检测动物组织中金刚烷胺残留的酶联免疫试剂盒的研制

通过对金刚烷胺分子结构进行改造,制备得到了金刚烷胺半抗原及人工抗原,免疫动物,制备特异性单克隆抗体。在筛选金刚烷胺单克隆抗体的基础上,建立酶联免疫检测方法,并研制出检测动物组织中金刚烷胺残留的试剂盒。该试剂盒工作范围为0.5~40.5μg/L,线性回归方程为y=-2.069x+0.493,IC_(50)为2.1μg/L,相关系数R2为0.998;试剂盒检测限为0.25μg/kg,金刚烷胺回收率在82.5%~91.0%,批内、批间变异系数均小于10%;与阿莫西林、苯唑西林、头孢噻呋三种类似结构药物均无交叉反应。该试剂盒灵敏度高、检测限低、特异性强、操作简便,可广泛用于动物组织中金刚烷胺残留量的测定。     

新型喹乙醇残留标志物人工半抗原的设计及其在动物组织残留检测中的应用

为提高酶联免疫方法测定喹乙醇残留标志物(MQCA)的检测性能,设计了一种新型MQCA人工半抗原,该半抗原既完整保留MQCA分子特征性基团和结构,又具有便于和蛋白质载体偶联的基团-NH2。通过三步化学反应合成该半抗原,将其与蛋白质载体偶联成为免疫抗原后,进一步制备特异性抗体,研制了MQCA酶联免疫试剂盒,灵敏度高,特异性好,IC50为1.94μg/L。建立了测定动物性产品中MQCA残留量的直接竞争酶联免疫法,测定猪肝、猪肉、鸡肉、鸡蛋中MQCA的检测限分别为0.42、0.23、0.28、0.28μg/kg。猪肉中不同添加浓度MQCA(1,2,4μg/kg)的回收率为70%~97%;批内、批间变异系数均低于12%。本试剂盒可同时快速检测大批样品,有望在MQCA残留检测中发挥重要作用。研究有助于指导小分子药物半抗原的合理设计,为现有的半抗原设计方法提供新的理念和思路。     

苯乙醇胺A半抗原、抗原及其制备方法的建立

在制备苯乙醇胺A半抗原、抗原和单克隆抗体的基础上应用直接竞争酶联免疫技术ELISA建立了一种检测动物组织和尿样中苯乙醇胺A残留量的方法。结果表明,半抗原改造成功,标准曲线线性检测范围为0.3μg/L~24.3μg/L,对尿样的检测限为0.3μg/L,对肉样的检测限为0.5μg/L,同其类似物交叉反应率均小于0.1%。该方法可应用于苯乙醇胺A在尿样、肉样中的快速筛查现场检测。     

可乐定ELISA检测试剂盒的研制及其性能评价

本研究通过制备可乐定完全抗原,免疫新西兰大白兔,得到特异性多克隆抗体,并和HRP标记的羊抗兔,构建间接ELISA检测法试剂盒,并进行性能测试评价。结果表明,吸光度百分比值与赛庚啶质量浓度的对数在0.1-8.1μg/L呈线性关系,相关系数R₂为0.977,半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为0.675μg/L,检测限为0.2μg/L,回收率为81% ～109%,具备良好的特异性,可用于动物尿样、血清和组织中的可乐定残留检测。     

阿莫西林残留ELISA检测试剂盒质量验证

为了对用于检测牛奶中阿莫西林残留的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测试剂盒进行质量验证,试验采用不同梯度浓度的方法进行研究。结果表明:阿莫西林标准品浓度在0.5~13.5μg/L范围内具有较好线性关系,50%竞争抑制浓度为2.0μg/L,试剂盒对牛奶中阿莫西林的最低检测限为4.6μg/L。牛奶中分别添加5.0,10.0μg/L的阿莫西林标准品,回收率在72.2%~108.7%之间,批内变异系数小于8.9%,批间变异系数小于11.9%;试剂盒可在37℃条件下保存7 d,可同时检测牛奶中阿莫西林、青霉素、氨苄西林、萘夫西林等药物的残留总量。与仪器方法进行实际样品检测相比,ELISA方法检测结果具有良好的可信度。     

环境水样中地塞米松的酶联免疫法测定

通过对地塞米松分子结构进行改造,制备了地塞米松半抗原及人工抗原,免疫动物得到了地塞米松的单克隆抗体,建立了地塞米松间接竞争酶联免疫检测方法。结果表明,Logit/Log拟合标准曲线方程为Y=-2.1426X–9884,相关指数R~2为0.9965,半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))为0.337μg/L,环境水样的检测限为0.5μg/L,地塞米松阳性样本的加标回收率为75%～105%,样本重复检测结果的变异系数15%。建立的酶联免疫吸附方法具有较好的特异性、回收率和重复稳定性,可用于环境水样中地塞米松残留的检测。     

链霉素残留检测ELISA试剂盒的研制及应用

本研究采用EDC法人工合成链霉素抗原（SM—BSA）,免疫BALB／c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术获得了分泌抗链霉素单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,建立了快速检测链霉素（SM）残留的酶联免疫方法,并成功研制了试剂盒。然后对其灵敏度、准确度、特异性、基质效应性等技术指标进行检测,同时应用该试剂盒对生长猪尿液中的残留情况进行检测。结果表明：除双氢链霉素外,该试剂盒与其它抗生素类药物均无交叉反应;线性检测范围为1～1289g／L,相关系数R^2=0．9251,灵敏度为0．45μg／L,半数抑制浓度（IC50）为7．769g／L,检测限为19g／L;猪尿样的平均添加回收率为84．1％;基质对该试剂盒的检测结果影响不大。该试剂盒具有快速、敏感、特异、简便等特点,适合于SM残留的快速检测,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

高灵敏度酶联免疫法快速检测动物源性产品中氯霉素残留的研究

本试验旨在应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测动物组织中氯霉素的残留。根据试剂盒操作说明对样本进行前处理,样品中的氯霉素与氯霉素酶结合物竞争结合酶标板微孔中固相化的氯霉素特异性抗体,根据酶催化显色剂显色的深浅来判断样品中氯霉素含量。试验结果显示,该方法对样品的检测限在0.1 μg/kg以下;以20~300 ng/kg浓度的氯霉素添加到动物源性产品中,其回收率范围74.4%~105.4%;变异系数在15%以下。结果表明建立的ELISA试剂盒能满足检测动物源性产品中氯霉素残留的需要。     

饲料中地西泮残留的酶联免疫检测试剂盒研制

为快速、简便地检测饲料中地西泮的残留,应用间接竞争酶联免疫原理研制出饲料中地西泮残留检测试剂盒,并对其性能进行评价。结果:试剂盒的灵敏度为0.1μg/L,对配合料、浓缩料、预混料的检测限分别为10、20、20μg/kg;平均添加回收率为71.5%～94.2%,批内、批间相对标准偏差均小于15%;与地西泮结构类似物无交叉反应。结果表明:研制的试剂盒检测快速、灵敏度高、特异性强,适用于从源头上对动物性食品中的地西泮残留进行检测监管。     

庆大霉素ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

本实验利用戊二醛法合成抗原,进行动物免疫,制备特异性强的单克隆抗体。建立了庆大霉素ELISA检测方法,方法灵敏度为0.1μg/L,半数抑制浓度IC50为0.295μg/kg,将建立的庆大霉素ELISA检测方法应用于肌肉组织的检测中,得到最低检测限为7.91μg/kg,样本添加回收率在70%～120%之间,变异系数小于15%,该方法的建立为庆大霉素的残留检测提供了可靠的分析检测手段。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.