甬江流域的淡水贝类

对甬江流域全部县、市（包括象山和宁海）32个乡镇88个采样点的淡水贝类作出了分类调查报告，标本经鉴定计49种，其中腹足纲32种、瓣鳃纲17种。分析了该流域淡水贝类的常见种和偶见种，广生种和狭生种。探讨了该流域淡水贝类的分布区划。     

我国淡水贝类种质资源现状与保护利用

我国淡水贝类资源丰富、种类繁多,有记录的淡水贝类目前已经超过470种,广泛分布于我国各地的湖泊、河流和山间湿地等生态系统中。其中我国特有种贝类在各主要分布水系的比例均高于50%,特有种质资源十分丰富。淡水贝类不仅在生态系统中扮演着重要的角色,而且具有巨大的经济价值。淡水珍珠蚌中三角帆蚌和褶纹冠蚌,以及一些食用贝类如中华圆田螺、螺蛳、河蚬等的资源开发比较充分,但是由于淡水贝类分布范围广、栖息环境多样,相对于其他一些淡水贝类,目前研究还仅限于资源调查和物种鉴定层面。整体上,国内淡水贝类的种质资源评估不够系统,保护和开发利用未得到足够重视。本文就我国淡水贝类物种多样性与区域分布、淡水贝类种质资源可持续开发与利用情况、引进淡水贝类种质资源与利用现状及淡水贝类种质资源现行保护措施进行概述,并提出有关淡水贝类种质资源保护和可持续利用的建议,以期促进我国淡水贝类资源保护和开发利用协同发展。     

佛耳丽蚌的年龄与生长

佛耳丽蚌(Lamprotula mansuyi)是大型的稀有淡水经济贝类。与其它丽蚌相比，佛耳丽蚌贝壳大而厚实，是生产大型珍珠核和制作贝雕工艺品的优良材料，而且利用该蚌能培育大型的天然珍珠。因此，该蚌具有较高的经济价值。关于佛耳丽蚌年龄与生长的研究，至今未见报道。为此，作者从广西左江搜集了大量的样本，对佛耳丽蚌的年龄与生长进行了研究，旨在探讨其生长规律，为养殖生产提供参考。     

福建罗源湾贝类的养殖容量

以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,通过现场对位于南海南部的罗源湾叶绿素a、初级生产力、生态效率、浮游植物有机碳含量、养殖贝类有机碳含量及其含壳重与鲜组织重比值、养殖贝类和野生滤食性动物滤水率、潮间带和潮下带及吊养区附着滤食性动物现存量等的调查和检测。应用营养动态模型、沿岸能流模型估算贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物现存量以估算贝类养殖容量,同时采用已报道模型估算贝类养殖容量,并用统计分析法估算贝类及其各品种的适养面积。3种模型估算的罗源湾贝类养殖容量分别为104064t,127321t,113675t。贝类适养总面积为2622hm2,其中缢蛏450hm2、牡蛎2000hm2、贻贝125hm2、菲律宾蛤仔20hm2、泥蚶27hm2。罗源湾1999年已经超容量养殖,必须调整养殖面积和数量,优化养殖种类结构,实现生态养殖,达到贝类养殖持续健康、高质、高效发展。     

六种淡水贝类耗氧率的初步研究

通过自制的流水密闭装置,测定了六种淡水贝类耗氧率,研究了起始溶解氧对贝类耗氧率的影响,结果表明:①六种淡水贝类耗氧率大小依次为:圆顶珠蚌、河蚬、扭蚌、背角无齿蚌、三角帆蚌和楔形丽蚌;②水中起始溶氧水平对贝类耗氧率有一定影响,起始溶氧水平与耗氧率呈线性正相关关系,随着起始溶解氧水平的降低,六种贝类耗氧率出现了不同程度的降低;③淡水贝类与其他滤食性鱼类相比具更强耐低氧能力,更适合作为水环境生态修复的工具种。     

厦门大嶝岛海域贝类的养殖容量

大嶝岛海域面积91.1 km2,系厦门市贝类主要养殖基地.为了合理和充分开发该海域生物资源,使贝类养殖业持续、高效、健康发展,课题组对该海域叶绿素a、初级生产力、浮游植物有机碳含量、潮下带、潮间带和吊养区非养殖滤食性动物生产量、养殖贝类的滤水率、有机碳含量和贝类含壳重与鲜组织重的比值等模型参数等进行调查、测定和检测分析,采用营养动态模型和沿岸海域能流分析模型估算该海域贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物生产量,估算贝类养殖容量;同时应用方建光模型估算贝类的养殖容量;还采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各养殖品种的适养殖面积,目的在于控制该海域贝类的养殖量和对各种贝类养殖量进行优化配置.三种模型估算的贝类养殖容量为35248～39990 t,平均37488 t,140008～158850万个,平均148903万个;适养面积为2145 hm2,其中牡蛎(Ostreidae)1900 hm2,缢蛏(Sinoncvacula constricta)81 hm2,泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)20 hm2,凸壳肌蛤(Musculista senhousei)144 hm2.2000年贝类及其各养殖品种的养殖面积已超过了估算的适宜养殖面积,应予以削减.     

福建湄洲湾贝类养殖容量的估算

通过现场对湄洲湾叶绿素a含量和初级生产力、浮游植物有机碳含量、养殖贝类滤水率和有机碳含量及其含壳重与鲜组织重比值、潮间带、潮下带底栖滤食性动物和吊养区附着滤食性动物的现存量等生态参数的调查和检测,采用营养动态模型和沿岸海域能流分析模型估算该海域贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物现存量,估算贝类养殖容量;同时应用方建光模型估算贝类的养殖容量;还采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各养殖品种的适养殖面积,目的在于控制该海域贝类的养殖量和对各种贝类养殖量进行优化配置。三种模型估算的贝类养殖容量为235487~263676 t,平均247116 t,906104×104个~1014567×104个,平均950850×104个;贝类适养面积为6867hm2,其中牡蛎(O streidae)5420hm2,缢蛏(Sinoncvacula constricta)880hm2,翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)20hm2,菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes pholippinarum)460hm2,泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)7hm2。1999年贝类养殖面积已超过了估算的适宜养殖面积815hm2,应予以削减。     

南方热点水产品种:泥蚶

蚶是一种海产双壳贝类,我国南北沿海均有分布,是重要的优良养殖贝类之一。它喜栖息河口附近或内湾风平浪静、潮流畅通并稍有淡水注入的低潮线泥滩上,由于浅埋泥生活,故而得泥蚶之名。     

建溪建瓯丰乐至水西桥段淡水贝类调查

2018年1月至12月对建溪建瓯丰乐段至水西桥段淡水贝类开展调查。结果显示,调查共获得淡水贝类24种,隶属于8科13属,优势种为铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa Reeve)、梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata Heude)、耳河螺(Rivularia auriculata Martens)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea Müller)和方格短沟蜷(Semisulcospira cancellata Benson),5种优势种壳长与湿重幂指数方程表明这些优势种类均为负异速生长;淡水贝类平均密度和生物量分别为(4.59±4.47)ind/m~2和(5.219±3.623)g/m~2,密度和生物量在空间分布上整体与坝头距离呈正相关。单因素方差分析表明,密度和生物量在各站位间差异显著(P0.05),密度在季节分布上差异不显著(P0.05),生物量在季节分布上差异显著(P0.05);群落多样性较低,Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数随着季节的变化差异不显著(P0.05);在上溪口站位发现外来物种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)。与其他江河流域如赣江、钱塘江干流、淮河干流等相比,调查区域淡水贝类物种数、密度、生物量及多样性低,建议有关部门加强淡水贝类资源及栖息地保护,同时加强外来物种福寿螺的动态监测及防控。     

福建诏安湾贝类养殖容量的研究

通过现场对诏安湾叶绿素a含量、初级生产力、生态效率、浮游植物有机碳含量、养殖贝类有机碳含量及其含壳重与鲜组织重比值、养殖贝类和野生滤食性动物滤水率、潮间带和潮下带及吊养区附着滤食性动物现存量等的调查获得模型参数,应用营养动态模型、沿岸能流模型估算贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物现存量形成贝类的养殖容量,同时采用贝类能量收支模型估算贝类养殖容量。3种模式估算的贝类养殖容量分别为58469t,288260×104ind;60275t,297167×104ind;61532t,30336×104ind;平均60092t,296263×104ind。并且采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各品种的适养面积。贝类适养总面积为2755hm2,其中缢蛏25hm2,牡蛎1560hm2,翡翠贻贝215hm2,菲律宾蛤仔120hm2,泥蚶30hm2,凸壳肌蛤95hm2,波纹巴非蛤710hm2。     

Protected areas and native freshwater bivalves are not in the same place in south-east Brazil

1. Bivalves are important components of freshwater ecosystems; however, they are also one of the most threatened animal groups, especially members of the order Unionida. The main threats to freshwater bivalves are habitat modification and invasive species. Protected areas are a common way to minimize impacts and preserve native species, but they are rarely designated with a focus on freshwater invertebrates.
2. The main goal of this article was to describe the distribution of freshwater bivalves in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and the relationship between these species and bioclimatic areas, land use and protected areas.
3. Five native and two invasive bivalve species have been reported in Rio de Janeiro. They occur mainly in bioclimatic areas related to the Paraíba do Sul River and Campista Lowlands. The few records of bivalves inside protected areas are in areas of sustainable use that offer a lower level of protection, and frequently in sympatry with invasive bivalves.
4. Thus, the established protected areas in Rio de Janeiro are not adequately effective for freshwater bivalve conservation, and some species remain under threat even within them. Freshwater bivalves thus remain largely unprotected in the state.
5. The development of new protected areas and management plans should consider other faunal groups that are usually ignored, such as freshwater bivalves, to achieve more inclusive and effective protection.

     

Biological parameters of the endangered fish Chitala chitala (Osteoglossiformes: Notopteridae) from some Indian rivers

Age, growth and maturity data of the freshwater feather back Chitala chitala (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) were collected from ten different geographical locations. Out of ten populations, maximum 6+ ages were recorded from four river basins namely river Bhagirathi, Koshi, Saryu and Ganga and the back calculated lengths at 6+ ages ranged from 1033.36–1073.63 mm. In rest of the locations, however, only 3+ age classes were recorded. Specific rate of linear growth (C_l) and specific rate of weight increase (C_w) showed decreases except in two locations. The specific rate of linear growth (C_l) and the specific rate of weight increase (C_w) increased at 3+ age class in the river Bhagirathi. Among other growth parameters, three distinct life stages of C. chitala were observed based on analysis of growth constant data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the back-calculated length data of 10 populations indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05). Out of ten populations studied, six showed significant variation of growth in 1+ age class and two showed significant variation in 2+ to 6+ age classes. Length-weight relationship of the species from all the population was calculated and the coefficient of correlation (r) was at the significant level where the value of ‘b’ was almost 3 for all the locations studied. Male C. chitala attained maturity earlier (2+ age) whereas females matured at age 3+. The percentages of mature individuals also varied between river basins. Based on this study strategies can be proposed for sustainable exploitation of the species from wild populations.     

Mass-processing method for aging otoliths of walleye pollock <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theragra chalcogramma</Emphasis> using black resin

ABSTRACT:   The reliability of a mass-processing aging method for walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma was examined. The method is a half-otolith method, in which 10–20 otoliths are embedded simultaneously in black resin and the mass-processed half plane section is viewed under reflected light (black-resin method). Seasonal periodicity of otolith growth was confirmed by the monthly observations of the percent of translucent zone at the otolith edge, and interannual variation in age distribution detected the progression of dominant year-classes. These results support the assumption that the translucent zone is formed once a year. The black-resin method was compared to the break–burn method, which is the standard technique for this species. The estimated ages of these methods were not biased throughout the age range examined. The coefficient of variation in the black-resin method (4.9–5.7%) was similar to those of the break–burn method (3.5–5.5%). These results suggest that the black-resin method is reliable as an aging method for walleye pollock.     

Viability of a Freshwater Mussel (Elliptio complanata) as a Biomechanical Filter for Aquaculture Ponds I: Clearance Rate of Chlorophyll-α

The production and livelihood of aquaculture facilities depend on increased growth of species being harvested. Only 15%-25% of nitrogen and phosphorus are retained in farmed fish even when all feed is consumed. In both marine and freshwater aquaculture systems, bivalves have proven to be an inexpensive method for controlling algal growth through suspension feeding. With 25% of the native U.S. freshwater mussel species under federal protection, their use in aquaculture ponds could lead to further propagation and restoration of natural populations. Elliptio complanata is an important species in Delaware rivers and connected estuaries; a recent two-year study by the United States Geological Survey found that 98% of mussels found in the Delaware River were Elliptio complanata. The objective of this study was to calculate the clearance rate of E. complanata in a laboratory study. This would help us determine if mussels can serve as an addition to chemical and mechanical filtration regiments and thrive in an aquaculture setting. Using feeding chambers we investigated the effect of E. complanata on algae grown from an aquaculture pond and on a cultured alga over a four-hour period. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were monitored, and samples were than analyzed for total chlorophyll-α. The average of both the single cell using Chlorella vulgaris and mixed assemblage treatments chlorophyll-α clearance rate was 0.187 liters per hour per mussel. Prior to this experiment, these mussels were held for a period for two months in the holding system in the laboratory. The resulting low clearance rate as compared to the previous studies in the field is possibly due to the stress from holding these mussels. However, our study demonstrated that mussels have the potential to be used in an aquaculture setting and/or recreational ponds to help reduce algae populations that can occur as a result of eutrophication.     

The utility of otolith weight as a predictor of age in the emperor Lethrinus mahsena and other tropical fish species

This study examines the potential use of otolith weight as a proxy for age in the lethrinid Lethrinus mahsena from different sites in the tropical Indian Ocean: the banks of Seychelles, Mauritius and British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT, Chagos Archipelago). The reliability of age–frequency distributions and individual ages estimated using otolith weight–age relationships was examined through comparison with those estimated through the standard method of ageing using otolith increments. Two other methods for estimating age–frequencies using age-slicing via an estimated growth curve were also examined; these used growth curves estimated by a length-based method (ELEFAN), or by fitting directly to length-at-age data (an ‘age-based’ method). Age-slicing using length-based growth parameters failed to produce reliable age–frequencies, due to inaccuracies in the growth parameter estimates. The use of age-based growth parameter estimates improved the results of age-slicing, however, age–frequencies remained significantly different from those obtained from ageing using otolith increments in two locations. The use of otolith weight–age relationships resulted in estimated age–frequency distributions that in all locations were not significantly different from those assessed through otolith increment counts. In contrast, L. mahsena otolith weight–age relationships could not be used to estimate individual ages accurately, due to the level of overlap in otolith weight between age classes. Where otolith increments are routinely used to age commercial fish species, the fact that otolith weight–age relationships could not be used to age individuals accurately may limit its application. However, where routine ageing of individuals through otolith increments is considered impractical, for instance because of its cost, the use of otolith weight–age relationships to derive catch age–frequencies represents a viable alternative approach. With this in mind, this study has also demonstrated that there is the potential to use otolith weight–age relationships for five other species caught around the Seychelles, following the validation of their otolith increments.     

The north‐west of the Iberian Peninsula is crucial for conservation of Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) in Europe

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利用耳石鉴定头足类年龄与生长研究进展

年龄和生长是头足类生物学研究的重点内容,利用耳石轮纹鉴定其年龄、分析其生长特性是一种可靠而有效的方法。耳石经提取、研磨、抛光后制备成切片,对切片观察面轮纹进行计数可得到日龄。研磨平面的选择是头足类耳石制片的最关键步骤,通常选择纵截面研磨。轮纹计数时,一般选择轮纹相对比较清晰的背区计数。适合头足类的生长模型有线性、指数、幂函数、逻辑斯谛、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy等多种。分析认为,同一种头足类在不同生长阶段以及不同种群间,其年龄组成、生长率以及适合的生长模型往往不同,因此,建议应先对研究对象进行不同产卵季节或地理种群的划分,然后根据不同种群分别研究其生长并建立生长模型。     

Vulnerability of Cape Fold Ecoregion freshwater fishes to climate change and other human impacts

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Critically examining the knowledge base required to mechanistically project climate impacts: A case study of Europe's fish and shellfish

An amalgam of empirical data from laboratory and field studies is needed to build robust, theoretical models of climate impacts that can provide science‐based advice for sustainable management of fish and shellfish resources. Using a semi‐systematic literature review, Gap Analysis and multilevel meta‐analysis, we assessed the status of empirical knowledge on the direct effects of climate change on 37 high‐value species targeted by European fisheries and aquaculture sectors operating in marine and freshwater regions. Knowledge on potential climate change‐related drivers (single or combined) on several responses (vital rates) across four categories (exploitation sector, region, life stage, species), was considerably unbalanced as well as biased, including a low number of studies (a) examining the interaction of abiotic factors, (b) offering opportunities to assess local adaptation, (c) targeting lower‐value species. The meta‐analysis revealed that projected warming would increase mean growth rates in fish and mollusks and significantly elevate metabolic rates in fish. Decreased levels of dissolved oxygen depressed rates of growth and metabolism across coherent species groups (e.g., small pelagics, etc.) while expected declines in pH reduced growth in most species groups and increased mortality in bivalves. The meta‐analytical results were influenced by the study design and moderators (e.g., life stage, season). Although meta‐analytic tools have become increasingly popular, when performed on the limited available data, these analyses cannot grasp relevant population effects, even in species with a long history of study. We recommend actions to overcome these shortcomings and improve mechanistic (cause‐and‐effect) projections of climate impacts on fish and shellfish.