武都地区初榨橄榄油酚类和脂肪酸组成对油脂氧化稳定性研究

对武都地区的白橄榄(U)、恩帕特雷(E)、奇迹(K)、阿斯(As)、中山24(Z)、云台14(Y)、皮瓜尔(P)、豆果(Arbe)、小苹果(M)、鄂植8(Ez)、阿尔伯萨拉(Arbo)、科拉蒂(C)、莱星(L)、佛奥(F)这14个品种初榨橄榄油的脂肪酸、酚类成分及油脂氧化稳定性进行检测和分析,单因素方差分析表明：品种间多酚和脂肪酸含量及油脂氧化稳定性存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。所有分析样品的脂肪酸组成均符合欧盟特级初榨橄榄油标准,初榨橄榄油中油酸质量分数在(56.12±0.24)%(豆果)和(71.45±0.42)%(科拉蒂)之间,亚油酸质量分数在(5.73±0.06)%(皮瓜尔)和(15.80±0.05)%(阿斯)之间,棕榈酸质量分数在(12.67±0.12)%(科拉蒂)和(18.76±0.04)%(豆果)之间。裂环烯醚萜类是主要的酚类成分,总酚质量分数最高为奇迹,为(471.35±29.34)mg/kg;最低为豆果,仅(165.65±8.08)mg/kg。主成分分析表明：富含橄榄苦苷苷元、女贞子苷元、橄榄裂环烯醚萜、油酸、芹菜素的品种氧化稳定性越高,而富含棕榈酸、亚油酸、...     

我国森林可持续利用的生态经济弹性分析

以我国31个省、市、自治区为样本区域,利用1999-2010年的森林蓄积量和林业总产值数据,采用改进的生态经济弹性模型,对不同尺度森林生态经济弹性进行测度和分析,以反映森林资源供给与经济需求之间的协调关系.结果表明:1)全国尺度上,我国森林生态经济弹性均值为0.255,处于生态滞后状态,且在研究区间内上升趋势不明显;2)区域尺度上,森林生态经济弹性均值的区域排列为东部(1.271)＞中部(-0.277)＞西部(-0.394);3)省域尺度上,天津(2.195)、辽宁(1.621)、广西(1.579)、广东(1.472)、福建(1.471)、西藏(1.344)、河北(1.337)、浙江(1.264)、海南(1.217)、北京(1.165)10个省份森林生态经济弹性较高;山东(0.983)和江苏(0.969)处在生态滞后临界值附近;四川(0.409)和云南(0.337)则步入了生态滞后状态;黑龙江(0.046)、陕西(0.016)、上海(0.003)和内蒙古(0.002)几乎处于无弹性状态;其余13个省份均处于重度生态滞后状态,宁夏(-2.488)和青海(-2.714)最严重.     

林木菌根的综合作用

林木的菌根有两类:一类是与松科(Pinaceae)、柏科(Cupressaceae)、杨柳科(Salicaceae)、桦木科(Betulaceae)、山毛榉科(Fagaceae)、榆科(Ulmaceae)和杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)等植物种类形成具有真菌套(mantle)和哈蒂格氏网(hartignet)的外生菌根(ectomycorrhizae)。另一类是与梧桐科(Sterculiaceae)、胡椒科(Piperaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)和桃金娘科(Myrtaceae)     

双季板栗休眠期至花期芽体或花序内源激素的变化

【目的】研究双季板栗休眠至花期(雌花序出现)结果母枝混合芽和结果枝基部叶芽、纯雄花序、混合花序内源激素含量及其比值,为板栗花芽分化调控提供理论参考。【方法】在双季板栗休眠期前期每隔30 d、休眠末期至芽体萌动每隔15 d采集结果母枝混合花芽,在萌动至花期每隔3～5 d采集结果枝基部叶芽、混合花序和纯雄花序,测定ZR、IAA、GA_3和ABA含量,分别以C(ZR)、C(IAA)、C(GA_3)和C(ABA)表示。【结果】各时期IAA和ABA含量均高于ZR和GA_3含量,C(GA_3)/C(ZR)和C(IAA)/C(ABA)值均显著高于C(GA_3)/C(IAA)、C(GA_3)/C(ABA)、C(ZR)/C(ABA)和C(ZR)/C(IAA)值。在休眠至萌动期,混合花芽IAA含量从11.810 ng/g上升至36.770 ng/g,ABA含量从148.312 ng/g下降至64.938 ng/g,IAA含量在萌动前极显著升高,ABA含量极显著下降;C(IAA)/C(ABA)值从0.072显著上升为0.566,C(ZR)/C(IAA)和C(GA_3)/C(IAA)值下降最显著,分别从0.721和0.445下降至0.263和0.158。在萌动至花期,混合花序和结果枝基部叶芽IAA含量呈抛物线变化,纯雄花序呈不规则抛物线变化,均于3月30日达到峰值,分别为102.801、89.466、112.850 ng/g;各部位ABA含量呈波浪形变化,GA_3与ZR含量呈无明显规律的波动变化;混合花序和纯雄花序C(GA_3)/C(ZR)和C(GA_3)/C(IAA)值整体呈上升趋势,在现雄期至现雌期大幅上升并表现为混合花序C(GA_3)/C(ZR)和C(GA_3)/C(IAA)值高于纯雄花序;结果枝基部叶芽、纯雄花序和混合花序C(GA_3)/C(ABA)、C(IAA)/C(ABA)和C(ZR)/C(ABA)值的变化规律相似,在开始出现纯雄花序后,纯雄花序C(GA_3)/C(ABA)、C(ZR)/C(ABA)和C(IAA)/C(ABA)值均高于混合花序;C(ZR)/C(IAA)值与其他指标值的变化规律不同。【结论】高C(IAA)/C(ABA)值、低C(ZR)/C(IAA)和C(GA_3)/C(IAA)值共同作用,在促进芽萌动方面可能起重要作用。C(GA_3)/C(ZR)、C(GA_3)/C(ABA)、C(ZR)/C(ABA)和C(IAA)/C(ABA)值可能影响板栗的花性,高C(GA_3)/C(ZR)值、低C(GA_3)/C(ABA)值、低C(ZR)/C(ABA)值和低C(IAA)/C(ABA)值有利于雌花形成。     

雷州半岛不同桉树无性系林分生长量比较

在雷州半岛,以22个桉树无性系为材料,对其2年生时的生长性状进行比较。结果表明,22个无性系的树高、胸径、单株材积和蓄积量上差异显著,综合评价选择出巨尾桉(LL_(126)和G_9)、尾叶桉(G_4、LL_(128)、LL_(125)、LL_(127)和JJ_(19))、尾巨桉(LL_(129))和韦塔桉(JJ_(23)、JJ_(27)和JJ_(28))为优良无性系。     

夏季桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌成虫体内可培养细菌的分离与鉴定

为探究桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa)体内可培养细菌的功能及从微生物的角度控制该害虫,运用传统微生物培养和16S rDNA基因测序相结合的方法对夏季刚羽化的桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌成虫体内可培养细菌进行了分离与鉴定。结果表明获得的17株细菌,分别为属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的泛菌属(Pantoea)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium);属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、类诺卡氏属(Nocardioides)、壤球菌属(Agrococcus)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、短状杆菌属(Brachybacterium)和微球菌属(Micrococcus);属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus);属于拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的Dyadobacter属和金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)。变形菌门和放线菌门是优势菌群。     

杨梅等6种常见经济树种的燃烧特性研究

利用锥形量热仪器,对毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)、枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)、油茶(Camellia oleifera)、栀子(Gardenia jasminoides)、杨梅(Myrica rubra)和茶(C.sinensis)6种浙江省常见经济树种鲜叶片的着火感应时间(TTI)、热释放速率(HRR)、热释放速率峰值(HRRpeak)、热释放总量(THR)、烟释放总量(TSR)、CO释放量(YCO)和CO2释放量(YCO2)7个燃烧性指标进行测定。结果表明:油茶和毛竹的着火感应时间短、热释放速率高、热释放量高,易燃,阻火性能差;而杨梅、茶、枇杷和栀子着火感应时间长,在各项燃烧指标中,峰值较低或最低,热释放速率缓慢,释热量少,是难燃的抗火性强的树种。     

福建将石自然保护区野生观赏植物研究

对福建将石自然保护区野生观赏植物按观花、观果、观叶、垂直绿化和岩石植物5类进行统计和资源评价,并对长叶榧(Torreyajacki)、小紫槭(Acercordatumvar-microcordatum)、亮叶腊梅(Chiomo nanthusnitens)、福建野鸦椿(Euscaphisfukienensis)、乌冈栎(Quercusphillyraeoides)、红凉伞(Ardisiacrenatavar-bicolor)和马醉木(Pierispolita)进行生态学特性和园林用途研究与评价,为这些野生观赏植物的开发利用提供依据。     

余姚野生兰花种质资源调查

通过查阅文献资料结合实地调查,查明余姚市共有野生兰花资源17属25种,其中香港绶草(Spiranthes hongkongensis)为华东地区地理分布新记录种,长唇羊耳蒜(Liparis pauliana)和鹅毛玉凤花(Habenaria dentata)为宁波市地理分布新记录种,无柱兰(Amitostigma gracile)、大花无柱兰(A.pinguiculum)、小舌唇兰(Platanthera minor)、小花蜻蜓兰(Tulotis ussuriensis)、金兰(Cephalanthera falcata)、带唇兰(Tainia dunnii)、广东石豆兰(Bulbophyllum kwangtungense)、纤叶钗子股(Luisia hancockii)和蜈蚣兰(Cleisostoma scolopendrifolium)9种兰花为余姚市地理分布新记录种。调查结果表明,余姚野生兰花种类的生长和分布与海拔、坡向、坡度、坡位、植被等生境因子具有显著的相关性。     

油茶林下复合经营模式案例分析研究

调查分析了玉屏油茶(Camellia oleifera)在套种蔬菜(茄子、辣椒、黄花、黄豆和豌豆)、粮食(红薯)、瓜果(甜瓜和西瓜)、菌类(竹荪)、中药材(头花廖、太子参、射干)和油料植物(油用牡丹)等模式下的生长生态适应性、单位面积经济效益和经济生态适应力。研究结果可为玉屏油茶林下复合经营套种品种的选择提供科学依据,对油茶产业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

植物中miRNA的研究进展

miRNA是长度约19~25个核苷酸的内源性具有调控功能的非编码单链小RNA分子,可通过识别靶基因的裂解位点,并在转录后水平对靶基因进行裂解,从而对靶基因起负调控,以控制蛋白编码基因的表达,研究表明miRNA在植物的多个生物学过程中发挥重要作用。该研究就miRNA及其靶基因的获得和验证以及在植物中的生物学功能进行总结。     

被子植物性别分化的研究进展（英文）

被子植物的性别分化对遗传多样性、子代和环境适应有着巨大的贡献。在自然界中广泛存在单性花物种,单性花形成是避免自交、促进异交、保持遗传多样性和避免雌雄功能干扰的重要途径。单性花物种分布于不同的进化分支上表明被子植物性别分化可能存在性别多样性的进化途径和复杂的调控网络机制。因此,性别分化机制研究具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。性别分化和表达研究涉及形态学、生物化学、细胞学和分子遗传学等研究领域,在查阅近年来国内外文献的基础上,本文主要从4个方面对性别分化相关研究进行系统总结:1)单性花形成源于两性花祖先,主要是通过两性花中性器官缺失或者退化2条系统进化途径形成。从花着生部位和结构来看,单性花分为雌雄异花同株和雌雄异花异株,而且单性花的外部形态结构具有多样性;以花发育过程中划分的发育阶段来看,单性花的表型特征形成于4个发育阶段,即阶段0(性器官原基出现之前)、阶段1(性器官原基发育早期)、阶段2(减数分裂之前)和阶段3(减数分裂之后),而且已有处于发育阶段0、1和3物种的性别调控机制被发现和证实。2)赤霉素、生长素和乙烯等六大类植物激素在性别分化调控过程扮演着重要的角色,赤霉素主要具有促进雄蕊发育,而生长素、细胞分裂素和乙烯主要是促进心皮的生长,同时,已有相关激素的调控机制被阐明,如乙烯合成途径调控性别分化。3)了解不同类型单性花性器官缺失或者败育的遗传分子基础,整合已经鉴定的各物种中与性别相关或者性别决定基因,阐述DNA甲基化和小分子RNA等表观遗传调控性别形成的机制以及XY系统、X[DK]∶A系统和ZW染色体系统调控性别分化的模式。4)环境因素如温度、光照以及矿质营养等对植物性别分化的影响。本文旨在对于现有基于性别分化的相关研究进行总结,对单性花发育的不同调控机制进行回顾和梳理,了解性别分化的最新研究现状和成果,促进对性别表达途径及其系统发育进化的理解,为性别分化的调控机制提供理论基础和依据,也为进一步探索植物性别分化新思路提供参考。     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.     

Deposits in heartshakes in wood

Summary  The heartshakes of some species can contain deposits of inorganic, metal organic, resinous or organic compounds in a pure or concentrated condition. The type of deposit in different genera is discussed. Morphological and chemical examinations have been made of the deposits in the heartshakes ofIntsia bijuga, Dacrydium spp.,Anisoptera curtisii, Pinus elliotii andOrites excelsa. The deposits were of a benzenoid or terpenoid nature or aluminium succinate.I thank Mr. R. Wearne for organic analyses