包被酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、消化道内环境及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同剂量包被酸化剂对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、消化道内环境及血清生化指标的影响。选取1日龄体重相近的健康黄羽肉鸡300只,随机分为4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复15只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.1%、0.3%、0.5%包被酸化剂的试验饲粮。试验期63 d。结果表明:1)0.1%、0.3%、0.5%包被酸化剂组的末重、体增重均极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。2)0.3%包被酸化剂组胸肌率、腿肌率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.3%包被酸化剂组十二指肠及0.5%包被酸化剂组腺胃p H显著低于对照组(P0.05);0.3%包被酸化剂组十二指肠胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性及盲肠乳酸菌数量显著高于对照组(P0.05),大肠杆菌数量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。3)0.1%包被酸化剂组碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),尿素氮含量则显著低于对照组(P0.05);0.3%包被酸化剂组AKP、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加包被酸化剂能够改善黄羽肉鸡生长性能,降低肠道p H,提高消化酶活性,改善微生物区系组成及血清生化指标,适宜添加量为0.3%。     

黄芪多糖对罗非鱼非特异性免疫和胃肠内分泌功能的影响

本试验旨在探讨黄芪多糖对罗非鱼血浆中非特异性免疫酶活力以及胃肠内分泌阳性细胞数量的影响.选用体重(47±5)g的罗非鱼共150尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼.对照组饲喂基础日粮,4个试验组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加500、1000、1500、2000 mg/kg黄芪多糖的试验日粮.分别于试验第10天、第20天和第30天心脏采血并分离血浆,测定血浆中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活力.试验进行至第40天时,采用免疫组化抗体检测罗非鱼胃体和前肠内增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)阳性细胞、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)阳性细胞及生长抑素(SS)阳性细胞数量.结果表明:与对照组相比,各试验组ACP、AKP、T-SOD、CAT和LSZ的活力均有所提高,在第20天和第30天时,1000 mg/kg组和1500 mg/kg组有显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).与对照组相比,各试验组PCNA阳性细胞数量有所增加,iNOS和SS阳性细胞数量有所减少.其中,1000 mg/kg组和1500 mg/kg组与对照组差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).由此得出,日粮中添加黄芪多糖可不同程度地提高罗非鱼血浆ACP、AKP、T-SOD、CAT和LSZ的活力,同时能够促进胃体和前肠部PCNA阳性细胞数量的增加及iNOS、SS阳性细胞数量的减少,且以1000和1500 mg/kg添加量效果较好.     

黄腐酸对鲫鱼非特异性免疫相关酶的影响

为研究饲料中添加黄腐酸对鲫鱼非特异性免疫相关酶的影响,试验选取60尾体质健壮且体质量40 g左右的鲫鱼,随机分为2组,即对照组和试验组,每组设3个重复,每重复10尾鱼。对照组饲喂基础饲料,试验组在基础饲料中添加0.30%的黄腐酸(FA),试验期30 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,鲫鱼基础饲料中添加0.30%FA,试验鱼血清溶菌酶(LSZ)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力均有显著提高(P0.05),酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力也有提高,但差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,鲫鱼基础饲料中添加FA可以提高试验鱼血清非特异性免疫相关酶活性。     

黄芪多糖对吉富罗非鱼生长和免疫功能的影响北大核心

试验旨在研究黄芪多糖(APS)对吉富罗非鱼生长性能和免疫功能的影响。选取外观正常、体质健壮、平均体重(19.32±0.23) g的吉富罗非鱼450尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。对照组鱼投喂基础饵料,试验组在基础饵料中添加0.05%(0.05%组)、0.10%(0.10%组)、0.15%(0.15%组)和0.20%(0.20%组) APS。试验期28 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,0.10%组、0.15%组吉富罗非鱼的增重率显著提高(P<0.05),饵料系数显著降低(P<0.05)。试验第7 d,试验组吉富罗非鱼血清中的溶菌酶(LSZ)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。使用无乳链球菌攻毒10 d后,0.20%组罗非鱼的免疫护率最高(61.25%),0.15%组次之(56.41%)。研究表明,从生长性能、免疫指标和经济角度综合考虑,吉富罗非鱼生产中建议添加0.15%的APS。     

壳聚糖对饲料镉胁迫下罗非鱼肝胰抗氧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力的影响

为研究壳聚糖(CS)对饲料镉(Cd)胁迫下罗非鱼肝胰抗氧化能力的影响,将300尾平均体质量(10.69±0.55)g的罗非鱼随机分为5个处理组,每处理组4个重复,每重复15尾罗非鱼,试验期7周。5个处理组分别为对照组、Cd、Cd+0.5%CS、Cd+1.0%CS和Cd+1.5%CS组。在饲料Cd胁迫下,罗非鱼的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低(P0.05),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高(P0.05),但是谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性(GSH-Px)和总抗氧化(T-AOC)水平无显著变化(P0.05);随着壳聚糖添加水平的提高,肝胰SOD、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC水平逐渐升高,而CAT活性呈降低趋势;Cd+1.0%CS和Cd+1.5%CS组的SOD、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC水平显著高于Cd组(P0.05),而CAT活性显著降低(P0.05)。表明饲料中添加壳聚糖可改善Cd胁迫下罗非鱼肝胰抗氧化能力状况。     

美洲大蠊水提物对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、血清和肝脏生化指标的影响北大核心

试验旨在探究美洲大蠊水提取物对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、血清和肝脏生化指标的影响。选取平均体重为(22.18±0.03) g吉富罗非鱼450尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别在基础饵料中添加0 (对照组)、0.10%(Ⅰ组)、0.15%(Ⅱ组)、0.20%(Ⅲ组)、0.25%(Ⅳ组)的美洲大蠊水提物。试验期45 d。结果显示,各试验组鱼的内脏指数均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组罗非鱼血清总胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各试验组罗非鱼肝脏甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组罗非鱼血清过氧化氢酶、总超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性、总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各试验组罗非鱼肝脏过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性、总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,吉富罗非鱼饵料中添加0.15%美洲大蠊水提物较为适宜。     

饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、体成分、抗氧化指标及抗亚硝酸盐应激能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清和肝脏抗氧化指标及抗亚硝酸盐应激能力的影响。选取初始体重为(1.51±0.02)g的吉富罗非鱼840尾,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复35尾鱼。对照组饲喂基础饲料,试验组分别在基础饲料中添加50、100、300、500和1 000 mg/kg的桑叶黄酮。饲养期56d。饲养试验结束后,各组采用亚硝酸钠进行72h应激试验。结果表明:1)各组间吉富罗非鱼增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率均差异不显著(P0.05)。各组间吉富罗非鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。2)试验组血清超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均高于对照组,其中100、300、500和1 000mg/kg桑叶黄酮组血清SOD活性,50、500、1 000 mg/kg桑叶黄酮组血清GSH-Px活性及100、500mg/kg桑叶黄酮组血清T-AOC显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著降低(P0.05)。100、300和500mg/kg桑叶黄酮组肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)、SOD活性和T-AOC显著高于对照组(P0.05);肝脏GSH-Px活性以500 mg/kg桑叶黄酮组最高,显著高于1 000mg/kg桑叶黄酮组(P0.05)。3)亚硝酸盐氮应激48和72h,50、100、500mg/kg桑叶黄酮组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对吉富罗非鱼生长性能没有显著影响,但提高了血清和肝脏抗氧化指标及抗亚硝酸盐应激能力。本试验条件下,通过回归方程分析,以血清SOD活性、T-AOC为评价指标,得出吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中桑叶黄酮适宜添加水平为100 mg/kg;以肝脏SOD活性、T-AOC为评价指标,得出吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中桑叶黄酮适宜添加水平为371.00~441.75mg/kg。     

饲料铅胁迫对吉富罗非鱼生长性能及肝胰脏抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料铅对吉富罗非鱼生长性能及肝胰脏抗氧化能力的影响。试验选用200尾全雄吉富罗非鱼,初始体重为(14.44±3.82)g随机分为2个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复25尾鱼,分别投喂铅添加水平为0和800 mg/kg的饲料,试验期为28 d。结果:饲料铅显著降低了吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率(P0.05),并显著提高了饲料系数(P0.05);饲料铅胁迫组的丙二醛水平显著升高(P0.05),总抗氧化能力水平与过氧化氢酶活性显著降低(P0.05),超氧化物歧化酶活性与对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。800 mg/kg的饲料铅胁迫可降低吉富罗非鱼的生长性能,导致肝胰脏抗氧化能力下降。     

复方中草药对山女鳟、白点鲑和亚东鲑肝脏抗氧化及非特异性免疫指标的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.5%复方中草药,饲喂山女鳟、白点鲑、亚东鲑,并分别于第0、7、14、21、28 d检测其肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力、一氧化氮(NO)浓度、溶菌酶(LSZ)含量,以研究复方中草药对山女鳟、白点鲑、亚东鲑肝脏抗氧化及非特异性免疫的影响。结果表明,山女鳟肝脏中,T-SOD活力7 d时显著高于其他时间段(P0.05),AKP活力7 d时显著高于0、21、28 d(P0.05),NO含量和LSZ含量7 d时显著高于其他时间段(P0.05)。白点鲑肝脏中,T-SOD、CAT、T-AOC活力14 d时显著高于0 d(P0.05),ACP活力呈现升高后降低的趋势,7 d时升至最高且显著高于其他时间段(P0.05)。亚东鲑肝脏中,T-SOD和T-AOC活力14 d时显著高于0 d(P0.05),MDA含量14 d时显著低于其他时间段(P0.05),AKP活力21 d时显著高于其他时间段(P0.05);ACP活力7、14 d时显著高于其他时间段P0.05),NO含量和LSZ含量14 d时显著高于0 d(P0.05)。     

不同地区牦牛乳中水解酶活性比较研究

为了比较青海天峻、甘肃甘南、天祝牦牛乳中水解酶活性,试验选取三个牧区共150头牦牛进行乳酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、淀粉酶(AMS)活性检测比较分析。结果表明:青海高原牦牛乳ACP、AKP活性显著高于天祝白牦牛乳和甘南牦牛乳(P0.05),三个品种牦牛乳的AMS活性差异不显著(P0.05);相同品种、不同牧区的天祝白牦牛乳水解酶活性变化无规律;随着胎次的增加,ACP、AKP、AMS活性均无显著变化(P0.05)。说明ACP、AKP活性与地区海拔有关,海拔越高,牦牛乳ACP活性越高,但AKP活性越低;AMS活性与地区海拔、品种变化关系不显著(P0.05);胎次对牦牛乳酶活性影响不显著(P0.05)。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒传播途径特性的比较及其表面基因序列分析

选择中国大陆最早分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)(缩写为SS株)和1998年大流行时期分离的H9N2亚型AIVA/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)(缩写为F株)为研究对象,对其在SPF鸡体内的复制能力和传播途径特性比较后发现,F株在4周龄SPF鸡气管中的复制能力高于SS株,F株可以经气溶胶传播途径传播,SS株不能经气溶胶传播途径传播;利用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法获取F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的cDNA,序列分析得知,F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的同源性分别是96.6%和98.1%;HA基因的裂解位点氨基酸序列都是PARSSR↓GL,但有5个氨基酸的差异,即166位N(F)→D(SS)、198位A(F)→V(SS)、217位V(F)→I(SS)、335位G(F)→R(SS)、504位L(F)→S(SS);2株病毒的NA基因在63~65位都存在氨基酸缺失,但在NA基因红细胞吸附位点的氨基酸序列不同,分别是IKKDSRSG(F)和IKEDLRSG(SS)。F株和SS株的传播特性差异是否与其表面基因序列有关,有待进一步研究。     

禽类的起源、演化及我国主要家禽品种类型与分布

家禽是重要经济价值动物.本文从禽类种群进化学说出发,简介了禽类的起源、演化、动物学分类和家禽的驯化(养)与品种的形成,并对我国主要家禽(鸡、鸭、鹅)地方品种和培育品种(配套系)的分布与类型作了描述,以期为研究我国家禽起源系统,保护与利用我国家禽品种,促进家禽生产可持续发展提供参考.     

一起猪链球菌病和伪狂犬病的混合感染的诊治

近年以来,由于市场因素的刺激,生猪的存养量大幅上升,再加上由于流通环节较多,流通非常频繁,流通距离越来越远。这对繁荣经济,增加养殖效益起了重要的推动作用,但也同时给疾病的感染和传播创造了有利条件,给猪病的防治带来了困难。有的猪场感染了传染病后,由于治疗不及时不得法,而造成了惨重的经济损失。2008年7月中旬,我街道一养猪户因盲目从外地购进中猪,发生猪病疫情,引起猪只连续死亡,造成一定的经济损失。根据流行病学、临床症状、剖检变化和实验室诊断,诊断该病为猪链球菌病和猪伪狂犬病混合感染,现报告如下。     

秋冬季预防和治疗虫媒性传染病鸡白冠病和鸡痘

１前言１．１鸡白冠病鸡白冠病是由卡氏住白细胞原虫寄生于鸡的红细胞和单核细胞而引起的鸡的贫血性疾病。吸血昆虫蚋和库蠓叮咬鸡引起传播，是主要的传播媒介，一般在夏末和秋季多发，由于夏季降雨量较大，部分沟渠积水，库蠓和蚋多孳生，因此在多雨水涝的年份发病率明显增高。１９９８年中国从南到北发生洪涝灾害，吸血昆虫的孳生格外严重，出现了一个白冠病多发年，而后两年发病稍轻，并有地区性，今年８月中旬以来白冠病的发病呈抬头趋势，有一定的死亡率，对蛋鸡产蛋率也会引起一定程度的降低，应引起养鸡户的重视。１．２鸡痘鸡痘也是…     

种鹅矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染的诊治

2005年9月份,大庆市红岗区个体养鹅专业户送检6只病死的5月龄左右隆昌鹅和长白鹅,经过实验室诊断确诊为矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染。矛形剑带绦虫属膜壳科     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Shape and size of teeth of dogs and cats-relevance to studies of plaque and calculus accumulation

Crown width, height and buccal surface areas were measured on heads or skulls of four dogs and four cats, and were compared with similar measurements on models of human dentition. Buccal surface area variability was greater in dogs and cats than in humans, and teeth of cats were smaller. Horizontal (gingival and occlusal halves) and vertical (mesial, middle, and distal thirds) buccal surface area variability was also greater in canine and feline teeth compared with human teeth. This increased variability suggests the need for testing of reliability and repeatability of scoring when using plaque and calculus indices based on horizontal or vertical segmentation. Buccal surface area variability between teeth also prompts questioning the validity of equal weighting of smaller, irregularly-shaped teeth when calculating a mean mouth score. Whether equal or more reliable results would be obtained from scores of whole teeth in comparison with segmentation indices used currently has yet to be determined.     

Description and classification of abnormal cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei and a method of concentration and collection

Over a period of about 12 years, 30 abnormal Schistosoma mattheei cercariae were found among a total of approximately 2.8 million examined. Initially seven were recovered from about 1.02 million (0.0007%), which were examined individually while being counted with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. Subsequently, on the strength of relatively high percentages of abnormal individuals recovered when counting cercariae that failed to penetrate into oxen, it appeared that the morphologically abnormal cercariae were unable to swim and would mostly sediment out of a suspension while most of the normal cercariae would remain swimming. This surmise is supported by recovery of 23 morphologically abnormal cercariae (0.001%) from about 1.8 million, by examining the sediment after the cercarial suspension had been left standing undisturbed in glass measuring cylinders. The abnormalities ranged from aberrant tails only (e.g. an underdeveloped tail, or different degrees of schism) or aberrant heads only, to abnormalities of both the heads and tails. A suggested schematic classification of abnormal cercariae is presented. A young, adult hamster was exposed to eight S. mattheei cercariae with complete schism of the shaft of the tail, by pipetting the cercariae onto the shaved abdominal skin of the anaesthetised animal. Two underdeveloped females were subsequently encountered in squash preparations of the liver when the hamster was killed for worm recovery 10 weeks after infection, thus showing that some of the abnormal cercariae were viable. A method is also described for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining some of the shining brilliance of live cercariae, without them becoming shrivelled, granular and semi-opaque, as occurs when cercariae die spontaneously or are killed with heat. This is apparently the first report of abnormal cercariae of S. mattheei. In addition, a method of concentrating abnormal cercariae after emergence from a snail, a schematic classification of abnormal cercariae and a method for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining much of the shiny brilliance of live cercariae are also reported for the first time as far as is known.