普通小麦—顶芒山羊草异源附加系的创建和鉴定：Ⅰ.小麦花药培养对创建…

通过顶芒山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｃｏｍｏｓａ２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１４，ＭＭ）与波斯小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍｐｅｒｓｉｃｕｍ２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８，ＡＡＢＢ）杂交，人工合成遗传上相对稳定的双二倍体（２ｎ＝６ｘ＝４２，ＡＡＢＢＭＭ），以此为桥梁，与普通小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）品种“欧柔”进行正反杂（回）交，借助花药培养过程中能产生非整倍单倍体和非整倍双倍体的特点，在改良Ｃ１７固体培养基上上接种花药，诱     

棉属野生种稀毛棉、皱壳棉、杨叶棉的核型研究

本文研究了原产澳大利亚的稀毛棉（Ｇ．ｐｉｌｏｓｕｍ）、皱壳棉（Ｇ．ｃｏｓｔｕｌａｔｕｍ）、杨叶棉（Ｇ．ｐｏｐｕｌｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ）的核型。稀毛棉的核型公式为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１６ｍ（４ｓａｔ）＋１０ｓｍ，皱壳棉为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１６ｍ（４ｓａｔ）＋１０ｓｍ，杨叶棉为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１８ｍ（４ｓａｔ）＋８ｓｍ。随体均有两对，一对位于第１１对染色体的长臂上，另一对位于第１３对染色体的短臂上。平均臂比和长度比分别为稀毛棉１．５３和２．５１、皱壳棉１．５５和２．３１、杨叶棉１．４９和２．３７，其核型均属于Ｓｔｅｂｂｉｎｓ的２Ｂ类型。对称系数稀毛棉为２６．０４，皱壳棉为２７．９３，杨叶棉为２８．３２。三者彼此之间的核型重合率均在９０％以上。核型的同质性说明三者在起源上有很好的一致性     

12057小麦品种单体系统的培育及应用

普通小麦１２０５７品种单体系统是以阿勃单体为受体，采用连续回交获得的。外型与正常１２０５７品种（２ｎ＝２１＂＝４２）相似，经细胞学鉴定２１个单体核型为２ｎ－１＝２０″＋１′＝４１。以中国春双端体（２ｎ＝２０＂＋ｔ＂）系统进行测交，测交子代２ｎ－１株的核型为２０″＋ｔ′，证明１２０５７品种单体系列没有发生单体变迁，转育正确     

马铃薯2x—2x,4x—2x和2x—4x杂交产生的四倍体杂种块茎产量和特性的优…

利用能产生２ｎ配子的二倍体杂种与四倍体普通栽培种和四倍体新型栽培种进行了２ｘ－２ｘ，４ｘ－２ｘ和２ｘ－４ｘ间的杂交，获得了１８个杂交组合的４ｘ杂种家系，将这些家系与其１０个４ｘ亲本品种（品系）及对照品种在同一地点进行了连续两年的比较试验。结果表明：４ｘ杂种家系单株平均块茎产量比亲本两年分别高１６％和１９％；其中最好的６个杂种家系比较好的４个品种（品系）分别高２０％和４３％；杂种产量的优势主要表现在     

冬小麦丰抗13缺体系和双单体系研究

冬小麦丰抗１３缺体系和双单体系研究孙荣锦杨之刚（中国农业科学院作物所，北京１０００８１）１丰抗１３缺体系小麦染色体组成是２ｎ＝６ｘ＝４２，小麦缺体是２ｎ－２＝４０，即缺少了某对染色体的单株，称缺体株。它的减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型是２０″即２０个二价体...     

异源三倍体水稻原生质体培养及植株再生

本试验利用二倍体栽培稻品种８２０４，染色体组型为ＡＡ，２ｎ＝２４作为母本，四倍体小粒野生稻染色体组型为ＢＢＣＣ，２ｎ＝４ｘ＝４８作父本杂交，获得异源三倍体杂交种，染色体组型为ＡＢＣ。Ｆ１根尖检查，染色体数目为２ｎ＝３ｘ＝３６。用该异源三倍体杂交种的纪穗诱导愈伤组织，经长期继代培养进行原生质体游离，获得了再生植株白化苗。试验结果表明，用琼脂糖包埋法保进原性质体再生愈伤组织。分化培养基用玉米素，激动素     

小扁豆核型的比较分析

采用去壁低渗火焰干燥法制备小扁豆染色体标本观察其核型,结果表明,绿小扁豆和红不扁豆的核型公式均为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１６＝１６ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＋２ｓｔ（ＳＡＴ）,两种小扁豆的核型类型都是３Ｂ,染色体相对长度系数组成均为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１６＝４Ｌ＋６Ｍ２＋６Ｍ１＋４Ｓ,二者主要在第７号染色体臂比和２号染色体大小方面有明显差异。     

甘蓝型油菜-埃塞俄比亚芥二体附加系植株形态及细胞学鉴定

从甘蓝型油菜品种“３－６３－４－５－１”与埃塞俄比亚芥品种“Ｄｏｄｏｌｌａ”杂种Ｆ１植株开放受粉获得的Ｆ２群体中筛选出一株半不育、矮杆、甘蓝型油菜类型植株，经连续４个世代自交、分离鉴定出一个二体附加系“９２Ｉ１０９６”。细胞学观察结果，其根尖细胞染色体数２ｎ＝４０，比其母本甘蓝型油菜（２ｎ＝３８）多两条额外染色体。花粉母细胞（ＰＭＣｓ）减数分裂中期（ＭＩ）染色体构型平均为０．４７Ｉ＋１９．７７Ⅱ，     

一种利用染色体显微切割和微克隆获得小麦基因探针的方法

利用染色体显微切割和微克隆技术对普通小麦钢８２－１２２（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ ２ｎ＝４２）染色体长臂１Ｄ染色体进行切割和ＰＣＲ扩增，提出了高分子量麦谷蛋白（ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１）１Ｄｘ５亚基基因片段，可为获得新基因特异性探针打下一定的基础。     

棉属[AG]与[AD]两个复合染色体组种间杂种的同工酶与核型研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对人工合成的［ＡＧ］复合染色体组的异源四倍体与［ＡＤ］复合染色体组的陆地棉、海岛棉、夏威夷棉、黄褐棉的种间杂种Ｆ１及其亲本进行了过氧化物酶同工酶和细胞色素氧化酶同工酶分析，并对三元杂种［Ａ２×Ｇ１］ ×［ＡＤ］１及其亲本进行了核型分析。结果表明：（１）异源四倍体的基因转移到了杂种后代，并得以表达；（ ２）三元杂种［Ａ２ × Ｇ１］ ×［ＡＤ］１的核型公式为 ２ｎ＝ ４ｘ＝ ５２＝ ２Ｍ ＋ ４４ｍ（ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ（ＳＡＴ），属于１Ｂ类型。     

燕麦不同品种染色体倍性的检测

研究了6个不同品种燕麦的染色体倍性差异,通过根尖染色体计数法和气孔保卫细胞横纵径及保卫细胞叶绿体计数法等方法对燕麦染色体倍性进行了观察鉴定.结果表明,6个不同品种燕麦中定燕1号、晋燕8号、晋燕17号、宁莜1号为六倍体(2 n=6 x=42),白燕6号、白燕7号为四倍体(2 n=4 x=28),同倍性不同种之间气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数目相近,不同倍性间气孔保卫细胞的大小差异较明显.经X2适合性检测,六倍体和四倍体植株气孔保卫细胞横径均值之比和保卫细胞叶绿体数的平均值之比符合其染色体数目之比3∶2,而纵径均值比值不符合.     

10个甘蔗品种染色体核型分析与比较

通过10个甘蔗品种的核型分析,研究其染色体组成系统演化和血缘构成的基本特征,为甘蔗育种选配亲本提供细胞学依据。以10个甘蔗品种的根尖为材料,采用改良的酶解去壁低渗法制备染色体标本,再利用Ikaros软件进行核型分析。‘粤糖86-368’的核型公式为2n=111=2M+103m+4sm+2T,‘桂糖11’的核型公式为2n=106=96m+10sm,这2个品种的核型分类均属于1B型;‘新台糖10’的核型公式为2n=108=98m+10sm,‘新台糖16’的核型公式为2n=111=4M+101m+6sm,‘新台糖20’的核型公式为2n=110=98m+10sm+2st,‘新台糖22’的核型公式为2n=110=2M+96m+12sm,‘粤糖93-159’的核型公式为2n=108=2M+88m+18sm,‘闽糖69-421’的核型公式为2n=109=95m+14sm,‘云蔗89-151’的核型公式为2n=111=91m+20sm这7个品种的核型分类均属于2B型;‘云蔗99-91’的核型公式为2n=108=84m+22sm+2st,核型分类属于2C型。研究结果说明,‘粤糖86-368’、‘桂糖11’这2个品种的进化程度都还比较原始;‘云蔗99-91’、‘云蔗89-151’进化程度最高;其余6个品种进化程度中等。     

基于荧光原位杂交的‘燕山红栗’核型分析

板栗染色体核型分析是开展育种工作的基础。为明确板栗染色体形态结构特征,本研究以‘燕山红栗’为试验材料,采用体细胞染色体常规制片法及荧光原位杂交法,对其染色体进行核型检测及分析。结果表明:板栗染色体数为2n=24,核型公式为2n=2x=24=2M(sat)+18m+4sm,染色体组总长度为13.04滋m,其中长臂总长为7.31滋m,核型不对称系数为52.06%,核型相对对称。精准的染色体核型分析为板栗种质资源利用和新品种选育提供了细胞学基础。     

苏丹草高梁及其杂种的细胞遗传学研究

苏丹草(S. sudanense)与高粱(S.bicolor)均为禾本科高梁属植物,两者的杂种优势明显,杂交种品质好,抗逆性强,在水产、畜禽养殖及资源利用与环境保护上有着广阔的开发利用前景,但两者是否属于同一个种至今存在争议.本文采用去壁低渗.火焰干燥法,分析了2份苏丹草、2份高粱及其3个杂种F1有丝分裂核型,观察了3个杂种F1减数分裂染色体行为和2个杂种F2体细胞染色体数目.结果表明,苏丹草、高粱及其杂种F1均为1A核型,但核型公式不完全相同,苏丹草Sa为2n=18m+2sm(sat),高粱3042A和3042A×Sa F1为2n=20m,其余材料均为2n=20m(sat).苏丹草、高粱及其杂种F1 3者在10条染色体的绝对长臂、绝对短臂、绝对全长、臂比和相对全长上差异均不显著(P0.05),说明苏丹草与高粱在染色体长度上的变化不明显.杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂,终变期和中期Ⅰ染色体核型和数目清晰可见(2n=2x=20),配对行为规则;棒状和环状二价体的频率因组合不同而异,Tx623A×S722 F1、3042A×Sa F1和Tx623A×Sa F1棒状二价体频率分别为4.887、5.710和5.126,环状二价体频率分别为5.113、4.290和4.874;在后期Ⅰ,配对的染色体能够正常分离.杂种F2体细胞染色体数目为20(2n=20).因此,苏丹草与高粱的亲缘关系非常近.     

Allelic variation at the gliadin coding loci of improved Ethiopian durum wheat varieties

The objective of this study was to determine gliadin allele compositions of 20 improved Ethiopian durum wheat varieties using acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE). Each block of co-dominantly inherited polypeptides encoded by gliadin loci were identified and their genetic diversities were estimated using statistical analyses. A total of 30 electrophoretic blocks were identified at five major gliadin loci. In addition, four novel gliadin blocks were identified. Gli-B1 and Gli-A2 loci had higher numbers of gliadin alleles (nine and ten, respectively) compared to other loci. Alleles Gli-A1c on chromosome 1A, Gli-B1c on chromosome 1B, Gli-A2a, and Gli-A2o on chromosome 6A, and Gli-B2h on chromosome 6B had maximal frequencies in their corresponding loci. Varieties were classified into three main clusters and one singleton based on genetic distances of detected gliadin alleles. These results indicate that Ethiopian durum wheat varieties are genetically diverse with unique allele compositions at gliadin-coding loci.     

The control of adult-plant resistance to yellow rust by the translocated chromosome 5BS-7BS of bread wheat

The reciprocal translocation 5BL-7BL and 5BS-7BS was widespread in West European wheats 30 years ago, and is probably present in many of their descendants today. In varieties with a history of durable adult-plant resistance to yellow rust and carrying this translocation, removal of the 5BS-7BS chromosome gave adult plants which were much more susceptible. It was suggested that this chromosome might therefore carry the gene(s) responsible for a major part of their resistance and possibly their durability. To test this, a series of lines was developed in which 5BS-7BS chromosomes from both resistant and susceptible varieties were substituted into a number of the durably resistant varieties. In every case, the substituted 5BS-7BS chromosome, irrespective of origin, was found to produce the resistant phenotype, indicating that background chromosomes were responsible for the differences between the varieties. The resistance and durability of the resistant varieties cannot therefore be due solely to the translocated chromosome. In similar experiments, the 5BS and 7BS arms from varieties not carrying the translocation were substituted into a variety carrying the translocation. In each instance, the lines with the substituted arms were much more susceptible than their recipient, confirming the major effect of the 5BS-7BS chromosome on resistance. The complete correlation between the translocation and resistance and between increased susceptibility and its absence suggests that the gene(s) for adult-plant resistance, located on the 5BS-7BS chromosome, may be closely linked to the break point. Alternatively, it may be a consequence of the close relatedness of some of the varieties. The presence of this gene(s) might be a factor explaining the prevalence of this translocation in some West European wheats.     

晋北地区不同苦荞品种产量和品质研究

为筛选适宜晋北地区种植的高产优质专用苦荞品种和探明产量与营养品质的内在关系,以14个苦荞品种为材料,比较不同苦荞品种农艺性状、产量及主要营养品质的差异。结果表明：产量最高的4个苦荞品种分别为云荞2号、晋苦荞2号、西荞5号和晋苦荞6号,比平均产量分别高25.5%、23.6%、15.3%、12.2%;产量与单株粒数、千粒重、主茎节数和分枝数均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;产量与淀粉、蛋白质含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,与黄酮含量呈不显著负相关（r=-0.227）;产量较高的云荞2号和羊坪早熟荞的品质较差,而蛋白质含量最高和黄酮含量最高的品种产量处于中等偏下水平。综合产量和品质结果,晋苦荞2号产量处于较高水平,蛋白质产量和黄酮产量均处于最高水平,是兼顾高产与优质的适宜在当地推广种植的品种。     

Colchine-induced aneuploids from cell culture of sugarcane

Summary Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) clones are amenable to gross chromosome manipulation due to their high polyploid nature (2n=100–120). This study was conducted to analyze the effects on plant morphology of altering chomosome number via callus culture. Callus cultures from clone H69-9092 were established, and plants were regenerated following colchicine treatment of cultured cells. Cytological analysis showed that variant somaclones were aneuploids with a wide range in chromosome numbers (2n=66–196). Some 22 visually distinct somaclones were planted in 1.35 m² plots with five replications to compare morphological and quality characteristics with H69-9092 at 8 months of growth. Extreme morphological variation was observed between somaclones, but coefficients of variation for quality factors-fibers %, refractometer solids %, pol %, and juice purity-and stomatal length were smaller than those for morphological traits associated with stalk volume and leaf area. Significant negative correlations were found between chromosome number and most morphological traits, e.g., stalk length (r=-0.58), number (r=-0.69), diameter (r=-0.54) and volume (r=-0.65); internode length (r=-0.57); and leaf area (r=-0.48). A positive correlation was found between chromosome number and stomatal length (r=-0.66). No significant correlations were found between chromosome number and quality factors. Aneuploids with higher than parental chromosome number had reduced growth. However, depression in growth was generally not observed in somaclones lower in chromosome number than the parent.Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 598 in the Journal Series of the Experiment Station, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.     

利用SSR鉴定普通小麦-多枝赖草二体异附加系 Line24中外源染色体同源群的归属

用227对小麦微卫星引物进行PCR扩增，76对可在多枝赖草和耐黄矮病的普通小麦-多枝赖草二体异附加系Line24的小麦亲本中国春、丰抗13间检测到多态性。和多枝赖草相同而与Line24其他小麦亲本不同的扩增带。在这76对引物中，发现有4对引物能从Line24中扩增出进一步用Line24和普通小麦杂交得到的7个不同的单体异附加系进行验证，也得到同样的结果，说明这4对微卫星引物扩增出的特异带可以作为Line24中多枝赖草染色体的分子标记。根据这4对引物各自对应的微卫星标记位点在小麦染色体上的位置，说明Line24中附加的一对多枝赖草染色体是第3，5，6和7部分同源群多枝赖草染色体相互易位形成的。     

苏丹草高粱及其杂种的细胞遗传学研究

苏丹草(S. sudanense)与高粱(S. bicolor)均为禾本科高粱属植物, 两者的杂种优势明显, 杂交种品质好, 抗逆性强, 在水产、畜禽养殖及资源利用与环境保护上有着广阔的开发利用前景, 但两者是否属于同一个种至今存在争议。本文采用去壁低渗-火焰干燥法, 分析了2份苏丹草、2份高粱及其3个杂种F₁有丝分裂核型, 观察了3个杂种F₁减数分裂染色体行为和2个杂种F₂体细胞染色体数目。结果表明, 苏丹草、高粱及其杂种F1均为1A核型, 但核型公式不完全相同, 苏丹草Sa为2n=18m+2sm(sat), 高粱3042A和3042A×Sa F₁为2n=20m, 其余材料均为2n=20m(sat)。苏丹草、高粱及其杂种F₁ 3者在10条染色体的绝对长臂、绝对短臂、绝对全长、臂比和相对全长上差异均不显著(P>0.05), 说明苏丹草与高粱在染色体长度上的变化不明显。杂种F₁花粉母细胞减数分裂, 终变期和中期I染色体核型和数目清晰可见(2n=2x=20), 配对行为规则; 棒状和环状二价体的频率因组合不同而异, Tx623A×S722 F₁、3042A×Sa F₁和Tx623A×Sa F₁棒状二价体频率分别为4.887、5.710和5.126, 环状二价体频率分别为5.113、 4.290和4.874; 在后期I, 配对的染色体能够正常分离。杂种F₂体细胞染色体数目为20(2n=20)。因此, 苏丹草与高粱的亲缘关系非常近。