高效毛细管电泳同时测定4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药

建立同时测定4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌物(左氧氟沙星、培氟沙星、沙拉沙星和洛美沙星)的高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)法。考察了缓冲液离子浓度和pH、分离电压、运行温度等电泳参数,确立了最佳的电泳条件:缓冲液为10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钾-20 mmol/L硼砂(pH9.0,内含35mmol/L SDS),紫外检测波长278 nm,分离电压28 kV,运行温度25℃。结果表明,4种药物在8min内得到完全分离,分离度R为1.2以上。方法精密度(RSD)为0.22%~0.26%(迁移时间)和1.36%~2.39%(峰面积),回收率99.60%以上。该法快速、简便、准确。     

高效毛细管电泳法同时分离氟喹诺酮类和磺胺类药物的研究

采用高效毛细管电泳建立3种氟喹诺酮类与5种磺胺类药物同时分离的方法,研究了缓冲液离子浓度、pH、有机添加剂以及分离电压、温度等电泳参数,最终通过正交实验得到了最佳分离条件:紫外检测波长262 nm,缓冲液为40 mmol/L磷酸氢二钠-20 mmol/L柠檬酸,pH 8.47,电压为22 kv.结果表明,8种药物在9 min内完全分离,且各组分浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r为0.999～0.9995.RSD为0.44%～1.15%(迁移时间)和1.12%～2.32%(峰面积).该法快速、简便、准确.     

高效毛细管电泳用于饲料中5种氟喹诺酮类药物的同时测定

本实验利用高效毛细管电泳建立了同时检测雏鸡、哺乳猪等饲料中5种氟喹诺酮类药物的方法.研究了缓冲液的类型、离子浓度、pH、分离电压和分离温度等务件对分离的影响,通过正交实验设计得到了最佳的电泳条件.在274 mn处,分离电压为18 kV,分离温度为22℃,在80mmol/L柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠pH 6.5的运行缓冲液下,5种药物可在10 min内完全分离.5种药物的浓度与峰面积的相关系数r=0.9999～0.9994,方法精密度(RSD)为1.36%～1.69%(迁移时间)和2.09%～5.89%(峰面积).同时建立了饲料的前处理方法,方法平均回收率为84.42%～107.5%.该方法操作简便、准确、快速.     

高效毛细管电泳法测定兽用注射用青霉素钾的含量

研究测定兽用注射用青霉素钾含量的高效毛细管电泳方法,优化了高效毛细管电泳法检测青霉素的电泳条件,缓冲液为pH7.8（6mol/LHCL调节）的30mmol/L硼砂溶液,在分离电压为18kV、温度为25℃条件下青霉素峰形尖锐,浓度与峰面积在40-200μg/mL范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.9971,回收率范围为99.3%-101.5%,日内及日间变异系数均小于4%。     

HPLC法测定复方多聚甲醛粉中水杨酸和苯甲酸

建立了HPLC法测定复方多聚甲醛粉中水杨酸和苯甲酸的方法。采用AgilentZORBAXEclipseXDB-C18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,以0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾溶液（pH6．0）-甲醇（90：10）为流动相,流速1．0mL／min,检测波长230nm,柱温40cC,进样量10μL,以外标法定量。水杨酸和苯甲酸在1．0～50μg／mL范围内均线性关系良好,相关系数r均为0．9999,平均回收率分别为99．06％～99．69％（RSD=0．09％～0．63％）和99．12％～99．73％（RSD=0．16％～0．48％）,n=3。本方法简便、准确,可快速测定复方多聚甲醛粉中水杨酸和苯甲酸的含量,为产品质量控制提供了依据。     

有机锌源的理化特性及其体外瘤胃发酵的稳定性研究

进行2个试验,研究有机锌源的理化特性及其体外瘤胃发酵的稳定性。在试验1中,分析了7种有机锌源产品的理化特性。结果表明：有机锌源产品的含锌量和氨基酸组成存在较大差异;所测2种有机锌源产品（ZnPro B和ZnAA B）均具有锌络合物的结构特征;所有有机锌源产品在盐酸、柠檬酸、中性柠檬酸铵缓冲液中的溶解度均在90％以上,在pH2缓冲液中的溶解度为53．92％～98．54％,在水和pH5缓冲液中的溶解度变化范围为6．04％～98．54％;未检测到有机锌源在pH2、0．2mol／LHCl-KCl或pH5、0．1mol／LKH2PO4-K2HPO4缓冲液及去离子水中的可溶部分有络合锌的存在;有4种有机锌源产品属于弱络合强度有机锌源,有1种有机锌源产品属于中等络合强度有机锌源,有2种有机锌源产品属于强络合强度有机锌源。在试验2中,采用6×4析因安排的完全随机设计,用体外瘤胃发酵法评价了不同络合强度有机锌源的瘤胃稳定性。结果表明：不同络合强度有机锌在模拟瘤胃环境下是稳定的,过瘤胃率分别在92％以上,其中又以强络合强度有机锌为最好（99．55％）,弱络合强度有机锌（94．85％）次之,中络合强度有机锌（92．16％）相对最低。     

牛奶中残留的盐酸克伦特罗GC/MS测定

本文研究了牛奶中残留的盐酸克伦特罗的确证检测方法。残留的盐酸克伦特罗用乙腈、无水硫酸钠提取,提取液旋转蒸发干后,用pH5．2的乙酸胺缓冲液溶解。萃取的样液用C18和SCX小柱固相萃取净化,分离的残留药物经过双三甲基三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）衍生后用带有质量选择检测器的气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定。该方法在0．005-0．2μg／mL内线性关系良好（r=0．999812）,3个浓度水平（0．005、0．01和0．02μg／mL）的平均回收率为70％～110％,变异系数为30％。     

高效液相色谱法测定乙酰甲喹注射液含量

建立了乙酰甲喹注射液含量测定的液相色谱分析方法。液相色谱柱为ThermoC18色谱柱,100mmX4．6mm,5μm,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0．2％甲酸溶液（20：80）,检测波长375nm,流速1．0ml／min。此条件下乙酰甲喹的线性范围是5～100mg／L,回收率为97．0％～98．0％。     

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶shp-1催化活性域的纯化和动力学分析

为了获得分离纯化shp—1催化活性域蛋白（D1C）并估测其动力学常数，试验选择D1C的转化菌株经IVFG诱导表达、菌体裂解缓冲液悬浮和超声波破碎后，通过HPLC分离纯化D1C蛋白，所得产物进行SDS～PAGE电泳检测，然后以pY作为去磷酸化反应的底物，利用孔雀绿显色法，通过双倒数作图法对纯化的D1C蛋白进行动力学分析。结果表明：试验成功地表达了D1C蛋白，其分子质量约为34．6ku，主要以可溶性蛋白的形式表达；通过HPLC技术可有效地对D1C蛋白进行分离纯化；D1C蛋白的米氏常数Km=2．04mmol／L，催化常数（kcat）=44．98s^-1，特异性常数（kcat／Km）=22．05L／（mmol·s）。     

RP—HPLC法同时测定白头翁汤中盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀的含量

目的：建立反向高效液相色谱方法同时测定白头翁汤中盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀的含量。方法：色谱柱为XPODS—AC。。（250minx4．6mm,5I．Lm）;采用线性梯度洗脱方法,流动相：溶液A为乙腈,溶液B为O．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾（磷酸调pH值至3．0）。0—40min溶液A：溶液B为5：95—45：55;流速：1．0mL／min;柱温：室温;检测器：DAD检测器;检测波长：340nm;进样量：10μL。结果：盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱和盐酸巴马汀分别在62．5-l000μg／mL、46．875—750μg／mL和37．5—600μg／mL范围内线性良好;平均加样回收率分别为99．22％（RSD为3．25％）、98．46％（RSD为1．99％）和99．20％（RSD为1．69％）。结论：本方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于白头翁汤的质量控制。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.