五叶地锦离体培养及植株再生

以五叶地锦(Parthenocissus quinquefolia)子叶柄、下胚轴、叶片为外植体进行离体培养,以1/2 MS、B5和Heller为基本培养基,附加不同浓度的细胞分裂素(6-BA,KT, TDZ)及生长素(NAA)诱导下胚轴直接再生不定芽.实验结果表明,暗处理30 d,靠近下胚轴的子叶柄接种在1/2 MS 0.3 mg·L-16-BA培养基上,其不定芽分化率最高达64.67%;下胚轴接种在1/2 MS 2.0 mg·L-1KT 0.05 mg·L-1NAA和Heller 0.5 mg·L-1BA 0.1 mg·L-1NAA培养基上,其不定芽分化率接近,达到24%左右;无菌苗的叶片接种在B5 0.5 mg·L-1TDZ 0.05 mg·L-1NAA培养基上,其不定芽分化率达17.7%.芽增殖培养基为1/2 MS 0.5 mg·L-16-BA 0.1 mg·L-1NAA增殖系数为3～5, 1/2 MS 0.5 mg·L-1IBA 500 mg·L-1活性炭适于再生幼苗的生根,生根苗经移栽全部成活.     

杂交鹅掌楸离体培养中器官发生的研究

以杂交鹅掌楸的叶片、叶柄、无菌苗的茎段及其芽基部切段为外植体,进行愈伤组织途径的器官发生及不定芽途径的直接器官发生培养。结果表明,多种外植体在诱导培养基上均能脱分化产生愈伤组织,其中无菌苗芽基部具有最高的愈伤组织诱导率。愈伤组织在MS 6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1 NAA 0.5 mg.L-1和MS 6-BA 4.0 mg.L-1 NAA 0.5 mg.L-1的分化培养基上能分化出不定芽。部分外植体在MS 6-BA 4.0 mg.L-1 NAA 0.5 mg.L-1的分化培养基上直接分化产生不定芽。器官发生途径再生体系的建立为抗逆基因工程等工作奠定了基础。     

新西伯利亚银白杨组织培养基配方的筛选与应用

以新西伯利亚银白杨叶片为外植体,建立了再生体系。经正交试验筛选出此组织培养的最适外植体产生不定芽诱导培养基为MS＋6-BA0．1mg·L^-1＋GA0．1mg·L^-1＋NAA0．05mg·L^-1,最佳不定芽生根培养基为1／2MS＋NAA0．1mg·L^-1‘＋IBA0．02mg·L^-1。     

巨桉无性系EG5叶片高效再生体系的建立

以巨桉栽培无性系EG5无菌苗的叶片为外植体进行愈伤组织诱导与植株再生研究。结果表明:愈伤组织高效诱导和不定芽分化的最适培养基为改良MS+0.12 mg·L-1TDZ+0.25 mg·L-1NAA;硝酸铵对EG5叶片愈伤组织生长及植株分化的影响较大,最适宜质量浓度为0.412 5 g·L-1;最佳伸长培养基配方为改良MS+0.3 mg·L-16BA+0.05 mg·L-1IBA+0.3 mg·L-1IAA;暗培养10 d能促进不定芽分化,延缓愈伤组织老化和褐变速度。生根培养基为改良MS+0.4 mg·L-1NAA时生根率最高,为65.47%,移植成活率为90%以上。     

花叶木槿组织培养技术的研究

以花叶木槿叶片、茎段、芽为外植体进行的离体再生研究结果表明,叶片愈伤组织诱导最佳的培养基是MS＋6-BA2mg／L＋NAA0．2mg／L＋2,4-D0．2mg／L;茎段在MS＋6～BA3mg／L＋NAA0．4mg／L上诱导的愈伤组织有不定芽分化,分化率45％;芽在MS＋6-BA3mg／L＋NAA0．4mg／L培养基上效果较好,在MS＋6-BA1mg／L＋NAA0．2mg／L上生根效果最好,可达100％。     

银中杨叶片外植体再生体系的建立

以银中杨叶片为外植体,建立了高效的再生体系。经正交试验筛选出银中杨组织培养的最适基本培养基为MS培养基,最佳不定芽诱导培养基为MS BA1.0mg.L-1 NAA0.05 mg.L-1,最佳暗培养时间为4d,最佳不定芽生根培养基为1/2 MS NAA0.05 mg.L-1 IBA0.01mg.L-1。     

木棉离体再生体系的建立

为给木棉的快速繁殖和转基因研究奠定基础,以木棉下胚轴为外植体,探讨基本培养基种类、植物生长调节剂组合和AgNO3等因素对木棉不定芽诱导和植株再生的影响,建立了下胚轴高效再生体系。结果表明:MS+6-BA 1.5 mg.L-1+NAA 0.1 mg.L-1+KT 0.5 mg.L-1+AgNO31.0 mg.L-1+蔗糖30 g.L-1培养基最适合不定芽的分化和增殖,不定芽分化率达72%,平均每外植体分化不定芽数达3.85个。较适生根培养基为MS+NAA0.5 mg.L-1,生根率达到90%。     

菊花叶片外植体再生体系的研究

以不同品种地被菊的无菌苗叶片为外植体,在附加不同浓度植物生长调节剂NAA和6-BA的MS基本培养基上诱导培养,通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株。结果表明:不同地被菊品种的叶片外植体再生不定芽的能力差异极大。再生能力强的品种其培养基中生长调节剂配比的浓度也是不同的,‘铺地金’再生的最适宜培养基为MS 6-BA2mg.L-1 NAA1mg.L-1,再生率为96%;‘北林红’再生的最适宜培养基为MS 6-BA1mg.L-1 NAA0.5mg.L-1,再生率为96%。无菌苗继代培养时间对地被菊叶片外植体的形态发生能力有不同的影响,其中‘铺地金’品种高频再生能力保持的时间很长,适合做基因转化的受体系统。     

白林2号杨组织培养与快繁技术研究

以白林2号杨优树萌发枝条(已木质化)为外植体进行组织培养快繁技术研究,结果表明:初代分化最适培养基为MS+6-BA0.3 mg·L-1+IAA0.5 mg·L-1,分化仅为7 d,并有丛生芽发生;使用MS+6-BA0.3 mg·L-1+NAA0.01 mg·L-1+IAA0.3 mg·L-1进行继代培养效果最好,丛生芽粗壮,数量较多;以附加不同含量NAA和IAA诱导生根,可获得再生植株,其中1/2MS+NAA0.01 mg·L-1+IAA0.2 mg·L-1培养基生根率达到88%。     

文冠果组织培养研究

以文冠果茎段为外植体,进行组织培养,试验结果表明:MS+6-BA 0.5mg·L-1+IBA 1.0mg·L-1最适宜不定芽诱导;MS+KT 1.0mg·L-1+IBA 0.5mg·L-1最适宜芽分化培养;生根最佳培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.5mg·L-1+NAA 0.1mg·L-1。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。