卷曲形绿茶自动化加工生产线设计与参数优化

以国产茶叶加工设备为主体,设计、选配和组建了卷曲形绿茶自动化标准化加工生产线,采用一芽二叶茶鲜叶原料,优化提出了关键加工工序参数;以传统炒青绿茶及工艺为对照,比较新生产线所制卷曲形绿茶的感官、色泽和理化品质、工艺特点和加工成本。结果发现:自动化生产线以生物质颗粒为燃烧热源,集成了自动摊放与称量、热风滚筒解块和循环滚炒等技术,实现了全程自动化加工,提高了茶叶的滋味和色泽品质,所制卷曲形绿茶的感官品质得分比传统炒青绿茶高3分,酚氨比相对较低(P0.05),干茶的色相值、茶汤、叶底的亮度和色相值相对更好(P0.01);该生产线日均可加工1200 kg 绿茶,能耗成本为1.3～1.4 元/kg干茶,相比传统单机加工设备,用工成本减少80%。该生产线提高了茶叶品质,降低了生产成本,为卷曲形绿茶标准化加工和品质提升提供参考。     

小乔木型中叶类茶树品种的扁形绿茶加工工艺研究

为了提高小乔木型中叶类茶树品种的扁形绿茶的品质水平,以摊放程度、青锅方式、辉锅方式为因素,进行三因素二水平L4(23)正交试验,选用两种高香品种黄棪和梅占,对生化成分、滋味化学鉴定、茶汤色度值和感官品质等品质化学指标进行分析比较.结果表明:(1)品种不同对扁形绿茶品质化学特征有影响；(2)T2处理(减重率10％～15％→微波杀青后多功能机整形→多功能机辉锅)为最优工艺,可实现扁形绿茶全程机制,生产效率高、容易稳定品质,在提高茶汤亮度和提升叶底品质上有突出优势,并能够形成品种独特的品质特色(黄棪表现为汤色嫩绿明亮,带花香;梅占表现为香气高长、滋味浓爽鲜嫩).     

杀青方式对机采绿茶理化品质的影响

为了提高茶树机采绿茶杀青品质,以机采鲜叶为原料,比较微波、汽热、电热滚筒和电磁滚筒耦合热风4种杀青方式所制机采绿茶的感官品质、茶叶内含成分、色泽和香气。结果显示：电磁滚筒耦合热风杀青所制绿茶的感官得分（89分）最高,所制干茶的色相值（a/b）相对更绿（p<0.01）,酚氨比较低（p<0.05）,非酯型儿茶素、酯型儿茶素和儿茶素总量也相对较低（p<0.01）;电磁滚筒杀青所制绿茶的栗香型成分含量较高,如藏红花醛、癸醛、β-环柠檬醛、庚醛和3,7-二甲基-2,6-二辛烯醛等高级醛类,香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮和1-戊烯-3-酮,反式-2-辛烯醇、芳樟醇、反式-橙花叔醇等,以及二甲硫、2-甲基呋喃和1-乙基吡咯等杂环化合物,说明电磁滚筒耦合热风杀青集成了不同工艺特点,所制机采绿茶滋味鲜爽,栗香明显,该工艺有利于提高机采绿茶品质,对实际生产具有指导作用。     

制茶工艺与绿茶滋味品质关系研究现状

本文对制茶工艺与绿茶滋味品质关系研究现状进行了总结,综述了绿茶加工的鲜叶摊放、杀青、揉捻和干燥对绿茶滋味品质影响的研究成果。     

大叶种绿茶摊青技术探讨

通过对大种绿茶鲜叶的不同摊青时间和方法处理．进行样品生化分析和毛茶感官审评，结果表明：摊青过程鲜叶中的多酚类、儿茶素(尤其酯型儿茶素)含量逐步减少，氨基酸、水溶性糖含量明显增加，酚氨比值下降，经摊青处理的绿毛茶茶汤醇度、鲜爽味和香气均明显提高，说明摊青有助干改善大叶种绿茶品质．但摊青需适度，过度摊青反而降低制茶品质。摊青适宜的时间是6—10小时，含水量71—73％，宜采用萎凋措自然摊放。     

不同加工工艺对'福萱'绿茶品质的影响

以新品系'福萱'(0314C)的春季一芽二三叶为原料,采用不同杀青方式(滚筒杀青、微波杀青、蒸汽杀青)和干燥方式(炒干、烘干)制作绿茶,通过感官品质审评及品质成分测定评价不同工艺对福萱绿茶品质的影响.结果表明:蒸青绿茶样的品质最佳,感官特征为外形毫洁白,乌绿翠,汤色嫩黄绿,花香尚显,滋味清醇,叶底嫩黄.炒青样的水浸出物总量(42.30％)和游离氨基酸总量(4.75％)均为最高,同时其酚氨比值(3.48)最低,而茶多酚总量和咖啡碱含量均以微波样最高,分别为17.35％、3.44％,儿茶素总量及L-EGCG、L-ECG含量亦以微波样最高,分别为13.37％、8.61％、1.68％,L-EGC含量则以蒸青样最高(2.14％),而烘青样的儿茶素品质指数最大(548.68).     

微波杀青对绿茶品质的影响

比较了滚筒杀青、微波杀青、滚筒＋微波杀青和微波＋滚筒杀青4种杀青方式对绿茶品质的影响。结果表明,微波杀青的绿茶理化成分含量高,具有色泽翠绿的特点;滚筒杀青的绿茶理化成分含量次之,香气高长,具有令人愉悦的清栗香;而采用滚筒＋微波杀青的绿茶综合上述两种杀青方式的优点,其干茶不仅色泽翠绿,而且具有高长的清栗香气,理化成分含量适中。     

改进瓶式杀青绿茶色泽的探讨

众所周知,炒青绿茶要求色泽绿润,汤色绿明,香味鲜爽,叶底绿亮。江苏省邗江县凤凰茶场在茶叶投产初期由于制茶设备简陋,机种不全,只有瓶式炒干机、揉捻机和烘干机三种机种,工艺上因陋就简,采取了瓶式炒干机杀青、揉捻机揉捻、烘干机初烘、瓶式炒干机炒干的工艺,生产出的炒青绿茶色泽灰暗,汤色开始尚绿,但很快变成橙色,叶底色泽黄绿不匀,香气沉闷、带有生青气,滋味有熟味,品质较差,不适合市场需求。     

杀青方式对夏季绿茶化学成分及滋味品质的影响

杀青是绿茶加工的关键工序,对绿茶品质的形成具有重要作用。为探究杀青方式对夏季绿茶化学成分及滋味品质的影响,采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)对微波杀青、滚筒杀青、蒸汽杀青3种杀青方式加工后的夏季绿茶进行化学成分分析,同时,分别采用咖啡碱、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和谷氨酸钠为标准苦味、涩味和鲜味物质对3种杀青方式加工的夏季绿茶进行滋味强度分析。液质联用分析结果表明,蒸汽杀青、滚筒杀青、微波杀青对夏季绿茶中的儿茶素、黄酮糖苷、原花青素、聚酯型儿茶素、氨基酸、酚酸和有机酸等化学成分含量具有明显的影响。滋味等效量化结果表明,杀青方式可以较明显地改变夏季绿茶的滋味,不同杀青方式加工绿茶的苦味强度为:滚筒杀青蒸汽杀青微波杀青;涩味强度为:蒸汽杀青滚筒杀青微波杀青;鲜味强度3种杀青方式间无统计学显著差异。     

大叶种机制扁形名茶新工艺

大叶种芽叶肥壮、持嫩性好、白毫多,用它的芽头制成的扁形茶芽锋壮实挺秀、香味清醇。目前国内对这种扁形茶多采用手工或多功能机或机器配套制作,未曾见到采用振动理条机杀青、整形,制作扁形茶的报道。笔者通过近两年的试验,探索出全程(除烘干干燥外)用上洋牌6ｃｈ-60Ｄ型振动理条机,茶不出锅一次性呵成扁形茶的新工艺。采用该工艺制得的扁形茶外形扁直,白毫显露,嫩香持久,滋味鲜爽醇和,汤色绿亮,叶底嫩黄匀整。现将该工艺介绍如下。工艺流程:鲜叶摊放→杀青→理条→压扁做形→理条干燥→烘干干燥。鲜叶摊放　将采摘的大叶种芽头进厂后均匀…     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象，采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究，并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带，其中有37条多态带，多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果，在遗传距离为0.35时，12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类，第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体；第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体；第3类为浙江、广东种源个体；第4类为江西、福建种源个体；第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

Use of mechanics of cohesive granular media for analysis of hardness and vitreousness of wheat endosperm

The characterisation of the wheat endosperm by mechanical tests of compression highlighted a relation between the rupture energy and the elasticity modulus for different varieties of wheat; this relation allows us to distinguish mealy and vitreous endosperms. An approach based on the micromechanics of cohesive granular materials is used to analyse these experimental results. A geometrical model of the wheat endosperm made of grains linked by cohesive bonds is proposed. We introduced two parameters, the first one α represents the percentage of active bonds (bonds where the stiffness and strength are non-zero), and the second one β represents the threshold of the bond's rupture. The parameter β can be related to the cross-section of the bond. This model successfully describes the mechanical tests on the wheat endosperm. The comparison with the experimental tests makes it possible to clearly differentiate vitreous wheats and mealy wheats and then attribute this property to the parameter β. The model shows the same tendency as regards the evolution of the rupture energy and the elastic modulus with the parameter α. The modelling of endosperm by the mechanics of cohesive granular media provides a new theoretical framework to interpret the rheology of endosperm. This approach allows us to connect this rheology to the mechanical actions at the scale of the granules.