共表达鹅细小病毒VP3-gIL2重组乳酸杆菌的构建及其口服免疫评价

笔者拟构建共表达鹅细小病毒(GPV)VP3和鹅白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的分泌性重组乳酸杆菌,评价口服表达融合蛋白GPV VP3-gIL2的重组乳酸杆菌的免疫效果。通过酶切将VP3基因和IL-2基因连接,并在其5′端连入乳酸杆菌的信号肽基因SP,亚克隆到乳酸杆菌整合表达载体pMJ67,电转化入干酪乳杆菌L.CECT5276,SDS-PAGE和Western blot法鉴定重组菌GPVVP3-gIL2融合蛋白的表达活性。将重组乳酸杆菌口服免疫雏鹅后检测血清GPV抗体、小肠黏液sIgA和脾淋巴细胞增殖情况,评价其免疫效果。结果表明,酶切和测序结果表明成功构建重组表达载体pMJ-SP-GPVVP3-gIL2,PCR证实质粒pMJ-SP-GPVVP3-gIL2成功整合到乳酸杆菌基因组;Western blot表明重组乳酸杆菌分泌表达的融合蛋白GPVVP3-gIL2能与GPV阳性血清特异性结合;淋巴细胞增殖试验表明口服重组菌后能特异地刺激脾淋巴细胞增殖,且在第4、5、6周明显高于GPV VP3组和gIL2组;重组乳酸杆菌口服免疫雏鹅可以产生抗VP3蛋白抗体,且具有中和活性的抗体显著高于GPV VP3组;小肠黏液sIgA细胞生成的数量自第2周较GPV VP3组和疫苗组显著上升。动物攻毒试验结果显示GPV VP3-gIL2融合蛋白免疫组能够获得85%的保护率,表明所构建的重组乳酸杆菌口服后对GPV的攻击具有较好的免疫保护作用。本试验成功构建能稳定表达GPV VP3-IL2融合蛋白的口服乳酸杆菌工程菌,为研究其作为口服疫苗奠定了基础。     

鹅细小病毒SS/10株VP3蛋白的原核表达及鉴定

根据GenBank收录的鹅细小病毒(GPV)基因序列,设计并合成了一对VP3基因扩增引物。采用PCR技术对SS/10株的VP3基因进行扩增,将目的基因和原核表达载体PET-32a分别经HindⅢ和BamHⅠ双酶切后进行连接,获得重组质粒PET-32a-VP3,并将其转化表达菌BL21(DE3)pLysS。经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE分析,结果获得了72ku左右的融合蛋白,大部分以包涵体的形式存在于菌体中。Wesern blot结果表明,该蛋白能与GPV阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有良好的反应原性。     

密码子优化型鹅细小病毒病毒样颗粒的表达与鉴定

根据昆虫细胞密码子的偏嗜性,对鹅细小病毒(Goose parvovirus,GPV)VP2基因的密码子进行优化,利用Bac-to-Bac表达系统构建了表达优化VP2基因的重组杆状病毒,通过感染昆虫细胞(Sf9)获得病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles,VLPs)。SDS-PAGE分析显示Sf9细胞中出现了65 kDa的蛋白条带,间接免疫荧光(indirect immunofluorescent assay,IFA)和Western blot结果均证实表达产物能与鼠抗GPV VP2抗体发生特异性反应,说明其具有良好的免疫反应性。同时,试验结果还证明,密码子优化后的GPV VP2基因在昆虫细胞中表达量得到了提高,明显高于野生型VP2基因。透射电镜观察纯化后的昆虫细胞表达产物,可见直径约30 nm的VLPs,表明密码子的优化并不影响VP2蛋白的组装。本研究为进一步研制诊断抗原以及新型GPV疫苗等奠定了基础。     

鹅细小病毒主要免疫原性蛋白VP3基因遗传变异及其原核表达

根据鹅细小病毒(GPV)B株全基因序列,设计并合成了1对特异性引物,采用PCR技术对GPV GD-01株的VP3基因进行扩增,将目的基因克隆到pGEM(R)-T后测序,分析了GPV GD-01株VP3基因的遗传变异情况,并进行原核表达.结果表明,GPV GD-01株VP3基因全长1605bp,编码534个氨基酸(DQ665790),与已发表的GPV、番鸭细小病毒(MDPV)的核苷酸、氨基酸同源性分别为96.15%、80.1%,97.78%、89.13%,说明GPV VP3基因具有较高的遗传稳定性.结合亲水性、表面极性、抗原位点分析比较GPV、MDPV VP3基因,为研究GPV和MDPV感染谱差异的分子机制提供了一定的理论基础.原核表达显示,VP3蛋白的最高表达量占整个菌体蛋白含量的29.9%,经表达条件优化可产生大量可溶性VP3表达蛋白.SDS-PAGE与Western-blot分析显示,表达的VP3蛋白的相对分子质量约60000,并能与鼠抗GPV阳性血清反应,证明具有一定的反应原性,为进一步研制基因工程疫苗及诊断制品奠定了基础.     

鹅细小病毒VP3基因在昆虫杆状病毒表达系统中的表达

为真核表达鹅细小病毒（GPV）融合蛋白VP3基因,本研究通过PCR扩增GPV FY89株VP3基因,并将其克隆至杆状病毒转移载体pFastBac/HBM-TOPO中,经双酶切、PCR及测序鉴定正确后,转化感受态细胞DH10Bac,提取重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒rBacmid-VP3,将经PCR鉴定正确的rBacmid-VP3转染Sf9昆虫细胞,连续传代后,细胞病变明显。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明成功表达了分子质量约为61 ku的VP3蛋白;Western blotting分析结果表明重组VP3蛋白具有良好的抗原性。     

稳定表达小鹅瘟病毒VP3基因的293T细胞系构建

为构建稳定表达鹅细小病毒(goose parvovirus, GPV)VP3基因的293T细胞系,利用PCR技术扩增GPV的VP3基因,构建真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-GPV-VP3,再将其转染至293T细胞,并利用博来霉素(zeocine)进行药物压力筛选。结果表明,获得的293T细胞系能够高效表达VP3蛋白,这为小鹅瘟病毒VP3蛋白的生物学功能的深入研究以及鹅细小病毒抗体检测方法的建立提供良好的生物材料。     

鹅细小病毒NS2基因以及VP1与VP3非重叠序列基因的真核表达

采用pBlueBacHis2A系统筛选鹅细小病毒（GPV）的检测抗原，利用PCR扩增和双酶切方法分别构建了含有NS2基因和VPl与VP3非重复序列基因的重组质粒pBlueBacHis2A-GPV-NS2、pBlueBa-cHis2A-GPV-VP（1-3），分别转染sf9细胞，得到重组病毒，分别表达出了54ku的NS2融合蛋白和24ku的VP（1-3）融合蛋白。Western-blotting和Dot-ELISA检测结果证实，表达产物具有特异性；间接免疫荧光试验证实，重组蛋白在细胞中获得了表达。     

鹅细小病毒VP3亚单位疫苗的制备及其免疫效果

为了研究鹅细小病毒(GPV) VP3亚单位疫苗的免疫效果,从ZJ-04分离株基因组DNA扩增VP1和VP3基因并克隆到pMD18-T载体,测定其核苷酸序列;将VP3基因亚克隆至质粒载体pET-32a(+),重组质粒pET-VP3用于转化E.coli BL-21(DE3)感受态细胞获得重组菌BL-VP3;以VP3重组蛋白和BL-VP3重组菌制备油乳剂疫苗免疫接种种鹅,用琼脂扩散试验检测血清GPV抗体,观察母源抗体对雏鹅GPV感染的免疫保护效果.结果表明,ZJ-04株VP1基因大小为2 199 bp,编码732个氨基酸,与Gen-Bank收录的GPV毒株的核苷酸序列同源性为95.3％～99.2％,氨基酸序列同源性为97.7％～99.3％;SDS-PAGE、Western blot检测结果表明,重组VP3分子质量约80 ku,能与GPV抗体发生特异性反应;VP3包涵体和BL-VP3重组菌均能诱导种鹅产生GPV抗体,新生雏鹅可获得良好的免疫保护.     

鹅细小病毒NS2基因的原核表达及抗原性检测

为原核表达鹅细小病毒(GPV)NS2蛋白,本研究利用特异性引物扩增获得GPV的H1分离株NS2基因,将其克隆于pMD18-T载体后进行序列测定。并将NS2基因亚克隆于原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1中,获得重组质粒pGEX-NS2。该质粒转化于感受态菌BL21(DE3)plysS中,经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE电泳分析,表达的重组蛋白约为75ku左右。经过亲和层析方法获得了纯化的重组NS2蛋白。Westernblot和Dot-ELISA鉴定结果表明,表达的重组NS2蛋白可以与GPV阳性血清发生特异性反应。     

口蹄疫病毒VP2基因的原核表达及抗原性检测

将口蹄疫病毒VP2基因连接到原核表达载体pPROEX^TM HTb上，获得重组质粒pPR-VP2。将此质粒转化感受态菌DH5α中，经终浓度为1．0mmol／L的IPTG诱导，1h～6h依次收集菌液，SDS-PAGE电泳分析，在4h后表达量可达到高峰。经过软件分析，表达产物占总菌体蛋白的23．1％，大小为33Ku左右。根据Ni-NTA纯化系统说明操作，获得较纯的VP2融合蛋白。以牛抗O型口蹄疫病毒血清为第一抗体，通过Western blot和Dot ELISA鉴定，纯化后的VP2融合蛋白可以与牛抗O型口蹄疫病毒血清发生特异性反应。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.