青藏高原犏牛生产技术研究与示范

简述了牦牛杂交改良现状,介绍了青海省推广牦牛三元杂交技术、进行犏牛产业化生产和四川省草原科学研究院开展"母犏牛杂种优势持续利用"项目进展,并对青藏高原犏牛产业化开发前景进行了展望。     

海西州莫河骆驼场犏牛暖棚育肥指导

1现状1.1犏牛的一般生物学特性依托项目发展,2012年莫河骆驼场开始大面积养殖犏牛,犏牛是普通牛与牦牛杂交后产生的后代,普通公牛与母牦牛杂交,其杂种称"真犏牛",公牦牛与普通母牛杂交,其杂种称"假犏牛"。无论"真"、"假"犏牛雄性均不育。犏牛无论     

青海高寒牧区犏牛挤乳量及乳成分分析

对青海高寒牧区犏牛挤乳量及乳成分进行了分析,并与同等饲养条件下的牦牛进行了比较。结果表明:1)不同地区犏牛挤乳量差异不显著(P>0.05);2)不同的产乳阶段两个地区犏牛挤乳量的变化趋势相同;3)犏牛挤乳量极显著高于牦牛挤乳量(P<0.01);4)犏牛乳脂与干物质低于对照组牦牛的含量,其它成份无显著差异。     

西藏波密县犏奶牛养殖状况与发展思路

犏(pian)牛为牦牛与黄牛一代种间杂交所生产的后代.以黄牛作为父本、牦牛作为母本繁殖的犏牛,称为真犏牛(或称正交犏牛);以牦牛作为父本、黄牛作为母本繁殖的犏牛,称为假犏牛(或称反交犏牛).     

利用GPS跟踪定位系统对祁连山区秋季牧场牦牛和犏牛牧食行为的研究

研究旨在通过利用GPS跟踪定位技术对祁连山区秋季牧场上24h自由放牧牦牛和犏牛的昼夜采食活动进行对比研究。选取甘肃天祝藏族自治县乌鞘岭地区牦牛和犏牛各3头,在2012年9月30日至10月25日利用家畜GPS跟踪定位系统进行家畜牧食行为的研究,通过计算它们的水平游走距离,分析牦牛和犏牛在秋季牧场的昼夜采食活动。结果表明:(1)在24h内,牦牛和犏牛都表现出3个采食高峰期,第一个高峰期在9∶00~10∶00左右;第二个在18∶00左右;第三个在23∶00左右。在整个试验过程中,犏牛的采食活动量显著高于牦牛(P0.05);在试验的前半期(牧草初黄期)犏牛和牦牛的采食活动量差异不显著(P0.05);而在试验的后半期(牧草枯黄期)犏牛的采食活动量极显著高于牦牛(P0.01);犏牛和牦牛牧草枯黄期的采食活动量都极显著高于牧草初黄期采食活动量(P0.01)。(2)同一牧场上放牧的牦牛和犏牛在牧草初黄期采食活动范围相似,而在牧草枯黄期二者的采食空间分布格局出现了分化,犏牛的采食活动范围变得相对狭长,牦牛的则变得相对宽广。研究结果表明当秋季牧场牧草大面积枯黄的时候,需要对家畜进行适当补饲,进而满足家畜的生长需求,同时减少由于游走觅食活动等造成的能量消耗。通过对比牦牛与犏牛的牧食活动,牦牛较犏牛更加适应青藏高原的严酷环境条件,尤其在缺草季节,牦牛的适应性更加明显。     

雄性犏牛不育的研究进展

犏牛是奶牛、肉牛及黄牛与牦牛的杂交后代,在生长、产奶及肉等方面优于牦牛,但雄性犏牛不育严重阻碍了犏牛的生产与产业的发展,文章从雄性犏牛的组织学、细胞学、内分泌学及分子生物学等方面进行综述,以全面了解雄性犏牛不育的现状,促进雄性犏牛不育的研究进程。     

犏牛高效生产新模式的建立

犏牛是牦牛与奶(肉)牛杂交的后代,具有明显的杂种优势,是牦牛育种改良的重要方向之一。由于雄性犏牛不育,杂种优势无法稳定遗传。因此,利用现代繁殖育种技术是解决此问题的关键。本研究利用牦牛屠宰场的卵巢收集卵母细胞,与奶(肉)牛的冻精进行体外受精,将获得的胚胎移植到同期发情的犏牛体内,建立生产犏牛新模式。结果表明,用荷斯坦牛、西门塔尔牛和娟姗牛的冻精与牦牛卵母细胞体外受精,受精率无显著差异(P0.05),但显著高于牦牛种内体外受精(P0.05)。胚胎发育动力学结果表明,犏牛胚胎的体外发育速率显著高于牦牛胚胎(P0.05);雄性犏牛胚胎的发育显著快于雌性胚胎。用孕酮阴道栓、马绒毛膜促性腺激素(eCG)和氯前列腺烯醇(PG)组合的同期发情处理方案,诱导犏牛发情效果较好,发情率显著高于单独使用PG组(P0.05)。获得了全球首批试管犏牛(7头),实现了犏牛生犏牛新模式。获得的试管犏牛体型丰满、生长迅速、1周岁的体质量达160 kg,是同龄牦牛的2倍。综上,本研究建立了一套高效的犏牛体外生产技术体系,充分利用了母犏牛的繁殖性能,为挖掘优秀母犏牛的繁殖潜能和加速扩繁犏牛奠定了基础,对实现少数民族地区牧民增收与生态保护具有重要的意义。     

安犏牛与牦牛设施化养殖技术试验研究

通过采用犏牛、牦牛犊牛培育技术结合设施化养殖技术,研究不同的饲养方式对犏牛、牦牛生长发育、增重效果及屠宰率的影响,研究结果表明,采用犊牛培育技术,6月龄犏牛公犊牛和牦牛公犊牛的体高、体斜长、胸围、管围都有不同程度的增长,体重也明显增加,与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);采用设施化养殖技术,犏牛设施组的总增重及平均日增重显著高于牦牛对照组,差异显著(P<0.05);牦牛设施组、犏牛对照组和犏牛设施组的总增重及平均日增重显著高于牦牛对照组,差异显著(P<0.05)。犏牛设施组胴体重及净肉重分别为138.27±3.17kg和113.29±2.87kg,屠宰率和净肉率分别为58.47%和47.91%,犏牛设施组屠宰率和净肉率显著高于犏牛对照组,差异显著(P<0.05);牦牛设施组胴体重及净肉重分别为99.09±2.35kg和79.83±1.91kg,屠宰率和净肉率分别为57.46%和46.29%,与牦牛对照组和犏牛对照组相比,牦牛设施组和犏牛设施组的屠宰率和净肉率显著高于牦牛对照组和犏牛对照组,差异显著(P<0.05)。采用犏牛、牦牛犊牛培育技术结合设施化养殖技术,犏牛、牦牛的生长发育速度显著提高,总增重、日增重、屠宰率和净肉率显著高于传统放牧条件下的犏牛和牦牛。     

杂种黄公牛与牦牛杂交的F1代生长发育测定

揭示了(西×黄) ♂×牦牛♀和(黑×黄)♂×牦牛♀两个牦牛三元杂交组合繁殖的F1代犏牛生长发育情况,结果表明,F1代犏牛各年龄段的体尺、体重杂种优势明显,且母犏牛提前1～2岁投入生产,建议在牦牛杂交改良中推广这两个牦牛三元杂交组合.     

我国犏牛雄性不育的研究进展

犏牛是牦牛与肉牛、普通牛、奶牛以及黄牛的杂交F1代,杂种优势明显,在产肉、产奶等生产性能方面明显优于亲本牦牛,然而犏牛雄性不育的问题却严重地影响了犏牛的利用价值,阻碍了犏牛产业的发展。近年来,有许多国内外学者针对犏牛雄性不育的问题,进行了研究讨论。文章针对近年来有关犏牛雄性不育的研究成果、目前的研究进程和今后的研究方向等方面进行了阐述。以便全方位了解犏牛雄性不育的研究状况,促进犏牛雄性不育的研究进程。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.