烟台浅海区不同养殖系统养殖效果的比较

于１９９８年４月５日至６月２３日,在山东烟台市四十里湾海区进行了３种养殖模式养殖效果比较的模拟实验。在该海区岸边建立了栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ）单养,栉孔扇贝和海带（Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）混养,栉孔扇贝、海带和刺参（Ａｐｏｓｔｉｃｈｏｐｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）混养等３个系列、９个养殖系统和１个对照系统（５．０ｍ＊２．０ｍ＊１．０ｍ,日换水量１００％）,进行对比实验。     

Experimental studies on intensive polyculture of Chinese shrimp with bay scallop

用放在海水池塘中的８个陆基围隔（５０ｍ×５０ｍ×１８ｍ），研究中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）与不同密度海湾扇贝（Ａｒｇｏｐｅｃｔｅｎｉｒａｄｉａｎｓ）投饵混养的放养方式、生产力和极限放养量。对虾体长（２８５±０１６）ｃｍ，扇贝壳长（１１０±０１２）ｃｍ，放养密度分别为６０尾／ｍ２和０，１５，４５，７５粒／ｍ２，用投饵和施肥（鸡粪和化肥）饲养。结果表明，扇贝密度为０和１５粒／ｍ２时，对虾的成活率无显著差异。混养（扇贝１５粒／ｍ２）时对虾的出塘体长、体重和产量分别比单养高２５％，３８％和６５％；当扇贝密度高于１５粒／ｍ２时，对虾的平均体长、体重和产量随扇贝密度的增加而显著减少（Ｐ＜００５）。扇贝密度为１５和７５粒／ｍ２时，其产量由４７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２增至１２３６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；当扇贝密度高时，去壳后湿重占体重的百分数从（４２８４±３４４）％降至（３７８８±４２６）％。扇贝的极限放养量为６００～８００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，适宜放养密度为１０～１５粒／ｍ２。     

桑沟湾海水养殖现状评估及优化措施

桑沟湾湾内外海带现养殖总水面为７５００ｈｍ＾２，平均养殖量为９００ｋｇ／１５００ｍ＾２左右，平均养殖容量约为６００ｋｇ／１５００ｍ＾２，养殖量高于养殖平均容量约５０％。该湾栉孔扇贝现养殖总量为２０亿粒，平均养殖密度为５０粒／ｍ＾２。与养殖容量相比，壳高３￣４ｃｍ的孔扇贝的养殖密度尚未达到其养殖容量，有进一步增加养殖密度的潜力；壳高４￣５ｃｍ的中等大小的栉孔扇贝的养殖密度已基本增加密度的潜力；壳高４     

栉孔扇贝三倍体与二倍体的排泄研究

从温度变化、个体大小和昼夜变化等３个角度研究栉孔扇贝（Ｓｃｈｌａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｉ）三倍体与二倍体的排泄率。结果表明,栉孔扇贝三倍体与二倍体的排泄率均随温度升高而增大;不同壳宽排泄率（Ｎ）与温度（ｔ）的关系为：Ｎ＝７．２０３３ｅ＾０．１２１５ｔ,Ｒ＾２＝０．８４４１（三倍体ｓ组,壳宽约３．２ｃｍ）;Ｎ＝８．８１５３ｅ＾０．１０３１ｔ,Ｒ＾２＝０．９８６３（三倍体ｂ组,壳宽约４．３ｃｍ）;Ｎ＝６．     

烟台四十里湾栉孔扇贝、海带和刺参负荷力的模拟测定

利用模拟养殖系统,实测了四十里湾海区对栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｉ）、海带（Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）和刺参（Ａｐｏｓｔｉｃｈｏｐｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）的负荷力。结果表明,模拟养殖系统,单养和贝藻参混养系统对栉孔扇贝的负荷力分别为１８４．６和２０１．７ｇ／ｍ＾２;混养系统对海带和刺参的负荷力分别为１０６．８和７４７．７ｇ／ｍ＾２。该海区对单养和贝藻参混养系统栉孔扇贝的负荷     

桑沟湾栉孔扇贝养殖容量的研究

通过计算单位面积的初级生产量生产的有机碳供应量、单位面积滤食性附着生物量及其对有机碳的需求量，首次对桑沟湾栉孔扇贝养殖容量进行了估算。结果显示，当栉孔扇贝壳高为３￣４ｃｍ时，其养殖总容量为１１０亿粒左右，单位面积养殖容量估算值为９０粒／ｍ＾２；当壳高为４￣５ｃｍ时，其养殖总容量降为７５亿粒，单位面积养殖容量估算值为６０粒／ｍ＾２；当壳高为５￣６ｃｍ时，其养殖总容量仅为４０亿粒，单位面积养殖容量为３     

对虾池不同综合养殖系统效率和效益的比较研究

利用５０个５．０×５．０×１．８ｍ陆基围隔研究了中国对虾与台湾红罗非鱼、海湾扇贝和缢蛏投饵或施肥混养及鲈鱼与中国对虾和台湾红罗非鱼混养最佳结构的生态效率、生产效果和经济效益。结果表明,几种综合养殖系统最佳结构下各种养殖对象对Ｎ的绝对利用率由高至低依次为：鲈鱼－对虾－罗非鱼（３０．９１％）＞对虾－海湾扇贝（２１．０９％）＞对虾－罗非鱼施肥混养（２０．１２％）＞对虾－罗非鱼投饵混养（１７．８１％）＞对虾－缢蛏（１６．９３％）＞单养对虾（１１．５２％）;对Ｐ的绝对利用率由高至低依次为：对虾－缢蛏（１６．０８％）＞鲈鱼－对虾－罗非鱼（１２．８３％）＞对虾－罗非鱼投饵混养（１２．６３％）＞单养对虾（１０．８８％）＞对虾－海湾扇贝（６．０１％）＞对虾－罗非鱼施肥混养（４．０４％）;其产出投入比由高至低依次为：对虾－罗非鱼投饵混养（１．９９）＞对虾－罗非鱼施肥混养（１．９８）＞对虾－海湾扇贝（１．５３）＞单养对虾（１．３８）＞鲈鱼－对虾－罗非鱼（１．３０）＞对虾－缢蛏（１．２３）。     

锦西海域海湾扇贝筏式养殖不同放养水层试验

本文报告了锦西近海不同水层养殖海湾扇贝的试验过程、方法和结果，试验证明锦西海域２．５ｍ水层是海湾扇贝放养的最佳水层。     

内湖与外河网箱养殖加州鲈的效果分析及技术探讨

１９９９年５月～２０００年４月,对垸内胜利湖和垸外新河的８只网箱养殖加州鲈效果进行了比较。结果表明,外河４只网箱养殖加州鲈平均净单产２８．９～３０．５ｋｇ／ｍ＾２,成活率８６．０％～９１．２％,增重倍数１４．５～１９．０,依次比内湖４只网箱的净产量（２２．４～２４．７ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）、成活率（８１．０％～８５．６％）、增重倍数（１２．０～１５．２ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）分别高４．７～６．１ｋｍ／ｍ＾２、４．０％～５．６％、２．４～３．８ｋｇ／ｍ＾２;此外,相同水域不同放养密度的产量、成活率、增重倍数也有明显差别。     

山东省扇贝养殖现状及持续发展的技术措施

扇贝是我国重要的养殖贝类之一,１９９６年我国海水养殖产量７８３．５万ｔ,其中贝类产量４１２·７万ｔ,扇贝产量达９０万ｔ（占海水养殖产量的１１％,贝类产量的２２％）。而同年世界扇贝的产量约９８万ｔ,可见我国扇贝产量在世界上占有重要的位置。 在这９０万ｔ产量中,栉孔扇贝约５８万ｔ,海湾扇贝２５万ｔ,虾夷扇贝５万ｔ,华贵栉孔扇贝约２万ｔ,年产值约４０亿元。自１９８０年以来,我国沿海渔民从扇贝养殖中取得了巨大的经济效益,据统计我省扇贝累计产量达４４０多万ｔ,收入约２００亿元。１扇贝养殖的现状及存在的问题…     

Growth,survival and immune activity of scallops,Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston,compared between suspended and bottom culture in Haizhou Bay,China

We examined the growth, survival and immune response of the scallop, Chlamys farreri, during a 1‐year period in deep water of Haizhou Bay. Scallops were cultured using two methods: (1) in lantern nets at a 5 m depth and (2) in a bottom culture system (sleeves) on the seabed at about a 25 m depth. Shell heights, meat dry weight and immune activities in the haemolymph (superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase) were measured bimonthly or quarterly from July 2007 to June 2008. Survival was measured at the end of the study and environmental parameters in the experimental layers were monitored during the experiment. The growth and immune activities of scallops were lower when the water temperature was high, which was consistent with the main mortality occurring in summer. The growth and immunity of scallops were higher in the suspended culture than in the bottom culture during the experiment, with the exception of shell growth during the last study period. Survival of scallops in the suspended culture (54.6±12.3%) was significantly lower than that in the bottom culture (86.8±3.5%) at the end of this study. We conclude from our results that the high mortality of C. farreri can be prevented by culturing them in a bottom culture system before November of the first year, and then transferring them to a suspended culture to improve scallop production.     

Hydrodynamic responses of longline aquaculture facility with lantern nets in waves

To prevent occurrences of structure failure, it is essential to study the mooring line tension and motions of the longline aquaculture facilities with lantern nets. This study describes a physical model experiment that attempts to determine an optimal structure design. The experiment investigated effects of three facility design factors on the mooring line tension and movement of the lantern net and mainline: incident wave angles, lantern net layout depths, and lantern net layout forms (horizontal arrangement/staggered arrangement). The experimental results indicate that the mooring line tension decreases with increasing wave periods. The amplitude and variation of windward mooring line tension are much larger and more complex than that of leeward. The vertical movement amplitude and variation range of the lantern net and mainline are much larger than that of horizontal movement amplitude. Decreasing the incident wave angle, deepening the arrangement depth of lantern nets or adopting staggered arrangement can reduce the mooring line tension in the case of longer wave period. The analysis indicates that increasing the layout depths of the lantern nets and applying the staggered layout form are beneficial in reducing the vertical motion amplitude and elliptical excursion of the mainline. The incident wave angle has a relatively weak effect on the motion of the main and lantern net. Increasing the layout depths of lantern nets will reduce the horizontal and vertical movement amplitudes and elliptical excursion of the lantern nets. Changing the layout forms of the lantern nets from horizontal to staggered will increase the horizontal motion amplitude and decrease the vertical motion amplitude and elliptical excursion of the lantern nets.     

石膏法测定海水流速

为了测量浅海扇贝养成笼内、外环境因子的变化差异，利用石膏法测定了桑沟湾扇贝养殖海区、养成笼内的海水流速变化，并与挪威产SD6000型自动记录海流计进行了比较。同时，时影响石膏块溶解的因子进行了探讨，得出了石膏块的溶失与水体积、温度、盐度、时间、水流之间的相关曲线。结果表明，石膏块的溶失与水流流速之间具有很好的相关性(R^2=0．982)，经校正后石膏法测得的笼外平均海流流速与海流计测得的流速之间没有显著性差异(P=0．411)。     

虾夷马粪海胆的海区渡夏、室内中间培育及工厂化养成↑（*）

１９９３年７月～１９９７年５月,在夏季采用网袋、网箱开展虾夷马粪海胆Ｆ２代稚海胆的海区渡夏,壳径日平均生长量比室内提高３３．６％～６１．６％;采用网箱平面培育方法进行Ｆ２代稚海胆室内中间育成和Ｆ３代稚海胆室内中间育成中试,壳径的日平均生长量随时间呈下降趋势,为０．５３×１０－２～１．４６×１０－２ｃｍ／ｄ,体重日平均生长量呈上升趋势,介于２．３２×１０－２～１０．７２×１０－２ｇ／ｄ之间,培养中密度过大会降低海胆的成活率并导致疾病发生;采用立体水槽开展陆地工厂化养成,经１３个月,海胆壳径由１．１６ｃｍ增至５．９８ｃｍ,体重由０．４７ｇ增至６１．０ｇ,性腺指数达１８．０％。     

The effects of epibionts and predators on the growth and mortality rates of Argopecten purpuratus cultures in southern Chile

Epibiont and predator effects on the growth and mortality of the northern scallop Argopecten purpuratus were evaluated in cultures in southern Chile.The most common epibionts were bryozoans, hydrozoans and algae in both study sites, Metri Bay (41°36; 72°43W) and Chidhuapi Channel (41°49S; 73°05W).After 12 months of culture in pearl nets and lantern nets, the scallops size did not show statistically significant differences in cultures with and without epibionts in both study sites nor were there differences in the growth either with or without the presence of predators (decapod crustaceans). The growth rate was higher in Chidhuapi Channel than in Metri Bay.Mortality was concentrated in the initial phase of culture in pearl nets. During the culture phase in lantern nets, the mortality rate was lower than 3%. The mortality rate in scallops with epibionts was higher than when these were removed in the culture phase in pearl nets. In Metri Bay the mortality rate with predators was higher than without predators. Epibionts and predators did not affect mortality in the culture phase in lantern nets.Epibionts and predation are important factors in the early mortality of scallops and therefore in the success of culture. Epibiosis, however, is not important in scallop growth in southern Chile. This is related to the composition of the epibionts and to the low temperatures which probably limit the growth of algae and invertebrates.     

Influence of fouling on the growth and survival of the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac (L. 1758) in suspended culture

To examine the impact of fouling organisms on the growth and survival of the scallop Euvola ziczac L., we maintained 31-34-mm juveniles in pearl nets at 8 m in depth at Turpialito, Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. The experiment ran for a 67-d period under four conditions: (1) shells and nets cleaned; (2) shells not cleaned and nets cleaned; (3) shells cleaned and nets not cleaned; and (4) shells and nets not cleaned. The growth of the scallop was least when fouling developed on both the pearl nets and scallop shells. The rate of growth of the shell (height and mass) was strongly affected by organisms colonizing the pearl nets and only weakly affected by organisms colonizing the shells. Fouling organisms on the shells only slightly affected rates of increase of tissue mass, but probably accounted for increased mortality. In developing commercial culture of E. ziczac, strategies need to be developed to limit the adverse effects of fouling on yield.     

Effects of water depth on survival and growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Argopecten purpuratus</Emphasis> (Lamarck, 1819) spat in northern Chile

Collection and suspended culture of Argopecten purpuratus spat in Japanese-type collectors was undertaken in the Rinconada Marine Reserve (Antofagasta, Chile) to determine growth variations between surface and bottom waters. Scallop spat was collected at 16-m depth and grown at 1- and 16-m depths. An initial settlement of ca. 13,000 post-larvae per bottom collector (2 cohorts) was observed on 3 February 2001. Two new cohorts settled in bottom collectors on 3 March, while no spat settlement occurred in surface collectors. The four cohorts exhibited substantial and different mortality rates over the study period, depending on the cohort and on-growing depth. The first and second cohorts exhibited mortality rates of 80.3 and 53.1% in bottom collectors, respectively, versus 29 and 43.6% in surface structures. The third and fourth cohorts exhibited mortality rates of 21.4 and 59.7% in bottom collectors, respectively. Mean shell height of scallop spat after 88 days of culture was 6.46 mm for the first cohort and 4.37 mm for the second cohort in bottom collectors, versus 10.33 and 7.31 mm in surface collectors, respectively. Mean post-larval growth rate in bottom collectors (86 μm day⁻¹) was significantly lower than growth rate in surface collectors (146 μm day⁻¹). Factors explaining the depth-related mortality and growth rates are discussed to improve scallop culture in the Reserve. It was concluded from the results that culture improvement in Antofagasta Bay would require collecting spat in bottom waters and raising it near the surface during initial cultivation stages.     

Growth of the Pearl Oysters Pinctada mazatlanica and Pteria sterna in Different Culture Structures at La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, México

A growth study of Pinctada mazatlanica and Pteria sterna was conducted to explain the basic steps required for the development of a pearl culture program in México. Seed for both species was collected using onion bags filled with black polyethylene sheets (40 ± 80 cm) and 5 g of vexar filament. The spatfall was July-August 1987 for P. mazatlanica and December 1987-February 1988 for P. sterna . The seed (12.8 ± 1.2 and 13.0 ± 0.6 mm respectively) was placed in pearl-nets for intermediate culture (to attain 30 mm height). Populations were subsequently divided into three groups, two groups at 10 m depth in lantern and pocket nets and a third placed over a submerged shelf at 10 m depth in plastic net cages. Growth in height, survival and temperature were monitored. After 22 mo P. mazatlanica showed no significant differences in growth between culture structures. Nevertheless, the survival obtained in cages (99%) was larger than that obtained in hanging structures (65%). After 18 mo of culture, significant differences (F = 5.199 P = 0.05) in growth were observed for P. sterna . Larger animals were found in pockets (106.6 ± 0.8 mm) followed by lanterns (104.0 ± 0.7 mm) and finally in cages (103.5 ± 0.6 mm). Survival in pockets was 99%, 84% in lanterns and 98% in cages. With the operation of the different culture structures used in this study, the bottom cage system seems optimal to begin a culture program to obtain pearl-oysters for nucleus implantation.     

养殖水层对浙江南麂海区虾夷扇贝生长的影响

通过设计水深分别为0.60～1.80 m(SD1)、1.80～3.00 m(SD2)和3.00～5.00 m(SD3)3个水层组,每组设3个平行笼,研究了养殖水层对浙江南麂海区虾夷扇贝生长的影响。结果显示:SD3组的壳高、体质量、相对壳高生长率、相对体质量生长率、日增壳高、日增体质量、壳高特定生长率及体质量特定生长率显著低于SD1和SD2组(P0.05),而SD1和SD2组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。养殖水层对死亡率影响显著(P0.05),依次为SD3SD1SD2。试验期间,各组体质量与壳高呈幂函数关系;体质量与生长时间呈二次多项式曲线;SD1与SD2的壳高与生长时间呈逻辑斯谛曲线,SD3的呈二次多项式曲线。分析结果:养殖水深1.80～3.00 m为适宜水深。     

胶州湾不同水层中养殖海湾扇贝生长与死亡的比较

本试验于1985年在胶州湾进行。结果表明:表面下2米水层养殖海湾扇贝最好,个体生长较大,死亡较少,1米水层养者次之,3米者再次之,海底者最差。养殖笼上的附着物随水深加大而数量减小,1米水层者为2米者的2倍,3米者的8倍,底层者的20倍。1米水层大量滋生的附着物对该水层养殖的海湾扇贝造成较大的不良影响。