东海凹管鞭虾的渔业生物学特性

在常规的精荚移植和输精管移植两种中国对虾人工授精方法的基础上，首次建立了精荚切块移植和精液移植两种新的人工授精方法，并对比了4种方法的授精成功率、受精率和幼体的孵化率。4种方法都取得了较好的授精成功率，其中完整精荚移植法最高，为80．8％；输精管移植法最低，为53．3％；其他两种方法依次为：精液移植法为73．9％，精荚切块移植法为66％。对4种人工授精方法的平均受精率进行单因素方差分析，结果表明：4种方法的平均受精率不存在显著差异（P〉0．05），其中完整精荚移植法66．2％，输精管移植法为66．8％，精荚切块移植法65．4％，精液移植法46．8％。4种方法获得的幼体平均孵化率均很高，都在80％以上，单因素方差分析结果表明，4种方法也不存在显著差异（P〉0．05），其中精液移植法最高，为92．7％；精荚切块移植法最低，为84．5％；其他两种方法依次为：输精管移植法为91．3％，完整精荚移植法为88．2％。通过4种人工授精方法，获得了29个半同胞家系，全同胞家系的总量达到了101个，为以后的选择育种工作打下了基础。     

人工移植精荚技术在斑节对虾育苗中的应用

采用单人操作法,对斑节对虾实施人工移植精荚技术,观察对虾人工移植精荚技术在斑节对虾育苗生产中的应用情况。结果表明:采用人工移植精荚技术可使雌虾多次产卵受精,使有限亲虾得到充分利用,从而降低育苗成本,达到增产目的;实施人工移植精荚手术的最适宜时机为斑节对虾脱壳后12～24h,成功率高达97.3%;精荚获取以夹取法最佳,该法操作方便、效果较好,夹取后精荚可以再生、成熟,而挤压和虹吸两种方式对亲虾影响较大,成功率不高;术后亲虾经4～5 d精养,卵巢可发育成熟再次产卵,并且幼体孵化、生长等方面与非手术亲虾所繁育幼体生长无明显差异,可以达到类似自然交配的效果。     

对虾人工移植精荚技术应用试验

对虾养殖是海水养殖的一大产业,人工培育苗种是该产业的主要环节。长期以来人工育苗所需亲虾主要采捕于自然海区,由于对虾具有独特的生殖系统和生殖行为,雄虾在雌虾产卵前就已将精荚输入雌虾交接器内,在其产卵时释放出精子。因此,为了提高亲虾使用率和解决亲虾运输受伤或脱壳引起的受精困难问题,台湾的林明男、丁云源等及国内有关单位开展对虾精荚移植技术研究,并将移植技术运用于对虾杂交育种方面。本文就对虾人工移植精荚技术在对虾育苗生产中应用进行试验,使有限亲虾资源得到充分利用和保护,从而降低育苗成本、提高孵化率,达到增产目的。现就试验结果报告于下。     

台湾研制成草虾人工交配技术

台湾省水产试验所研究成功草虾养殖人工交配繁殖新技术，为海产虾类杂交及品种改良做出了贡献。该项技术一是以电击方式摘取精荚，产卵后平均有71，5％的受精率；二是将雄虾的整个精荚取出分段移植，降低了生产成本；三是将取下的精荚以特殊方法活化，提高了人工交配的成活率．     

羊驼人工采精及授精技术的研究和应用

羊驼常用的人工采精方法主要是假阴道法采精和电刺激法采精。其精液特性不同于其他家畜及野生动物,主要表现为精液量少、精子密度低及精液呈高粘性,这些因素阻碍了羊驼人工采精及授精技术的发展。采精的精液用于授精时要考虑诱导排卵的方法和时间、精液质量及输精时间等因素。重点讨论了羊驼人工采精和授精技术的研究进展及其应用。     

对虾人工移植精荚获得成功

中国对虾人工移植精荚在中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所获得成功。并于今年元月29日在青岛市通过了技术鉴定。     

报刊要闻

<正> 亲虾人工催产技术 一是剪单眼柄;二是雄虾精荚或输精管的移植。剪眼柄的方法,以烫伤眼柄的手术最佳。精荚的移植是为弥补剪眼柄的不足,凡属脱壳或从未交配的亲虾都可采用这种方法:将母虾用湿纱布包住,留出交接器的部位,放入水中。接着把已取出的精荚置于左手背上,最好将交尾栓剪掉,然后用宽薄的夹子插入用虾交接器中间的接合部位约0.3～0.5cm,再用另外一支夹子将整个精荚放入交接器的交配腔内。精荚不够用时,可用雄虾的输精管代替精荚。每只虾的左右两条输精管各自剪成4小段,共8段,然后依照精荚移植步骤,将切断的输精管植入母虾的交配腔内,每尾母虾植入一小段即可,这样在产卵的同时也能使卵细胞受精。     

草虾的精荚移植和人工授精

1983年,采用精荚移植的方法诱导日本对虾(P.JaPonicus)性腺成熟取得成功(林.未发表)。迄今,对具有闭锁式雌交接器的草虾的精荚移植和人工授精未见报导。作者现把该种虾的精荚移植和人工授精试验介绍如下。材料和方法     

池沼公鱼移植技术

介绍了池沼公鱼人工采卵、授精、移植的实际操作过程,得出一些受精卵在移植过程中的技术结论,以达到人工增殖池沼公鱼的目的。     

柴河水库大银鱼移植成功后的采卵授精与孵化

柴河水库大银鱼移植成功后的采卵授精与孵化唐作鹏李勃（辽宁省淡水水产研究所,辽阳１１１０００）杨天祥孙健汪兆生杜龙军（柴河水库水产养殖场几年来,大银鱼被北方水库作为首选增殖对象而广泛移植。移植成功后水库面临的第一个问题就是如何搞好人工采卵授精、孵化及再...     

Spermatophore cryopreservation and artificial insemination of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius)

To develop an appropriate cryopreservation protocol for spermatophores of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, three cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), methanol (MeOH) and ethylene glycol (EG)) at two concentrations (5% and 10%) were examined. Artificial implantation of spermatophores was also carried out to assess the fertilizing ability of fresh and post‐thaw spermatophores. Spermatophores were collected during consecutive regenerations (15‐day intervals) and assessed for qualitative and quantitative changes and also for fertilizing ability by implantation. The mean fertilization rate for artificial insemination using post‐thaw spermatophore was 79.9±3.7%, lower than the fertilization rates observed for artificial implantation using fresh spermatophore and natural mating. Mean hatch rates for fresh spermatophore, frozen‐thawed spermatophore and natural mating were 88.8±0.6%, 87.8±0.4% and 88.3±0.5%, respectively; and there was no difference among the three groups. The mean fertilization rate of spermatophores collected during the first stripping was higher (90.6±0.6) than during the second stripping (85.7±2.6), but the mean hatch rate was not different between the two strippings. The highest mean sperm viability (79.7±0.4%) was obtained from DMSO (5%), with no survival observed in the 10% MeOH treatment. Spermatophore weight, total sperm count and percentage of abnormal sperm were not different between spermatophores collected at the first and second stripping. This is the first study to report high fertilization and hatch rates from cryopreserved spermatophore using artificial implantation of spermatophore before spawning.     

Assessment of Ovarian Development and Its Relation to Mating in Wild and Pond-Reared Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp in a Commercial Hatchery

The present study compares three scales for evaluation of ovary development stage in wild and pond-reared shrimp. An external visual scale was assessed according to color and size of ovaries observed through the exoskeleton in live shrimp by staff of a commercial hatchery. Shrimp were then sacrificed to obtain gonadosomatic index, and gonads were scaled according to their color and size upon dissection. Finally, a portion of ovaries was processed for histological analysis, from which oocyte diameters were obtained, and females were evaluated with another scale based on cytological organization of gonads and on frequency of oocyte sizes. The certainties of the external and internal scales were analyzed, based on differences in gonadosomatic index and oocyte diameter and by comparison with the more accurate scaling obtained by histological analysis. The external scale was, in general, less accurate than the internal scale. Maturation stage in pond-reared shrimp was underestimated or overestimated more frequently than in wild shrimp. The implications for hatchery operation and possible reasons are discussed. Pond-reared shrimp were found to have a non-linear relation between gonad weight and body weight, but this relation was linear for the larger wild shrimp. This reduced the validity of gonadosomatic index in pond-reared shrimp, which were still growing. Thus, oocyte diameter, which was not affected by body weight in growing shrimp, represents a more accurate numeric measure of ovary development. Spermatophores were found attached to the thelycum in females only at the cortical stage of maturation, independent of origin. However, a significant proportion of fully mature, pond-reared shrimp did not have an attached spermatophore, possibly indicating lower mating success or poorer spermatophore adherence in these shrimp.     

Reproductive Quality Evaluation of Male Penueus stylirostris from a Grow-Out Pond

Several male Penucus stylirostris were selected from a 3 ha commercial earthen pond and were individually evaluated for reproductive performance. Indicators measured were compound spermatophore weight, sperm count, and sperm abnormalities.
It was found that spermatophore quality was significantly better for 30–40 g shrimp than for 20–30 g shrimp ( P < 0.05). The higher frequency of abnormalities measured in younger males and the inverse relationship between abnormalities and sperm count indicate that the vas deferens could be the tissue responsible for producing highly abnormal immature semen. It is proposed that male maturation has at least three independently controlled levels of organization: testes maturation, vas deferens maturation, and spermatophore synthesis.
The individual evaluation showed that each male followed a particular response in reproductive quality. Changes in spermatophore weight were not an indicator of sperm density within spermatophores.
Male reproductive tract degenerative syndrome (MRTDS) and male reproductive system melanization (MRSM) did not develop in any shrimp during these experiments.     

Effect of 17α-Methyltestosterone and 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone on the Quality of White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Spermatophores

Abstract.— Controlled reproduction of penaeid shrimp requires a better utilization of males by sperm quality monitoring and sperm quality improvement. Spermatophores of white shrimp Penaeus vannamei were improved, in terms of increased sperm count, spermatophore weight, and a reduced incidence of sperm abnormalities by a single injection of 17α-methyltestosterone at 0.01 or 0.1 μg/g body weight. 17α-hydroxyprogesterone did not induce a significant improvement in spermatophore quality. These findings indicate that a steroid injection program should be evaluated as a practical way of improving spermatophore quality in commercial operations.     

Effect of Water Temperature on Reproductive Tract Condition of Penaeus setiferus Adult Males

Abstract— This study was conducted to determine the effect of water temperature on male reproductive tract degenerative syndrome (MRTDS) and male reproductive system melanization (MRSM) in Penaeus setiferus , and to evaluate the effect of water temperature on spermatophore regeneration time and sperm quality in electrically ejaculated adult males. Variation in sperm quality, gonadosomatic index, and histological changes in the reproductive system were used to assess reproductive tract changes in the first experiment. Sperm quality and regeneration time were measured before and after successive regenerations in the second experiment. Sperm quality was stable when shrimp were held at 26 C for 30 d but was reduced when shrimp were held at 30 C. Reproductive tissues of 20% of the shrimp held at 30 C were melanized to some degree but tissue melanization was found in only 2.5% of the shrimp held at 26 C. Spennatophore regeneration time was also affected by temperature. Average times for first spermatophore regeneration were 192 h at 25 C, 152 h at 30 C, and 144 h at 33 C. Sperm quality of regenerated shrimp was not affected at 25 C but was reduced for regenerated animals held at 33 C. Based on these results, we recommend a water temperature between 25 and 27 C to obtain adequate spermatophore regeneration and to maintain healthy male P. setiferus broodstock for at least 30 d.     

鹰爪虾与中国对虾雌虾纳精囊的形态结构

使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对鹰爪虾与中国对虾雌虾纳精囊的形态结构进行研究。结果表明,鹰爪虾与中国对虾都具有封闭式纳精囊,鹰爪虾纳精囊表面被前两片甲壳板所覆盖,两板中间为一开口,交配后被胶体物质堵塞,纳精囊中部为单一的囊腔,囊腔向后部两侧延伸形成两个袋状的囊,为贮存精子囊的部位,中国对虾的精囊内为单一的囊腔,外面覆盖有两片圆型,左右对称的甲壳质薄片,囊腔内部由前向后伸出三个锥状的甲壳质突起,交配的雌虾     

Reproductive Performance of Male Argentine Red Shrimp Pleoticus muelleri Bate (Decapoda, Penaeoidea) in Culture Conditions

Spermatophore and sperm quality of male Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri held under laboratory conditions was evaluated using compound spermatophore weight, sperm count and percentage of live sperm as indicators. Thirty-seven males of S to 20 g wet weight were held indoors in a 3-m diameter circular fiberglass tank for 45 d. They were fed fresh squid, clam and pelletized diet. Spermato-phores were obtained by manual ejaculations. Four shrimps were re-ejaculated to verify the subsequent spermatophore regeneration. Spermatophore mean weights were significantly lower for 5–10 g males than for 15–20 g males ( r = 0.998) (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in sperm count and percent live sperm among the different weight classes (5–15 g, 15–20 g, 20–25 g). The sperm count varied from 2.22 to 5.62 million. No change in sperm quality was seen in re-ejaculated individuals. During the first 2 wk of the experiment, the spermatophores exhibited healthy morphology and colour; by the fifth week evidence of spermatophore deterioration was apparent. Despite the degree of melanization, sperm quality was not affected and the high variability in sperm count indicated that the artificial ejaculation is adequate in this species.     

Effect of vitamin E on spermatophore regeneration and quality of pond‐reared,black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of different levels of vitamin E in feed on the spermatophore regeneration and quality of male Penaeus monodon. The experiment was carried out with the four following treatments: the basal diet no added vitamin E, the diet added 200, 600 and 1,000 mg/kg respectively. Spermatophore regeneration and quality were evaluated by spermatophore weight, sperm count and spermatophore absence rates, which male P. monodon were extruded spermatophore for feeding 20 and 40 days. In the experiment, the weight of the twice regenerated spermatophore of the males added to the vitamin E group was higher than that of the untreated control group. The weight of the first regenerated spermatophore with the addition of 1,000 mg/kg group was the highest and significantly higher than the control group (p < .05), but there was no significant difference among the three groups with different levels of vitamin E. The weight of the second regenerated spermatophore with the addition of 600 mg/kg group was the highest, followed by 1,000 mg/kg group, both of which were higher than the control group and the addition of 200 mg/kg group. Within the same group, the regeneration spermatophore weight showed overall upward trend as the feeding time, twice regenerate experiment spermatophore weight with added to the vitamin E groups were significantly higher than the initial value (p < .05), but three spermatophore weight of male shrimp at the control group had no significant difference. The sperm quantity and the percentage of normal sperm of the twice regenerated spermatophore of the males with added to the vitamin E group was higher than that of the untreated control group, and those of the addition of 200 mg/kg group was significantly higher than that of control group (p < .05). The total number of sperm and the percentage of living sperm of male shrimp in the experimental group decreased with the increase of vitamin E in the feed. Within the same group, the total number of sperm and the percentage of living sperm of male shrimp with added to the vitamin E groups showed overall upward trend as the feeding time and were significantly higher than the initial value (p < .05), but the control group was slightly down and had no significant difference. Comprehensive sperm weight, sperm quantity and living sperm percentage of three indicators, that adding 200 mg/kg of vitamin E in feed could effectively promote the spermatophore regeneration in the male P. monodon and improve the sperm quantity. The experimental results provide a scientific basis for the breeding of P. monodon.