MAPK信号通路介导的自噬调控破骨细胞分化的研究进展

破骨细胞具有骨吸收活性,与骨组织稳态密切相关。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路是细胞介导胞内外刺激传导的信号通路,参与细胞的增殖、分化、自噬等多种生理过程。MAPK介导的自噬在调控破骨细胞分化中具有重要作用。探究MAPK的三条经典通路(ERK1/2、JNK及p38 MAPK信号通路)介导的自噬与破骨细胞分化之间的关系,对于寻找与破骨细胞相关的骨代谢疾病的新疗法具有重要意义。     

寄生虫丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的研究进展

寄生虫丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)由丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶组成,相关构象研究表明,MAPKs的结构与功能间存在密切的关系。论文详细阐述了寄生虫p38MAPK、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)等MAPK亚族成员,并对寄生虫MAPK信号转导通路进行了简要介绍。同时,概述了寄生虫对宿主MAPK信号通路的影响,并对未来寄生虫丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的相关研究做了展望。     

靶向MAPK信号通路调控脂肪细胞分化的microRNAs

脂肪细胞分化是一个多能间充质干细胞(MSCs)逐渐向成熟脂肪细胞分化的复杂过程,该过程受很多转录因子、激素以及信号通路相关分子的严格调控。体内外的试验表明,microRNAs(miRNAs)也参与了脂肪细胞分化的调节,且可以靶向转录因子和信号通路中的关键分子发挥作用。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路是真核细胞将胞外信号转导至胞内引起细胞反应的一类重要信号系统,研究证明,miRNAs可以靶向MAPK信号通路中的某些基因,影响该通路的信号转导,参与脂肪细胞分化的调控。因此本文总结了近几年有关miRNA改变MAPK信号转导,实现调控脂肪细胞分化功能的研究,以期为深入了解脂肪细胞分化的机制,为治疗脂肪型疾病提供新的思路。     

MAPK与寄生虫的关系

丝裂酶原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,普遍存在于多种生物,包括酵母和哺乳动物细胞,是细胞外信号传递至细胞核内的重要信号通路。目前,在真核生物细胞中,已确定的至少有4个MAPK亚家族,即细胞外调节蛋白激酶ERK(extracellular signal regulated kinase,ERK)、p38 MAPK、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun Nterminal kinases,JNK)及ERK5。     

表皮生长因子调控猪肠上皮细胞中钠依赖Ⅱb型磷转运蛋白表达的细胞信号通路研究

本研究旨在探讨表皮生长因子(EGF)调控猪小肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2中钠依赖Ⅱb型磷转运蛋白(NaPi-Ⅱb)表达的分子机制。试验分别用EGF受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrphostin AG1478)、蛋白激酶A(PKA)抑制剂(H89)、蛋白激酶C(PKC)抑制剂(k4393)、p38抑制剂(SB203580)、细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)抑制剂(PD98059)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)抑制剂(anisomycin)与EGF共同处理IPEC-J2细胞,利用Western blot检测相关通路蛋白及目的蛋白(NaPi-Ⅱb)的表达水平。结果显示:相较于对照组,EGF处理后NaPi-Ⅱb表达水平显著降低(P0.05);相较于无抑制剂组,EGF受体、PKA、PKC、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/p38、MAPK/ERK1/2、MAPK/JNK的特异性抑制剂处理IPEC-J2后,NaPi-Ⅱb表达水平显著提高(P0.05),其中添加MAPK/ERK1/2特异性抑制剂显著降低了MAPK/ERK1/2在Tyr204位点的磷酸化水平(P0.05),添加MAPK/JNK的特异性抑制剂显著降低了MAPK/JNK1/2/3在Thr183和Tyr185位点的磷酸化水平(P0.05),说明该2组抑制剂对该通路的抑制作用是通过降低上述位点的磷酸化水平实现的。本研究结果表明EGF受体、PKA、PKC、p38、ERK和JNK均介导了EGF调控IPEC-J2细胞中NaPi-Ⅱb的表达。     

应激活化蛋白激酶在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染和调节病毒诱导的细胞因子生产中的作用研究

试验旨在研究p38 MAPK和JNK通路在繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染的猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)中的作用。感染PRRSV后36 h,p38和JUK1/2逐渐被激活;感染后48 h,其磷酸化水平显著降低至基线。然而紫外线灭活的PRRSV不能引起这些应激活化蛋白激酶(SAPKs)的磷酸化,表明病毒侵入后的步骤才能激活这些激酶。单独用p38或JNK抑制剂处理,都能显著降低PRRSV的感染,导致病毒基因组和亚基因组RNA合成、病毒蛋白表达、子代病毒生产的显著降低。并且抑制SAPKs时,感染PRRSV的PAM细胞中细胞因子的产生会发生改变。本研究结果表明,p38和JNK信号通路在病毒复制中发挥关键作用,并可能在病毒感染时调节免疫应答。     

前体脂肪细胞诱导及分化机制的研究进展

前体脂肪细胞分化过程即脂肪生成过程,在此过程中大量转录因子、非编码RNA及信号通路都发挥着重要的作用。文章综述了前体脂肪细胞分化过程中,成脂基因如C/EBPα和PPARγ等对前体脂肪细胞分化的调控;非编码RNA如长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)、小RNA(microRNA)、环状RNA(circRNA)对脂肪沉积、组织发育以及能量代谢等的调控过程;信号通路如Wnt/β-catenin信号通路、促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路、Hedgehog信号通路对脂肪细胞分化的抑制作用;还有一些酶、抑制剂等对前体脂肪细胞诱导分化的调节作用,以期为厘清前体脂肪细胞诱导及分化机制提供参考。     

c-Jun氨基末端激酶的激活在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒诱导的细胞凋亡和病毒复制中的作用研究

宿主细胞凋亡在病毒感染发病过程中起着至关重要的作用。MAPK激酶,尤其是应激活化蛋白激酶c-Jun氨基末端激酶(SAPK/JNK)和p38往往参与病毒介导的细胞凋亡。研究证实,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染在体内和体外都会导致宿主细胞的凋亡。本研究旨在确定应激活化蛋白激酶JNK和p38在PRRSV感染诱导的细胞凋亡中是否发挥作用。对JNK和p38磷酸化的检测发现,在PRRSV感染应答中,JNK被激活,而p38没有被激活。应用特异性抑制剂研究这个激酶对细胞凋亡诱导和病毒复制的影响,研究结果发现,JNK抑制剂SP600125引起的JNK抑制能阻断PRRSV介导的细胞凋亡,但并不抑制病毒的复制。进一步研究结果表明,ROS的产生参与了JNK的活化,Bcl-2家族抗凋亡蛋白Mcl-1和Bcl-xl是JNK介导细胞凋亡的下游靶标。因此,JNK信号通路的激活是PRRSV介导的细胞凋亡所必需的,但并非病毒复制所必需。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号途径调节骨骼肌生长发育的机理

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号途径是成肌细胞分化过程中重要的调节途径。p38 M APK蛋白在成肌细胞分化过程中受上游丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶3(M KK3)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶6(MKK6)的激活而活化其下游成肌分化蛋白(MyoD)、肌生成素5(Myf5)、肌形成蛋白(myogenin)、肌肉调节因子4(MRF4)等肌肉调节因子。p38 MAPK信号途径的活化可以进一步增加骨骼肌纤维细胞蛋白含量,增加肌纤维长度和横截面直径,使骨骼肌纤维在数量不变的前提下质量大幅度提高,本文就p38 MAPK信号途径调节骨骼肌生长发育的机理进行综述。     

牛miR-320a的靶基因预测及生物信息学分析

旨在对bta-miR-320a的靶基因进行生物信息学预测和分析,探索其影响牛脂肪沉积的作用机制。本试验利用Promoter Scan、TargetScan、DAVID、Cytoscape等生物信息学软件和miRBase、Ensembl、NCBI、miRWalk等数据库对bta-miR-320a进行转录因子结合位点预测、保守性分析、靶基因预测、基因本体论富集分析和信号通路富集分析。结果表明,miR-320(a)在各物种间非常保守,bta-miR-320a启动子区域有SP1等多个转录因子结合位点,获得的84个靶基因主要参与负调控细胞分化、细胞周期、负调控生长等多个生物学过程,涉及p53、细胞周期和MAPK等信号转导通路。由此推测,bta-miR-320a受到SP1等多种转录因子调控,它可能通过对MAPK、细胞周期和p53信号通路中靶基因TP53、MAPK1等的抑制作用调控牛脂肪细胞分化,进而影响了牛的脂肪沉积。     

细胞外信号调节激酶信号途径及其与动物肌肉生长发育的关系

细胞外信号调节激酶（ＥＲＫ）是信号转导的重要分子,也是丝裂原活化蛋白激酶家族中的重要成员。ＥＲＫ信号途径是多数生长因子、细胞因子调控细胞增殖的重要途径,参与细胞分化,调控细胞的周期循环。本文总结了 ＥＲＫ信号途径的特点及其在细胞凋亡中的作用,并结合屠宰后肌肉变化的信号级联反应特点,阐述了 ＥＲＫ信号途径与动物肌肉生长发育和屠宰后肌肉变化的关系。     

肌肉生长抑制素对骨骼肌作用研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)是转化生长因子β超家族的成员之一,又称生长分化因子8。MSTN主要在骨骼肌中广泛表达,并可在心肌、脂肪、乳腺等多个组织中表达,其作用主要体现在抑制骨骼肌生长发育、诱发肌萎缩等方面。MSTN可以通过多种途径协同作用于骨骼肌,即通过激活TGF-β、p38MAPK、ERK1/2、JNK等信号途径以及抑制IGF-AKT、Wnt信号途径来抑制肌细胞增殖分化;通过调控AKT途径、泛素-蛋白水解酶系统、自噬溶酶体系统来影响骨骼肌蛋白的合成与分解;MSTN还参与了与骨骼肌生成相关的脂肪代谢及骨形成等生理活动。论文重点阐述MSTN在肌细胞增殖分化、肌蛋白合成与分解、脂肪代谢、骨骼发育等方面的作用机制,并对其应用前景进行展望,为相关科学研究提供参考。     

柞蚕杆状病毒诱导鸡异嗜白细胞脱粒效应的信号转导通路

通过探讨柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi)杆状病毒诱导鸡异嗜白细胞的信号转导途径,确证其是否具有活化鸡异嗜白细胞的作用。采用β-葡萄糖苷酸酶释放法检测柞蚕杆状病毒诱导的鸡异嗜白细胞脱颗粒反应,并通过应用蛋白酪氨酸激酶(src、syk)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3-K)以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(ERK、p38 MAPK、JNK)的特异性抑制剂,分析各蛋白酶通路在柞蚕杆状病毒诱导鸡异嗜白细胞脱粒反应中的作用。结果表明,柞蚕杆状病毒可以显著提高鸡异嗜白细胞的脱粒反应,其中src、PI3-K、JNK的特异性抑制剂能够抑制柞蚕杆状病毒诱导的鸡异嗜白细胞的脱粒反应,而syk、ERK、p38 MARK的特异性抑制剂则对鸡异嗜白细胞脱粒不起作用,说明柞蚕杆状病毒可通过src→PI3-K→JNK信号转导通路来诱导鸡异嗜白细胞的脱粒反应。     

Cadmium induces apoptosis in primary rat osteoblasts through caspase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

Exposure to cadmium (Cd) induces apoptosis in osteoblasts (OBs); however, little information is available regarding the specific mechanisms of Cd-induced primary rat OB apoptosis. In this study, Cd reduced cell viability, damaged cell membranes and induced apoptosis in OBs. We observed decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potentials, ultrastructure collapse, enhanced caspase-3 activity, and increased concentrations of cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 following Cd treatment. Cd also increased the phosphorylation of p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in OBs. Pretreatment with the caspase inhibitor, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone, ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126), p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and JNK inhibitor (SP600125) abrogated Cd-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, Cd-treated OBs exhibited signs of oxidative stress protection, including increased antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase levels and decreased formation of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, the results of our study clarified that Cd has direct cytotoxic effects on OBs, which are mediated by caspase- and MAPK pathways in Cd-induced apoptosis of OBs.     

Expression of MAP kinases and connexins in the differentiation of rat mammary epithelial cells

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. MAP kinases are known to affect GJIC and phosphorylation of connexin (Cx). MAP kinases can also be a regulator of cell proliferation and growth. This study was undertaken to show the relevance between expression patterns of Cxs and MAP kinases in rat mammary epithelial cells (RMECs). In order to characterize the RMECs, they were stained with Peanut lectin, which indicates most alveolar epithelial cells, and Thy-1.1 was used as a marker of luminal epithelial cells or myoepithelial cells, respectively. We studied the expression patterns of major gap junction proteins, Cx26, 32, and 43 in RMECs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Cx26 gradually decreased from day 2, while Cx32 was expressed constantly from day 1 to 14. Cx43 dramatically increased on day 5 and decreased thereafter. The expression patterns and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK were similar to Cx43, but expression of p38 was like that of Cx32. These results showed that the MAP kinases that comprise ERK1/2, p38, and JNK were involved in regulation of Cxs. Our data suggests that GJIC plays an important role during rat mammary differentiation and that MAP kinases may be closely related functionally to regulate the gap junction.     

Refeeding and insulin activate the AKT/p70S6 kinase pathway without affecting IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation in chicken muscle

p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) is a key enzyme involved in the control of protein synthesis. We have previously shown that this kinase is insulin sensitive in chicken muscle despite a relative insulin resistance in the early steps of insulin receptor signaling in this tissue, particularly with no change in tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). The aim of the present study is to further study the p70S6K pathway in chicken muscle. By analyzing in silico several kinases involved in the protein kinase B (PKB also called AKT)/target of rapamycin (TOR)/p70S6K pathway in the chicken, we showed that the amino acid sequence of the proteins exhibited a very high identity with their homologs in mammalian species and Drosophila. We investigated the regulation of these kinases in vivo or in vitro. Refeeding and insulin treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased the phosphorylation and/or activity of kinases upstream of p70S6K such as AKT and TOR. Similarly, refeeding and insulin increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K on key residues (i.e. T389, T229 and T421/S424) and the phosphorylation of a p70S6K downstream target, the ribosomal protein S6 (by 3-10-fold, P<0.05). Interestingly, we also showed an increase in the phosphorylation level of IRS1 on S632/S635, sites involved in insulin resistance. In conclusion, the AKT/TOR/p70S6K pathway is activated by refeeding and insulin injection, which might negatively regulate IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation. These results indicate some particularities of the insulin signaling in chicken muscle and suggest the involvement of p70S6K in these features.     

Involvement of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in insulin-induced S6K1 activation in avian cells

In mammals, insulin regulates S6K1, a key enzyme involved in the control of protein synthesis, via the well-documented phosphoinositide-3'kinase (PI3K) pathway. Conversely, S6K1 is activated by insulin in avian muscle despite the relative insulin insensitivity of the PI3K pathway in this tissue. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is another insulin sensitive pathway. The aim of this study was to explore the potential involvement of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in the control of p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) in avian species. Firstly, we characterized ERK1/2 MAPK in various chicken tissues. ERK2 was the only isoform detected in avian species whatever the tissue studied. We also showed that ERK2 is activated in vivo by insulin in chicken muscle. The regulation and the role of ERK2 in insulin signaling were next investigated in chicken hepatoma cells (LMH) and primary myoblasts. Insulin stimulation led to ERK2 and S6K1 phosphorylation, and concomitantly increased kinase activity. U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK MAPK pathway, completely abolished insulin-induced S6K1 phosphorylation and activity in chicken myoblasts, whereas its effect was only partial in LMH cells. In conclusion, these results show that ERK1/2 MAPK is involved in the control of S6K1 by insulin in chicken cells, particularly myoblasts.     

Effect of exercise on activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase, and heat shock protein 27 in equine skeletal muscle

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of exercise on activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling proteins in horses. ANIMALS: 6 young trained Standardbred geldings. PROCEDURE: Horses performed a 20-minute bout of exercise on a treadmill at 80% of maximal heart rate. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from the vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscles before and after exercise. Amount of expression and intracellular location of phosphospecific MAPK pathway intermediates were determined by use of western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Exercise resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of p38 pathway intermediates, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in the vastus lateralis muscle, whereas no significant changes were found in phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase. In the pectoralis descendens muscle, phosphorylation of p38 and HSP27 was significantly increased after exercise. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed fiber-type- specific locations of phosphorylated JNK in type 2a/b intermediate and 2b fibers and phosphorylated p38 in type 1 fibers. Phosphorylated HSP27 was strongly increased after exercise in type 1 and 2a fibers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The p38 pathway and JNK are activated in the vastus lateralis muscle after a single 20-minute bout of submaximal exercise in trained horses. Phosphorylation of HSP27 as detected in the study reported here is most likely induced through the p38 signaling pathway.