了排气余热辅助NTP再生DPF的试验系统。借助发动机停机后的排气余热,利用DBD(dielectric barrier discharge)型NTP发生器,对处于降温过程的DPF进行再生试验研究。结果表明:随着DPF温度的下降,NTP中O3的分解反应减弱,PM(particulate matter)氧化反应加剧,DPF内部出现温度不降反升的现象,氧化区域自DPF前端逐渐向后端延伸,DPF径向中点处氧化反应最为剧烈,DPF轴向剖面上残余积碳呈现?形。再生后DPF内部残余积碳中可溶性有机成分SOF(soluble organic fraction)明显减少,且NTP处理能够降低PM中SOF及DS(dry soot)的表观活化能。整个再生过程中,DPF内部大量积碳被氧化去除。排气余热辅助的NTP再生技术,实现了对无外加热源的DPF的有效再生,使得DPF排气背压下降达69%。该文证实了排气余热辅助NTP再生DPF的可行性,为NTP再生DPF技术的应用提供了试验依据。     

高压脉冲电场杀菌技术在肉品加工中的应用进展

近年来,高压脉冲电场作为一种新型冷杀菌技术,在牛奶、果汁等流质食品杀菌中已得到广泛应用。目前,高压脉冲电场对肉品的杀菌效果研究较少且存在争议。本文综述了高压脉冲电场技术的杀菌机理和应用现状;对其应用在肉品中的杀菌条件以及对肉品中主要腐败微生物的杀灭效果进行了总结和分析;概述了高压脉冲杀菌技术对肉品理化品质影响的研究进展,以期今后为高压脉冲电场杀菌技术在肉品中应用研究提供参考。     

低温等离子体耦合Fe2O3催化剂去除粮食仓储环境中磷化氢

为了探究低温等离子体（Non-Thermal Plasma,NTP）耦合催化剂对粮仓中磷化氢（PH3）的去除效果,该文采用介质阻挡放电低温等离子体与催化剂耦合的反应装置,研究了NTP与Fe2O3催化剂耦合对PH3去除率的影响,并对耦合反应后的催化剂进行表征,分析产物及反应机理。结果表明,载体和催化剂与NTP耦合改变了NTP的放电状态,提高了PH3去除率;不同载体负载Fe2O3后,在输入功率超过53 W时,NTP与Fe2O3催化剂耦合对PH3去除率均高于无填充,Fe2O3/Al2O3与NTP耦合效果最好,去除效率达到了100%。耦合前后催化剂的表征结果表明,耦合反应之后,Fe2O3/Al2O3催化剂的比表面积降低了11.23%,Fe3+/(Fe2++Fe3+)含量提高了21.06%,Osur/(Olatt+Osur+Oads)含量减少了2.24%,Fe含量降低了4.69%,P含量增加了4.34倍。产物分析表明耦合后生成的主要产物为磷酸。研究结果表明NTP耦合Fe2O3/Al2O3催化剂具有很好的PH3去除效果,为粮食仓储行业去除磷化氢提供理论依据。     

低温等离子快速提高糖基化花生分离蛋白溶解性及乳化性

为进一步提高花生蛋白的溶解特性,扩大花生蛋白在食品工业中的应用。采用低温等离子(Non-Thermal Plasma,NTP)诱导花生分离蛋白-葡聚糖(Peanut Protein Isolate-Dextran,PPI-Dex)湿法糖基化反应,研究NTP在处理0、0.5、1.5、2.0、3.0 min的情况下,反应时间对花生分离蛋白与葡聚糖糖基化反应的影响。在低温等离子处理功率为70 W,反应液温度为60℃的状态下,随着NTP处理时间的延长,PPI-Dex的接枝度增加,在处理时间为1.5min时,PPI-Dex接枝度达最大为21.62%,与超声波接枝PPI-Dex需要40 min,传统湿接枝需要24 h相比,缩短了接枝时间。PPI-Dex接枝后,接枝物溶解度和乳液稳定性显著增强,与未接枝相比,溶解度提高了22.28%。通过测定其分子量、氨基酸含量、红外图谱及表面疏水性变化分析NTP处理对花生分离蛋白结构影响。分析结果表明,NTP处理1.5 min后,花生分离蛋白与葡聚糖发生糖基化反应形成偶联物,偶联物中羟基特征峰3 000～3 500 cm~(-1)及1 000～1 260 cm~(-1)的吸光度与未处理时相比增加,赖氨酸和苯丙氨酸相对含量显著降低(P0.05);同时,α-螺旋含量降低,β-折叠向β-转角转变,蛋白的有序结构被破坏,结构变松散,PPI构型向亲水型转变;接枝物的表面疏水性指数降低。花生分离蛋白与葡聚糖发生糖基化反应,反应位点可能为Lys和Phe。结果表明,低温等离子处理是一种快速促进蛋白与多糖接枝的有效方法。     

橙汁杀菌技术研究进展

近年来,橙汁消费量日益增大,橙汁产业发展前景良好。杀菌是橙汁加工过程中的关键环节,是保证产品品质的重要环节。简述几种主要的橙汁杀菌技术研究进展,分析传统热力杀菌、超高压杀菌、高压脉冲电场杀菌、超声波杀菌、微波杀菌和辐照杀菌对橙汁品质的影响。     

介质阻挡低温等离子处理对花生蛋白持水性及溶解性的影响

花生蛋白营养丰富,但因功能性质差,导致其在食品工业应用受限。低温等离子技术作为一种新兴的、非热、无危害技术,越来越受人关注,介质阻挡放电(dielectricbarrierdischarge,DBD)等离子体技术由于具有适应频率宽,可在较大空间内获得高密度非平衡等离子体,并且工艺简单、快速高效、节能环保,是近年来蛋白质改性研究的热点之一。采用介质阻挡低温等离子体对花生蛋白溶液进行改性处理,研究等离子体处理时间对花生蛋白结构及功能特性影响。试验结果表明:低温等离子处理能显著提高花生蛋白的溶解性、持水性,低温等离子处理时间为2min时,花生蛋白溶解性和持水性达最大,与未处理样品相比分别提高了24.8%和79.6%;同时,花生蛋白乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性和持油性也有不同程度的提高。借助十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared,FTIR)、表面疏水性分析低温等离子对花生蛋白结构影响。分析结果表明,低温等离子处理并未改变花生蛋白的分子量分布;低温等离子处理后,β-折叠和无规则卷曲的含量增加,α-螺旋和β-转角的含量降低,蛋白的有序结构被破坏,结构由紧密变松散;花生蛋白表面疏水性显著提高。低温等离子处理是一种改善蛋白功能性质的有效方法。     

微波的热与非热效应对淀粉性质的影响

微波是波长微小的电磁波,具有很强的介质穿透能力,可实现物料内外的同时升温。在利用微波熟化淀粉类食品时,具有热效率高、可控性强、设备占地小等优点。本文介绍了淀粉升温糊化过程中微波热效应和非热效应;总结了研究微波非热效应的几种新手段;比较了微波处理与热传导处理在淀粉升温糊化过程中,淀粉颗粒表观特征、晶体结构和分子结构的变化以及热学特性的差异;论述了微波处理淀粉乳中水的响应。本文为后续深入研究微波处理对食物中淀粉糊化的影响与微波糊化淀粉特性的开发利用提供了参考。     

高压脉冲杀菌集成冷冻浓缩加工果汁的工艺

为了最大限度的保留果汁原有的生鲜风味和营养,采用高压脉冲电场杀菌和冷冻浓缩这两种非热加工的集成技术,应用在果汁浓缩加工中,其中高压脉冲电场技术可以有效地抑制微生物生长,而冷冻浓缩可以有效地钝化酶活力。将该系统非热力加工工艺应用于浓缩橙汁,经感官评定分析,结果表明,产品品质明显优于巴氏杀菌橙汁。     

超滤对血橙果汁中抗氧化成分及总抗氧化能力的影响

采用管式聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜，探讨了超滤对血橙果汁中抗氧化成分及总抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明，其对维生素C和花青素类成分的保存率约为85%左右，对几种酚酸和类黄酮组分（除槲皮素外）的保存率均在90%以上。同未杀菌的血橙原汁相比，巴氏杀菌汁的总抗氧化能力(TAA)损失率为23%，而超滤澄清汁仅为10%左右，主要与维生素C和花青素含量损失有关。     

Theoretical Analysis on the Removal of Cyclic Volatile Organic Compounds by Non-thermal Plasma

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from anthropogenic sources, especially cyclic organics with stable structure and strong toxicity (e.g., cyclohexane and benzene), exert hazards to atmospheric environment and human health, and need to be controlled urgently. As an emerging technology for VOC removal, non-thermal plasma (NTP) with low-energy consumption and high removal efficiency is widely studied. However, in contrary to the abundant experiments, theoretical studies are only few, and the degradation mechanisms and pathways of VOCs are still open questions, which hinders the effective VOC removal. Herein, the density function theory (DFT) calculations of NTP degradations for two typical cyclic organics, cyclohexane and benzene, are performed. The degradations of cyclic organics are mainly resulted by the dehydrogenation, decarburation, elimination, and ring-opening reactions and can be markedly promoted with radical ·OH, H·, and O· produced by background gas (H2O and O2). For cyclohexane degradations, the presence of O· decreases the energy barrier from 81.9 to 8.7 kcal/mol in the initial step, leading to an optimal degradation pathway with minimum plasma energy at around 0.5 eV. For benzene degradations, the presence of ·OH decreases the energy barrier from 118.4 to 5.5 kcal/mol in the initial step, triggering an optimal degradation pathway with minimum plasma energy at around 6 eV. The higher plasma energy required in degradation of benzene is due to its more stable structure than alkanes ring. Moreover, the O₂ concentration and plasma energy are suggested to increase for efficient degradation of cyclohexane and benzene, respectively.     

Identification of isolutein (lutein epoxide) as cis-antheraxanthin in orange juice

The carotenoid profile of orange juice is very complex, a common characteristic for citrus products in general. This fact, along with the inherent acidity of the product, which promotes the isomerization of some carotenoids, makes the correct identification of some of these pigments quite difficult. Thus, one of the carotenoids occurring in orange juice has been traditionally identified as isolutein, a term used to refer to lutein epoxide, although enough evidence to support that identification has not been given. In this study, the carotenoid previously identified as isolutein/lutein epoxide in orange juice has been isolated and identified as a 9 or 9'-cis isomer of antheraxanthin as a result of different tests. To support this identification, a mixture of geometrical isomers of lutein epoxide isolated from petals of dandelions was analyzed under the same conditions used for orange juice carotenoids to check that neither their retention times nor their spectroscopic features matched with those of the orange juice carotenoid now identified as a cis isomer of antheraxanthin.     

Carotenoid profile modification during refrigerated storage in untreated and pasteurized orange juice and orange juice treated with high-intensity pulsed electric fields

A comparative study was made of the evolution and modification of various carotenoids and vitamin A in untreated orange juice, pasteurized orange juice (90 degrees C, 20 s), and orange juice processed with high-intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) (30 kV/cm, 100 micros), during 7 weeks of storage at 2 and 10 degrees C. The concentration of total carotenoids in the untreated juice decreased by 12.6% when the juice was pasteurized, whereas the decrease was only 6.7% when the juice was treated with HIPEF. Vitamin A was greatest in the untreated orange juice, followed by orange juice treated with HIPEF (decrease of 7.52%) and, last, pasteurized orange juice (decrease of 15.62%). The decrease in the concentrations of total carotenoids and vitamin A during storage in refrigeration was greater in the untreated orange juice and the pasteurized juice than in the juice treated with HIPEF. During storage at 10 degrees C, auroxanthin formed in the untreated juice and in the juice treated with HIPEF. This carotenoid is a degradation product of violaxanthin. The concentration of antheraxanthin decreased during storage, and it was converted into mutatoxanthin, except in the untreated and pasteurized orange juices stored at 2 degrees C.     

Processing and storage effects on orange juice aroma: a review

Freshly squeezed orange juice aroma is due to a complex mixture of volatile compounds as it lacks a specific character impact compound. Fresh hand-extracted juice is unstable, and thermal processing is required to reduce enzyme and microbial activity. Heating protocols range from the lightly heated not from concentrate, NFC, to the twice heated, reconstituted from concentrate, RFC, juices. Thermal processing profoundly effects aroma composition. Aroma volatiles are further altered by subsequent time-temperature storage conditions. Heating reduces levels of reactive aroma impact compounds such as neral and geranial, and creates off-flavors or their precursors from Maillard, Strecker, and acid catalyzed hydration reactions. Off-flavors such as 4-vinylguaiacol, p-cymene, and carvone are the products of chemical reactions. Other off-flavors such as butane-2,3-dione, guaiacol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol are indicators of microbial contaminations. Since most orange juice consumed worldwide is processed, the goal of this review is to summarize the widely scattered reports on orange juice aroma differences in the three major juice products and subsequent aroma changes due to packaging, storage, and microbial contamination with special emphasis on results from GC-O studies.     

橙汁加工过程对农药炔螨特残留的影响

为弄清橙汁加工过程中农药炔螨特残留的动态,通过田间喷施浓度为5倍于最高推荐剂量的农药溶液以强化炔螨特在甜橙上的残留,然后按照橙汁商业化加工过程进行加工,采用QuEChERS前处理技术结合气相色谱-串联质谱法检测炔螨特的含量,来考察橙汁商业化加工过程对炔螨特残留的影响。结果表明:炔螨特残留主要分布于甜橙果皮中,果肉中炔螨特的残留量不足全果的5%。清洗能除去全果中32.5%的炔螨特残留。初榨果汁、精滤果汁、非浓缩橙汁(NFC橙汁)和浓缩橙汁中的残留量分别为原料果的1.98%、1.95%、1.73%、1.37%,其中NFC橙汁和浓缩橙汁的加工因子分别为0.0173和0.0137,但炔螨特在果渣和精油中发生富集,加工因子分别为1.2822和18.4947。研究结果为橙汁加工工艺的优化和炔螨特残留的膳食暴露评估提供参考。     

Reliability of analytical methods for determining anthocyanins in blood orange juices

Quantitative analysis of anthocyanins was performed on a series of blood orange juices according to various spectrophotometric and HPLC methods, and the causes for different concentration resulting from the application of such procedures were investigated. Spectrophotometric methods utilizing aqueous ethanol as a solvent provided an anthocyanin content higher than that determined by HPLC. Discrepancies were ascribed to the use of impure standards and/or unsuitable calibration lines. The most consistent results with the HPLC findings were obtained by a method utilizing water as a solvent and cyanidin-3-glucoside as a standard. Actual concentration of anthocyanins in blood orange juice was remarkably lower than that currently determined by procedures used in the juice producing factories.     

Effect of processing techniques at industrial scale on orange juice antioxidant and beneficial health compounds

Phenolic compounds, vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid), and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in orange juices manufactured by different techniques. Five processes at industrial scale (squeezing, mild pasteurization, standard pasteurization, concentration, and freezing) used in commercial orange juice manufacturing were studied. In addition, domestic squeezing (a hand processing technique) was compared with commercial squeezing (an industrial FMC single-strength extraction) to evaluate their influences on health components of orange juice. Whole orange juice was divided into soluble and cloud fractions after centrifugation. Total and individual phenolics were analyzed in both fractions by HPLC. Commercial squeezing extracted 22% more phenolics than hand squeezing. The freezing process caused a dramatic decrease in phenolics, whereas the concentration process caused a mild precipitation of these compounds to the juice cloud. In pulp, pasteurization led to degradation of several phenolic compounds, that is, caffeic acid derivatives, vicenin 2 (apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside), and narirutin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone-7-rutinoside) with losses of 34.5, 30.7, and 28%, respectively. Regarding vitamin C, orange juice produced by commercial squeezing contained 25% more of this compound than domestic squeezing. Mild and standard pasteurization slightly increased the total vitamin C content as the contribution from the orange solids parts, whereas concentration and freezing did not show significant changes. The content of L-ascorbic acid provided 77-96% of the total antioxidant capacity of orange juice. Mild pasteurization, standard pasteurization, concentration, and freezing did not affect the total antioxidant capacity of juice, but they did, however, in pulp, where it was reduced by 47%.