红毛菜壳孢子的超微结构

采集江苏南通海区栽培的红毛菜壳孢子,先在2.5%的二醛海水溶液中固定,然后用电子显微镜观察红毛菜壳孢子的超微结构。壳孢子内的主要细胞器为色素体、细胞核和线粒体。色素体轴生、星状,占据细胞质内的大部分空间,其内有一蛋白核,位于中央,但被少数类囊体片层穿过;类囊体排列整齐,表面有藻胆体颗粒。细胞核位于细胞的一侧,为不规划的圆球形,外被有核孔的双层核膜,核仁较大,球状,内部可见有几处电子密度较低的圆形结构--纤维中心。细胞质内可见到液泡、游离的红藻淀粉颗粒等超微结构。     

条斑紫菜自由丝状体的形态结构观察

以光镜和电镜观察条斑紫菜（Porphyra yezoensis）自由丝状体生长过程中，从营养藻丝、壳孢子囊枝到成熟的壳孢子囊枝细胞形态结构的变化，结果表明，光镜下自由丝状体在生长过程中细胞外部形态、色素体位置和颜色均发生变化；电镜观察显示了3个不同时期细胞的超微结构，主要包括细胞壁、细胞核、色素体、类囊体、内质网、蛋白核、线粒体、液泡、红藻淀粉和质体小球等。在自由丝状体的生长过程中细胞超微结构的主要变化为细胞壁增厚并产生脊突；色素体数量减少、分布位置从连续排列在细胞两侧到分散排列在细胞边缘，并且在类囊体膜之间出现空隙；红藻淀粉量增多并充满细胞间质。对这些变化与自由丝状体生长环境水温、光照强度和光照时间发生变化之间的关系进行探讨，综合分析认为，条斑紫菜自由丝状体在生长过程中，生长环境经由夏季高温、光照时间长、光照强度高到秋季温度下降、光照时间缩短、光照强度下降的变化，丝状体细胞发生细胞壁增厚、疏松，色素体数量减少，内质网面积增加，液泡、线粒体数量增多，红藻淀粉量大大增加等结构的变化。     

紫菜丝状体阶段核分裂特征观察

对条斑紫菜和坛紫菜的果孢子、丝状体以及壳孢子的核分裂进行了细胞学观察。结果表明,两种紫菜染色体数分别是3和5,从果孢子萌发到壳孢子萌发阶段为二倍体核,核分裂都具同源染色体配对特征。在果孢子萌发和营养藻丝、孢子囊枝和壳孢子囊细胞分裂中,分裂前期末同源染色体紧密配对聚合,进入中期染色体在赤道面上排列,同源染色体仍一一对应,后期染色单体分离。在壳孢子萌发的核分裂中,前期同源染色体配对更加紧密,中期过程出现联会染色体分离的特征,后期同源染色体分离,显示减数分裂特点。本文还讨论了有丝分裂同源染色体配对现象对观察研究紫菜二倍体细胞核分裂的影响。     

铁促进半叶紫菜华北变种丝状体的生长发育及其生理生化基础

通过探讨半叶紫菜华北变种(Pyropia katadae var. hemiphylla)丝状体在不同铁浓度下的相对生长速率(RGR)、孢子囊枝形成率及若干生理生化指标(叶绿素荧光参数、活性氧含量、抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶活性等)的变化规律,以期获得适宜其生长及孢子囊枝形成的铁浓度范围,并初步揭示其在不同铁浓度下的生理生化变化特征。研究结果显示,在0.040 mg/L铁浓度下,半叶紫菜华北变种营养藻丝有较高的RGR、光系统Ⅱ最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)和调节性能量耗散的量子产量[Y(NPQ)],表明此铁浓度可促进营养藻丝的光能转换效率和光保护能力的提高,并利于其生长。高铁浓度(0.160~0.800 mg/L)组的营养藻丝RGR显著降低,而贝壳丝状体孢子囊枝形成率显著增加,表明高铁浓度抑制了藻丝的营养生长,而促进了藻丝营养生长状态向发育状态的转变。贝壳丝状体的孢子囊枝比例与Fv/Fm呈显著的正相关关系,表明营养藻丝向孢子囊枝转变后,贝壳丝状体的光能转换效率显著提高。铁的添加使藻丝中活性氧(ROS)含量显著增加,而类胡萝卜素和脯氨酸含量以及抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)]活力与ROS含量均呈显著正相关关系,表明藻丝的抗氧化系统可对铁介导的过量ROS作出积极应答,以平衡ROS的产生和清除。本研究可为半叶紫菜华北变种的苗种培育提供理论依据。     

冈村枝管藻中性游孢子的发育过程

本文在国内首次观察描述了冈村枝管藻生活史中由多室孢子囊释放出的中性游孢子的发育变化和各时期的形态特征。成熟的冈村枝管藻孢子体上存在多室孢子囊,由多室孢子囊释放出的中性游孢子附着后直接萌发为盘状体,1周左右盘状体的周边长出许多同化丝和无色毛丝体,在同化丝逐渐成熟的过程中伴随着毛丝体的脱落或萎缩死亡,盘状体即发育成孢子体。通过人为控制条件,在室内对多室孢子囊枝进行连续数月的培养和观察,发现由中性游孢子发育而来的孢子体长到1~2mm即成熟,在同化丝顶部形成多室孢子囊进入下一轮循环。由多室孢子囊释放出的中性游孢子是人工育苗生产过程中苗种的主要来源。     

坛紫菜品系间杂交分离色素突变体及其特性的初步研究

以野生选育的坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)为母本,诱变选育全棕红的品系为父本进行杂交实验,从杂交子代大量叶片中,筛选出1株褐黄色素突变体、1株翠绿色与野生色相嵌的嵌合体和1株褐绿色与野生色相嵌的嵌合体。通过酶法分离突变体的营养细胞,单性生殖获得丝状体;分别使丝状体成熟并放散壳孢子,然后单株培养和筛选获得褐黄、翠绿和褐绿色子代叶状体。实验进行50 d。结果:(1)褐黄色突变体藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白含量低;孢子囊枝的细胞较小,且大量形成时间比亲本晚15 d;幼苗培养初期日平均生长量仅为(1.22±0.28)cm,当叶片长到60 cm左右时生长优势逐步凸显,日平均生长量可达(7.50±1.18)cm;(2)翠绿色丝状体容易成熟,发育方式特殊,营养藻丝不经过藻丝加粗阶段,直接由球形细胞发育成孢子囊枝和壳孢子囊;翠绿色叶状体藻红蛋白含量低,仅有(5.513 0±1.049 6)mg/g(干品);叶状体生长快速,60 cm长的藻体日平均生长量高达(11.95±2.33)cm;(3)褐绿色突变体藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白这3种色素蛋白和叶绿素的含量均较低;藻丝细胞短且细,叶状体生长速度较慢。     

3个暗紫红毛菜种群的形态、繁殖方式及染色体研究

为了解我国暗紫红毛菜(淡水红毛菜)的生物学特征,对采自山西娘子关、兰州五泉山、兰州兴隆山的暗紫红毛菜进行了形态、繁殖方式、染色体及色素含量等观察研究.观察采集现场暗紫红毛菜生长环境特征,显微镜观察记录各藻体形态特征,通过原叶体的培养观察各种群的繁殖方式,并用醋酸苏木精染色法观察核分裂过程.结果显示,3个采集地暗紫红毛菜群落均呈点状和不连续性分布,并仅限于生长在瀑布冲击和流水飞溅下的岩石或山溪流水有落差之处有分布,常与疏枝刚毛藻混生在一起.红毛菜均呈不分枝细丝状,长度在1.1～3.5 cm.样品藻胆蛋白含量在7.26～9.46 mg/g之间,娘子关暗紫红毛菜藻胆蛋白含量最高,其次为五泉山红毛菜和兴隆山红毛菜.3个暗紫红毛菜种群繁殖方式均以放散单孢子进行无性生殖维持种群的繁衍.原叶体细胞核分裂过程均为有丝分裂,从前期向中期转变过程中,均呈现姐妹染色单体交叉呈“8”型或“X”型.染色体数均为n=4,染色体长度在0.42～1.67 μm之间,其中3条长度相近,1条略短.五泉山和兴隆山暗紫红毛菜形态、繁殖方式及染色体为首次报道.本实验为我国暗紫红毛菜研究积累了基础资料.     

条斑紫菜产业现状及对其健康发展的思考

一、条斑紫菜产业目前状况 条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)属红藻门(Rhodophyta)红藻纲(Rhodophyceae)红毛菜亚纲(Bangiophycidae)红毛菜目(Bangiales)红毛菜科(Bangiaceae)紫菜属(Porphyra).条斑紫菜是世界上最重要的人工栽培海藻之一,目前在世界范围内约有20多亿美元的产业规模,中国属主要紫菜生产国.条斑紫菜栽培生产是我国长江以北人工栽培海藻中最具经济价值的产业,其品质优良,年产量6000多吨,产值占我国紫菜总值的一半左右.江苏省作为条斑紫菜主产区,历经三十余年的发展过程,无论是栽培面积、产量,还是配套产业规模都占到了全国的95％以上,栽培面积32万亩,年平均递增率1.6％,育苗室面积32多万平方米,各类加工机组600多套(台),干紫菜加工机组523台,二次加工生产线100条以上,各类作业船500艘,拖拉机、收获机等专业机械1000台以上,从业人员5万多,行业总产值30亿元左右.条斑紫菜产业在江苏等省的地方海洋经济中占有重要地位.     

印度产紫菜Pyropia chauhanii的细胞学观察

本文对印度产紫菜Pyropia chauhanii不同生活史阶段的染色体进行了系统细胞学观察。用卡诺氏固定液分别对室内培养的P. chauhanii各生活史阶段的活体组织进行固定后,置有光照处使组织色素体褪至约无色,用醋酸铁苏木精染色液对组织作染色和压片处理后进行显微观察。观察结果表明：叶状体阶段的营养细胞、精子囊内未成熟精子和果胞均为单倍核型（n=3）;丝状体阶段的果孢子、丝状体的营养细胞和膨大细胞均为双倍核型（2n=6）;由丝状体产生的壳孢子在萌发初期发生减数分裂后,由双倍核型（2n=6）变成了单倍核型（n=3）。当叶状体发生单性生殖产生丝状体时,游离出来的类果孢子发生染色体自然加倍,其萌发体和随后形成的丝状体营养细胞和膨大藻丝细胞均为双倍核相（2n=6）。当叶状体产生单孢子进行无性繁殖时,单孢子和其萌发体的细胞均为单倍核型（n=3）。     

海带孢子囊发育过程中的形态结构与生理生化变化研究

本研究以海带(Saccharina japonica)杂交品系“玉带1号”为研究对象,根据孢子囊形成过程中的外观形态,将孢子囊形成与发育过程分为5个阶段,系统观察了孢子囊形成过程中的外观形态和组织结构变化,研究了孢子囊发育不同阶段生理生化特征的变化规律。结果显示,在孢子囊发育过程中,孢子体表面依次出现光滑、磨砂、突起、破皮和光滑等表观现象,伴随着表皮细胞的突起、隔丝的伸长、孢子母细胞的分化与发育,以及游孢子的形成和释放等组织变化过程;另外,在孢子囊发育过程中,海带孢子体对氮的积累持续增加,蛋白含量呈先显著增加到释放游孢子阶段又有所降低的趋势;过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子含量的变化趋势相似,在孢子囊形成初期,其含量呈先上升到后期又有所下降;不同抗氧化酶在孢子囊形成过程中的活性变化存在差异,其中,超氧化物歧化酶(MDA)活性总体呈下降趋势,而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著变化;在孢子囊发育过程中,1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活性呈先降低后升高的趋势,苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性无显著变化。本研究有助于加深对海带杂交品种孢子囊形成过程及生理生化特征的理解,可为海带杂交品种孢子囊的人工诱导提供理论依据。     

Alternative pathways in the life history of Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from north-eastern Sicily (Italy)

The reproductive phenology of Gracilaria gracilis has been followed closely in a brackish water lake in Sicily. The life history of this red alga deviated from the typical Polysiphonia-type cycle and was characterized by the predominance of the tetrasporophytic phase over gametophytes, in situ development of germinated gametophytes and the presence of sterile pleustophytic thalli. Release of spherical agglomerates of cells produced by young tetrasporophytes was observed as well. Their ability to germinate forming new thalli appears to represent an alternative reproductive strategy of this organism. The population structure appears to reflect a predominance of the diploid phase except during the warmer summer season when only vegetative juveniles were found in the lake. Release and early stages of development of carpospores and tetraspores were critically observed in culture. A Dumontia type pattern of germination was observed for both types of spores, showing an erect thallus arising from a multicellular basal disk. Compared to tetraspores, carpospores are less readily released resulting in a subsequent delay in the development of new gametophytes.     

Differences in the early stages of development of gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of Chondracanthus chamissoi (C.Ag.) Kützing from Puerto Aldea,northern Chile

Gametophytes of Chondracanthus chamissoi are more abundant in the field than tetrasporophytes. This differential phase ratio is well known in the literature for other members of the Gigartinaceae and has been explained as the result of either stochastic events or differential reproductive or physiological capacities between the phases. The comparison of both phases of Chondracanthus chamissoi in their early stages of development under laboratory conditions were summarised. Despite the higher biomass of reproductive tetrasporophytes recorded in summer (the seasonal maxima), significantly more carpospores are released per gram than tetraspores. During the following processes of settlement and germination, tetraspores show higher average values mainly due to their persistence in time. These differences tend to disappear in winter when the capacity of spores to develop normally appears to be lower. On the other hand, sporophytic growth rates are higher than gametophytic growth rates for most conditions of day length, light intensity and temperature. With no other external factors considered, the higher abundance of gametophytes in the field appears to be a result of the higher capacities of tetraspores to settle and germinate after an extended period of time suspended in the water column.     

二氧化锗对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长发育的影响

本文研究了二氧化锗(GeO_2)对我国特有的坛紫菜自由丝状体的生长发育,及对一些附生性硅藻类和绿藻的影响,论证了二氧化锗在本实验浓度范围内,对坛紫菜自由丝状体无叨显毒理影响,而能抑制一些附生性硅藻和绿藻的生长;并探讨了二氧化锗对硅藻、绿藻的毒性机理。由于在培养坛紫菜自由丝状体时很容易附生硅藻 因而研究结果将为坛紫莱自由丝状体及其他藻种的培养和保存提供依据。     

Genetic characterization of a spontaneous green-type pigmentation mutant of Porphyra yezoensis and the significance of using heterozygous conchocelis in nori farming

ABSTRACT: In order to characterize the spontaneous green-type pigmentation mutant of Porphyra yezoensis , growth and contents of photosynthetic pigments were compared with those of the wild type in gametophytic blades. The growth of the green mutant was slower than that of the wild type. The content of phycoerythrin was markedly lower in the green mutant than in the wild type. For genetic analysis, the green mutant was crossed with the wild type. In the cross, the heterozygous conchocelis (the wild-type color) produced many sectored F ₁ gametophytic blades, which were composed of both parental colors. The segregation ratio by counting the wild-type sectors and the green-type sectors of the F ₁ blades was approximately 1 : 1. This suggests that the green mutant is governed by a single recessive gene. All the monospore germlings from the sectored F ₁ gametophytic blades that originated from the heterozygous conchocelis developed into single-colored blades with either the green color or the wild-type color. The advantages of using heterozygous conchocelis (hybrid conchocelis) and monospores from F ₁ gametophytic blades that originated from the heterozygous conchocelis in commercial farming of Porphyra yezoensis are detailed and discussed.     

条斑紫菜色彩突变体的诱导_分离和特性分析

条斑紫菜叶状体的原生质体经化学诱变剂－Ｎ－甲基－Ｎ’－硝基－Ｎ－亚硝基胍（ＭＮＮＧ）处理后,在它们的再生叶状体中,出现了少量色彩发生变异的点状异体。它们的色彩变异细胞呈点状无规则地与野生细胞或其它变异细胞镶嵌在一起。这类变异体的单孢子萌发成单色变异（或野生色）叶状体以及与母体相似的点状变异体。利用单色变异叶状体分离出绿色（ｙｅｌ）,浅桔黄色（ｏｃｈ）以及深桔红色（ｂｕｓ）等三个突变株。突变株的叶状体活体吸收光谱以及藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白的含量与野生型相比均存在着明显的差异。经突变体支生型杂交实验证明,突变体ｙｅｌ和ｏｃｈ均含一个与色彩变化有关并且符合孟德尔遗传规律的隐性变异基因。相关变异基因的着丝粒距离,在突变体ｙｅｌ和ｃｏｈ中分别为１１．５和１５．８图距。     

Growth rate differences between four Chilean populations of edible seaweed Chondracanthus chamissoi (Rhodophyta,Gigartinales)

The effects of temperature, photon flux density and photoperiod on the growth rate of female gametophytic and tetrasporophytic thalli of Chondracanthus chamissoi from four populations along the Chilean coast were studied in vitro. Both reproductive phases survived and grew under all the conditions tested, with growth rates varying between 0.1 and 7.5% day^?1. The results showed higher growth rates with increases in temperature and photon flux density levels. The growth rate was higher in female gametophytic thalli in almost all treatments. The photoperiod did not cause significant differences in the growth rate for either reproductive phases in any of the populations studied. Temperature was the principal factor affecting the growth rate of C. chamissoi.     

Seeding nets with neutral spores of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)

Nets in traditional Porphyra mariculture are seeded with conchospores derived from the conchocelis phase, and spend a nursery period in culture tanks or calm coastal waters until they reach several centimeters in length. Some species of Porphyra can regenerate the foliose phase directly through asexual reproduction, which suggests that the time, infrastructure, and costs associated with conchocelis culture might be avoided by seeding nets with asexual spores. Here, we present work from a short-term mariculture study using nets seeded with asexual spores (neutral spores) of a native Maine species of Porphyra. Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing was selected for this proof of concept research because of its reproductive biology, abundance across seasons in Maine, and evidence of its promise as a mariculture crop. We studied the maturation, release, and germination of the neutral spores to develop an appropriate seeding protocol for nets, followed by development of a nursery raceway to provide an easily manipulated environment for the seeded nets. Neutral spores were produced throughout the year on the central Maine coast; however, there was a temporal variability in the number and survival of released neutral spores, depending upon thallus position in the intertidal zone. Small thalli were strictly vegetative, but most thalli reproduced by neutral spores; sexual reproduction was absent. Neutral spores germinated quickly at 10 and 15 °C, but germination was delayed at 5 °C. Unlike some algal zygotes and spores, neutral spores of P. umbilicalis required light to germinate; however, irradiances of 25 and 100 μmol photons m^− 2 s^− 1 were equally sufficient for germination. Rafts of seeded nets were deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine, at two distances from salmon aquaculture pens and at a control site on a nearby, fallow aquaculture site (no salmon). There was no difference in nitrogen content of harvested thalli; however, both the density and the surface area of harvested thalli were different among the sites. The possible causes of these differences are discussed in the context of potential use of P. umbilicalis in IMTA.