粗纤维饲粮对妊娠母猪与采食有关的行为规癖的影响

对妊娠长白母猪饲喂粗纤维含量分别为5．67％、11．58％、16．53％的饲粮，而其他营养成分相同，研究其对采食有关的行为规癖的影响。结果表明：高纤维饲粮减少了妊娠母猪与采食有关的行为规癖的发生，且以粗纤维含量为16．53％的饲粮效果最佳。     

日粮粗纤维水平对八眉二元母猪行为规癖的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮粗纤维水平对互助八眉二元母猪行为规癖的影响。随机选取40头体况和胎次相近的互助八眉二元经产母猪,并将其分为高纤维组、中纤维组、低纤维组、对照组(妊娠前期饲粮粗纤维水平分别为13.95%、11.02%、7.83%和4.33%,妊娠中期分别为11.93%、9.26%、6.38%和4.33%)。结果表明:妊娠母猪采食中纤维组日粮,可以减少母猪行为规癖的发生,趴卧行为在妊娠前期和妊娠中期分别极显著高于对照组8.94%、7.85%(P0.01);妊娠期高纤维组和中纤维组的采食时间极显著高于对照组(P0.01);妊娠前期中纤维组与围栏有关的行为显著低于对照组2.13%(P0.05);对照组母猪与地面有关的行为表现最差,在妊娠中期极显著高于中纤维组7.04%(P0.01);中纤维组母猪无食咀嚼行为和喊叫行为表现最好,在妊娠前期和中期均要极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。综合分析得出,中纤维组母猪日粮(妊娠前期11.02%、妊娠中期9.26%)可显著改善妊娠母猪行为规癖的发生。     

妊娠母猪饲粮宜添加青饲料或优质草粉

规模化集约化猪场，妊娠母猪多采取限位栏饲养或小群圈养，缺乏运动，环境单调；由于缺少饲料地，多采取精料型饲粮，粗纤维水平过低，饲料粉碎过细；凡此种种因素导致母猪达不到饱腹感，产生啃栏、空嚼、过多饮水等规癖行为，经常便秘，多发生胃溃疡，影响母猪正常繁殖和减少利用年限。因此，在妊娠母猪饲粮中添加适量青饲料或优质草粉(如5％苜蓿草粉)，可克服或减轻上述问题的发生。     

饲粮能量浓度对肥育猪行为特点的影响

采用单因子试验设计,研究不同能量浓度对肥育猪非采食期间行为的影响。选取81头年龄、体重相近的杜长大三元杂种猪,采用随机区组设计,共3个处理组,每处理组3栏,每栏9头猪,分别饲喂能蛋比相同的3种不同消化能浓度的饲粮(能蛋比均为79 MJ/kg),低能饲粮消化能10.87 MJ/kg;中能饲粮消化能12.54 MJ/kg;高能饲粮消化能14.21 MJ/kg。试验结果表明,饲喂高能饲粮的生长肥育猪行为规癖发生频率最低,趴卧时间最多(P<0.05)。     

日粮粗纤维水平对妊娠母猪规癖行为及繁殖性能影响

为研究日粮粗纤维水平对母猪规癖行为及繁殖性能的影响。试验选用30头胎次、配种时间、体况等均相近的经产PIC配套系父母代母猪,随机分成5组,每组6头猪,每组6个重复,妊娠期间分别饲喂含3%、5%、7%、9%和11%的粗纤维日粮,通过调节各组的饲喂量,使其所摄入的能量、蛋白、钙、磷等基本一致。其中3%为对照组,日粮中不另加粗纤维。结果表明:(1)妊娠期间母猪日粮中添加11%粗纤维组在降低无食咀嚼、啃栏和犬坐行为以及增加趴卧时间方面效果显著高于其它4组(P0.05);(2)妊娠期间母猪日粮中添加9%粗纤维组平均窝产仔数极显著高于其他各组(P0.01);平均产活仔数各组之间差异不显著(P0.05);9%、11%粗纤维组平均初生窝重极显著高于其它3组(P0.01);9%、11%粗纤维组平均21日龄窝重显著高于其它3组(P0.05);9%粗纤维组平均断奶窝重极显著高于其他各组(P0.01);9%粗纤维组平均发情间隔显著低于其它各组(P0.05)。研究结果显示,当妊娠母猪日粮中添加9%粗纤维水平对降低母猪规癖行为、提高繁殖性能的效果最好。     

妊娠母猪的规癖行为与采食动机的关系(综述)

１规癖行为概述１．１规癖行为的定义规癖行为（stereotypedbehaviour）是动物异常行为之一，又称刻板症，是以固定型式和定向进行的、无明显生物学目的的简单重复行为（Fraser熏１９９０鸦Wiepkema熏１９８７鸦魻dberg熏１９７８）。有些修饰行为虽然也以固定型式和定向反复进行，但都有明显生物学目的（Dantzer熏１９８６）。所以，有无生物学目的是辨别规癖和其他简单重复行为的关键性标志（Wiepkema熏１９８７）。规癖在限位或限饲畜禽中多见，笼养鸟类、限位犊牛和母猪以及厩饲马匹的规癖行为多有报道。规癖动物所处环境的特点是：正…     

母猪饲粮添加粗纤维的意义

当今丹麦饲料市场上,一些新的繁殖母猪饲粮的粗纤维含量高达16%。一家丹麦饲料公司称,增加母猪饲粮粗纤维是“母猪饲养的未来”,因为增加粗纤维能使母猪免于饥饿感,保持安静,还会增加产仔数。饲粮添加粗纤维还能降低成本,因为粗纤维饲料相对价格低廉,将其添加到完全饲粮中可省去单独供应粗饲料的繁琐,而且不再需要复杂的日粮配送系统。母猪妊娠期间可群饲于廉价猪舍里,任其随时自由采食,母猪的采食量完全能够通过选择不同饲粮组分来控制,从而保证饱腹感。粗纤维的胃肠填充效果丹麦人说,秘密在于通过采用优质可消化粗纤维来取得“胃肠填充效…     

大体积日粮对妊娠母猪福利的影响

为考察以青刈黑麦为粗纤维原料组成的大体积地母猪福利的影响，特设计了本试验。以青钊黑麦干草粉配制粗纤维含量依次为３．６５％、７．６９％和１１．９％的三种日粮，三种日粮主要营养物质日采食量相同。每种日粮饲喂１２头母猪。结果表明，添加粗纤维能增强母猪饱感，处理１、２组食后躺卧时间显著延长；随着粗纤维含量的提高，母猪采食的时间显著延长；高粗纤维日粮完全解决了母猪的便秘问题。总之，饲喂大体积日粮改善了母猪的     

犊牛采食行为的研究进展

采食是动物的基本行为,也是其他行为的基础,犊牛的采食行为与成年奶牛有很大区别,犊牛的采食行为是特有的。本文从犊牛的采食行为入手,对采食行为的概念、采食动机、非正常的采食行为,规癖行为等进行论述。     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响

本研究选用１８头２８±１日龄断奶的杂交仔猪（平均体重约５．５ｋｇ），研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：（１）低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮使仔猪血浆挥发性盐基氨含量、血浆尿素氨含量和腹泻指数降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。（２）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．３％）的仔猪，其平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）、平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）和料肉比（Ｐ／Ｇ）与采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但前者的增重成本比后者降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）３１％。（３）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．４％）的仔猪的生产性能优于采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪，前者的ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ分别提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）６１％和３２％，Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本分别下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）２４％和３７％。（４）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪，其ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ低于（Ｐ＜０．０１）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪。前者的Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本趋于高于后者，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果表明，低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪生产性能。复合蛋白型?     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.