丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路及其与热应激反应的关系

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)信号通路存在于所有生物体内的大多数细胞内,是哺乳动物细胞重要的信号转导通路,可将细胞表面信号刺激转导至细胞及其核内,与细胞增殖、存活、分化、凋亡等生理病理过程密切相关。在机体发生热应激时,MAPKs信号途径被激活,调控机体产生一系列生物学功能变化。作者综述MAPKs信号转导通路的激活机制和生物效应,重点阐述了MAPKs通路与热应激反应之间的关系。     

Bluetongue virus infection: Activation of the MAP kinase-dependent pathway is required for apoptosis

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a double-stranded RNA virus that induces apoptosis both in mammalian cell cultures and in target tissues. Based on information that members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family (MAPKs) are mediators of apoptosis, we have examined in detail the MAPK-dependent apoptosis in BTV infection. Previously, we have shown that apoptosis in BTV infection requires the participation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. In addition, we demonstrated that NF-κB is activated and that its inhibition substantially reduces cellular apoptosis. For the first time, here we demonstrated the activation of MAPKs after BTV infection. Moreover, by pre-treatment with MAPK inhibitors, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPK, but not extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), significantly decreased the induction of apoptosis. JNK and p38 activation regulated the cytochrome c released from mitochondria and caspase 3 activation. These results strengthen the understanding of BTV infection and contribute to our previous data confirming that BTV infection induces robust apoptosis in mammalian cells and is likely to play a primary role in BTV pathophysiology.     

MAPK信号通路对脂肪细胞分化的调控

促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路主要包括胞外信号调控激酶(ERK)、p38MAPK和氨基末端蛋白激酶(JNK)三条途径,参与调节细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及细胞间的功能同步等过程,是细胞信号转导方面最为活跃的研究领域之一。研究显示MAPK也参与脂肪细胞的分化调节并发挥重要作用。ERK和p38MAPK信号通路对脂肪细胞分化的调节在不同的实验模型中表现为正调控和负调控两种不同形式;而另一成员JNK能使胰岛素受体底物1的丝氨酸发生磷酸化,进而干扰胰岛素信号,从而抑制骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的成脂分化,即对脂肪细胞分化发挥负调控作用。论文就MAPK信号通路在脂肪细胞分化中的功能进行综述,为脂类代谢性疾病的诊断和治疗提供参考。     

MAP3K5基因在畜禽剩余采食量表型调控中的研究进展

随着分子遗传学的发展,已经鉴定出了影响剩余采食量（RFI）的大量数量性状位点和候选基因。有丝分裂原活化蛋白3激酶5（MAP3K5）,也称凋亡信号调节激酶1（ASK1）,属于MAPK超家族基因之一。目前,已有细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶（ERK）、c-Jun N-末端激酶（JNK）和p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶（p38-MAPK）这3个MAPK家族成员在哺乳动物细胞中被克隆和鉴定,其主要作用机制是介导3条MAPKs信号通路,从而影响家畜的生长、体型及产奶性状等。课题组在前期对RFI的研究中筛选出与牛剩余采食量相关的MAP3K5基因,但其功能作用尚不明确,笔者在此基础上回顾了该基因的结构、生物学功能,概述了该基因在主要畜禽采食量变异及人类肥胖表型中的功能及作用,并从遗传学的角度重点分析了MAP3K5基因在畜禽RFI表型调控中的可能机制。通过对MAP3K5基因在畜禽RFI表型调控中的研究进展进行综述,期望为后期深入开展MAP3K5基因在畜禽采食量性状调控中的分子机制研究提供思路;对于其他可能通过MAP3K5基因影响畜禽表型的因素（如肠道菌群）有待进一步探讨。     

MAP3K5基因在畜禽剩余采食量表型调控中的研究进展

随着分子遗传学的发展,已经鉴定出了影响剩余采食量(RFI)的大量数量性状位点和候选基因。有丝分裂原活化蛋白3激酶5(MAP3K5),也称凋亡信号调节激酶1(ASK1),属于MAPK超家族基因之一。目前,已有细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、c-Jun N-末端激酶(JNK)和p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38-MAPK)这3个MAPK家族成员在哺乳动物细胞中被克隆和鉴定,其主要作用机制是介导3条MAPKs信号通路,从而影响家畜的生长、体型及产奶性状等。课题组在前期对RFI的研究中筛选出与牛剩余采食量相关的MAP3K5基因,但其功能作用尚不明确,笔者在此基础上回顾了该基因的结构、生物学功能,概述了该基因在主要畜禽采食量变异及人类肥胖表型中的功能及作用,并从遗传学的角度重点分析了MAP3K5基因在畜禽RFI表型调控中的可能机制。通过对MAP3K5基因在畜禽RFI表型调控中的研究进展进行综述,期望为后期深入开展MAP3K5基因在畜禽采食量性状调控中的分子机制研究提供思路;对于其他可能通过MAP3K5基因影响畜禽表型的因素(如肠道菌群)有待进一步探讨。     

肌肉生长抑制素对骨骼肌作用研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)是转化生长因子β超家族的成员之一,又称生长分化因子8。MSTN主要在骨骼肌中广泛表达,并可在心肌、脂肪、乳腺等多个组织中表达,其作用主要体现在抑制骨骼肌生长发育、诱发肌萎缩等方面。MSTN可以通过多种途径协同作用于骨骼肌,即通过激活TGF-β、p38MAPK、ERK1/2、JNK等信号途径以及抑制IGF-AKT、Wnt信号途径来抑制肌细胞增殖分化;通过调控AKT途径、泛素-蛋白水解酶系统、自噬溶酶体系统来影响骨骼肌蛋白的合成与分解;MSTN还参与了与骨骼肌生成相关的脂肪代谢及骨形成等生理活动。论文重点阐述MSTN在肌细胞增殖分化、肌蛋白合成与分解、脂肪代谢、骨骼发育等方面的作用机制,并对其应用前景进行展望,为相关科学研究提供参考。     

Reproductive seasonality in the mare: neuroendocrine basis and pharmacologic control

Reproductive seasonality in the mare is characterized by a marked decline in adenohypophyseal synthesis and secretion of LH beginning near the autumnal equinox. Thus, ovarian cycles have ceased in most mares by the time of the winter solstice. Endogenous reproductive rhythms in seasonal species are entrained or synchronized as a result of periodic environmental cues. In the horse, this cue is primarily day length. Hence, supplemental lighting schemes have been used managerially for decades to modify the annual timing of reproduction in the mare. Although a full characterization of the cellular and molecular bases of seasonal rhythms has not been realized in any species, many of their synaptic and humoral signaling pathways have been defined. In the mare, neuroendocrine-related studies have focused primarily on the roles of GnRH and interneuronal signaling pathways that subserve the GnRH system in the regulatory cascade. Recent studies have considered the role of a newly discovered neuropeptide, RF-related peptide 3 that could function to inhibit GnRH secretion or gonadotrope responsiveness. Although results that used native peptide sequences have been negative in the mare and mixed in all mammalian females, new studies that used an RFRP3 antagonist (RF9) in sheep are encouraging. Importantly, despite continuing deficits in some fundamental areas, the knowledge required to control seasonal anovulation pharmacologically has been available for >20 yr. Specifically, the continuous infusion of native GnRH is both reliable and efficient for accelerating reproductive transition and is uniquely applicable to the horse. However, its practical exploitation continues to await the development of a commercially acceptable delivery vehicle.     

哺乳动物雌性生殖系统β-防御素的研究进展

β-防御素（beta-defensian,BD）在哺乳动物雌性生殖系统中广泛表达,在免疫、预防生殖道感染及胎儿正常发育等方面起到重要作用。主要对哺乳动物β-防御素在哺乳动物雌性生殖系统组织中的分布、作用及其调控进行了综述,并对其应用前景进行了展望,以期更好地揭示β-防御素在雌性生殖系统中的影响,从而为β-防御素的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

视黄醇在卵巢发育中的作用研究进展

卵巢发育及功能直接影响动物的繁殖性能,而视黄醇在哺乳动物繁殖过程中有着重要的调节作用。视黄醇在卵母细胞减数分裂、抗应激和类固醇激素合成过程中有着不同的调节功能。本文主要就视黄醇代谢通路及其在动物卵巢中的功能展开综述,为提高动物的繁殖性能提供理论依据。     

Mechanisms underlying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae exotoxin ApxI induced expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α in porcine alveolar macrophages

ABSTRACT: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) causes fibrino-hemorrhagic necrotizing pleuropneumonia in pigs. Production of proinflammatory mediators in the lungs is an important feature of A. pleuropneumoniae infection. However, bacterial components other than lipopolysaccharide involved in this process remain unidentified. The goals of this study were to determine the role of A. pleuropneumoniae exotoxin ApxI in cytokine induction and to delineate the underlying mechanisms. Using real-time quantitative PCR analysis, we found native ApxI stimulated porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) to transcribe mRNAs of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Heat-inactivation or pre-incubation of ApxI with a neutralizing antiserum attenuated ApxI bioactivity to induce cytokine gene expression. The secretion of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α protein from PAMs stimulated with ApxI was also confirmed by quantitative ELISA. In delineating the underlying signaling pathways contributing to cytokine expression, we observed mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) were activated upon ApxI stimulation. Administration of an inhibitor specific to p38 or JNK resulted in varying degrees of attenuation on ApxI-induced cytokine expression, suggesting the differential regulatory roles of p38 and JNK in IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α production. Further, pre-incubation of PAMs with a CD18-blocking antibody prior to ApxI stimulation significantly reduced the activation of p38 and JNK, and subsequent expression of IL-1β, IL-8 or TNF-α gene, indicating a pivotal role of β2 integrins in the ApxI-mediated effect. Collectively, this study demonstrated ApxI induces gene expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α in PAMs that involves β2 integrins and downstream MAPKs.     

硒的生化特性与谷胱甘肽系统

介绍了硒的生理生化特性,重点阐述了硒与谷胱甘肽系统在抗氧化防御体系中的作用以及硒蛋白的研究进展。硒和谷胱甘肽(GSH)系统在氧化防御反应中起着关键性作用。其中GSH的主要功能是直接阻断氧化物生成和促进抗氧化物生成的还原反应;此外,GSH在代谢、细胞信号传导和蛋白质间相互作用中也具有辅助性功能,还可调节机体防御反应。硒在哺乳动物细胞中的保护作用受含硒氨基酸如硒半胱氨酸、硒蛋氨酸的调控。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性位点含有硒半胱氨酸残基。其它含硒蛋白(如硒蛋白P和硫氧还蛋白还原酶)也具有抗氧化特性。合成的有机硒复合物(如Ebselen)在机体氧化应激中是一种极具应用前景的抗氧化剂。硒蛋白和有机硒复合物在预防过亚硝酸盐的生成中也起着重要作用。     

哺乳动物原始卵泡形成与发育的研究进展

在大多数雌性哺乳动物中,早期原始卵泡的形成主要包括3个过程：原始生殖细胞的迁移、生殖细胞减数分裂和生殖细胞巢破裂。原始卵泡形成与发育过程涉及到诸多因子和信号通路的调节作用,且原始卵泡库的大小及储备能力将决定雌性动物终生生殖能力。本文就参与原始卵泡形成和发育过程中的因子和信号通路作一综述,旨在深入了解参与原始卵泡形成与发育的细胞和分子机制,为维持原始卵泡库及促进原始卵泡激活提供研究思路。     

Roles of Intracellular Cyclic AMP Signal Transduction in the Capacitation and Subsequent Hyperactivation of Mouse and Boar Spermatozoa

It is not until accomplishment of a variety of molecular changes during the transit through the female reproductive tract that mammalian spermatozoa are capable of exhibiting highly activated motility with asymmetric whiplash beating of the flagella (hyperactivation) and undergoing acrosomal exocytosis in the head (acrosome reaction). These molecular changes of the spermatozoa are collectively termed capacitation and promoted by bicarbonate, calcium and cholesterol acceptors. Such capacitation-promoting factors can stimulate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) signal transduction in the spermatozoa. Meanwhile, hyperactivation and the acrosome reaction are essential to sperm fertilization with oocytes and are apparently triggered by a sufficient increase of intracellular Ca²⁺ in the sperm flagellum and head, respectively. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between cAMP signal transduction and calcium signaling cascades in the spermatozoa for the purpose of understanding the molecular basis of capacitation. In this review, I cover updated insights regarding intracellular cAMP signal transduction, the acrosome reaction and flagellar motility in mammalian spermatozoa and then account for possible roles of intracellular cAMP signal transduction in the capacitation and subsequent hyperactivation of mouse and boar spermatozoa.     

哺乳动物卵泡生长发育相关分子通路研究进展

生殖发育关系到一个物种的繁衍生息。哺乳动物的雌性生殖细胞,也就是卵母细胞,其生殖能力的获得需要同时经历两个过程:卵子发生和卵泡发育,而这两个相互依存的过程将为雌雄配子相互结合及新一代个体发育的起始奠定基础。随着分子生物学技术的发展,许多与卵泡发育相关的基因表达调控机制逐渐被揭示出来,新观点纷纷涌现。作者将对哺乳动物卵泡生长发育各阶段的主要分子通路研究进展进行综述,旨在为卵子干细胞的研究、治疗性克隆的发展、卵子减少不孕症等人类疾病的治疗和研究提供理论依据;此外,本综述还将对畜牧业中加快卵泡的发育进程、充分利用早期卵母细胞资源、缩短世代间隔、提高繁殖率等产生重要的指导意义。     

Research Advance on MAPK Signaling Pathways in Animal Reproduction

There were various signal transduction pathways in cells.The interaction of different signaling pathways formed a complex signal transduction system, which involved in various physiological and biochemical functions of animals, and part of them played an important role in the animal reproductive physiology.Mitogen-activated protein kinases was one of the important signaling pathways in cells, which involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes.Especailly, they played an important role in animal reproduction.The article will summarize the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in animal reproduction.     

MAPK信号通路在动物繁殖中的研究进展

在细胞中存在着各种信号转导通路,不同的信号转导通路相互交叉,形成复杂的信号转导网络系统,参与生物体内的各种生理生化功能,其中部分信号转导通路对动物的生殖生理有着重要作用。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)是细胞内重要的信号通路之一,其参与了多种生理过程的调节,对动物的繁殖有重要作用。文章将主要对MAPK信号通路在动物繁殖中的作用进行综述。     

Research Progress on Molecular Pathways of Mammalian Ovary Follicle Development

Reproductive development is related to the survival and thrives of one species.The female mammalian germ cell, that is oocyte, will obtain their reproductive capacity through two processes:Oogenesis and follicle development.These two interdependent processes will provide the foundations for the combination of male and female gametes, and for the starting of a new generation of ontogeny.With the development of molecular biology techniques, many regulatory mechanisms of gene expressions, which associated with follicle development, is revealed gradually.New ideas have emerged.This present review will summarize the major molecular pathways, which occurred at different mammalian follicle development stages.And these summarizations will provide theoretical basis for the studies of germ stem cells, development of therapeutic cloning, and the treatment and research of human reproductive diseases.In addition, the paper will also show the guiding significance to the acceleration of development of animal husbandry, utilization of early oocytes resources, shortening of the generation interval and improvement of reproductive rate.     

支持细胞中促卵泡素信号通路研究进展

支持细胞在精子生成过程中起重要作用,支持细胞的数量决定睾丸大小、生精细胞数量以及最终生成精子数量。促卵泡素作为保证雄性生育能力的重要激素之一,通过与支持细胞上的促卵泡素受体结合,诱导5种信号途径,导致支持细胞中各类转录因子被激活,引起基因表达发生变化,从而保证生精细胞顺利发育成精子。文章主要围绕支持细胞中促卵泡素信号途径,及其对细胞发育过程中相关基因表达的影响等方面进行了综述。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的毒性作用及其机理

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是谷物中最为常见的一种真菌毒素,其降低畜禽的生产性能,并且对动物免疫系统、细胞信号传导和基因的表达均有不同程度的影响。本文从DON的物理特性、代谢,尤其是其对动物采食量、免疫系统、肠道功能、细胞凋亡、基因表达和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)信号通路等方面的影响及机理以及降解的一般方法作一综述,以期为DON的进一步研究和谷物中DON的降解提供参考。