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牛奶中蛋白含量是衡量乳品质最重要的指标之一,环境温度过高对乳蛋白含量和组成的影响一直是人们关注的重点。目前热应激对奶牛影响的报道多集中于表型性描述,其深入机制亟待解明。热应激可造成奶牛采食量降低、生理代谢紊乱、氧化应激、乳腺内环境稳态破坏等。此外,热应激还可能通过mTOR、AMPK、JAK2/STAT5等在乳合成过程中发挥重要作用的信号通路影响乳蛋白合成。本文综述了热应激影响乳蛋白合成的研究进展,探讨热应激引起乳蛋白产量下降和成分变化的可能机制,为提高奶牛乳腺乳合成能力、提升乳品质,促进奶业高效健康发展提供参考。 相似文献
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本试验在连续3年时间里测定了上海地区热应激周期变化对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响。通过实地测定并计算分析,绘制了上海地区热应激周期变化图谱,揭示了整个热应激周期中不同热应激程度的分布状况。研究对比了自然生产环境下无热应激与中度热应激对奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响,发现中度热应激极显著降低了奶牛采食量、产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量、能量校正乳产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白含量、总固体含量(P<0.01),而且显著增加了乳中尿素氮含量(P<0.05)。在热应激周期变化研究中发现,中度热应激显著升高泌乳奶牛的直肠温度和呼吸频率(P<0.05),而且呼吸频率比直肠温度对热应激变化的反应更快、更敏感。热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量的影响取决于热应激程度,2012年整个热应激周期的热应激程度比较低,热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量无显著影响(P>0.05),但是2013年热应激程度更加严重,热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量产生了极显著影响(P<0.01)。在牛奶品质中,受热应激影响最大的是乳蛋白合成量(P<0.01)。2012年和2013年2个热应激周期变化对其他乳成分含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是两年的热应激周期变化都导致乳蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05)和乳中尿素氮含量显著升高(P<0.05)。尤其值得注意的是,2012年热应激周期变化并没有导致奶牛采食量下降(P>0.05),而且产奶量也没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但是仍然出现了乳蛋白含量下降和乳中尿素氮含量升高(P<0.05)。这表明热应激周期变化改变了泌乳中期奶牛氮代谢的途径,发生了氮营养重分配(repartitioning)现象,而且这种现象不依赖于采食量和产奶量,可以称之为“热应激乳蛋白降低征”(heat-stressed milk protein decrease syndrome,HS-MPD)。 相似文献
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《动物营养学报》2016,(5)
本试验旨在研究热应激时乳蛋白含量和产量降低与泌乳相关激素、乳蛋白合成相关信号通路及乳腺细胞凋亡的关系,并揭示热应激引起乳蛋白含量和产量下降的原因。选取4头泌乳日龄、体重、产奶量相近的经产健康荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物。采取2×2交叉试验设计,试验共2期,每期18 d(其中预试期和试验期各9 d),2期之间间隔30 d。预试期为热中性环境,自由采食。试验期奶牛随机分为2组(n=2),分别为热应激组和配对限饲组。结果表明:1)热应激显著降低了乳蛋白的含量和产量(P0.05)。2)热应激对酪氨酸激酶(JAK)-信号转导及转录激活因子(STAT)信号通路及κ-酪蛋白(CSN3)基因表达量没有显著影响(P0.05)。3)热应激显著增加了哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)信号通路中的m TOR的基因表达量(P0.05),且有增加核糖体S6蛋白激酶(S6K1)基因表达量的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。4)热应激增加了乳腺细胞中与细胞凋亡相关的半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(CASP3)、环氧合酶-2(COX2)基因的表达量(P0.05),且有增加B淋巴细胞瘤-2相关X蛋白(BAX)基因表达量的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。综合可知,热应激可能并不是通过调控单个乳腺细胞合成乳蛋白的能力来影响乳蛋白的含量和产量,而是通过诱导乳腺细胞的凋亡,减少可用于乳蛋白合成的乳腺细胞的数量来影响的。 相似文献
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热应激导致奶牛食欲减退,采食量下降,乳中的乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及非脂乳固体因高温而下降,牛奶质量降低。同时影响催乳素、生长激素、瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子的降低和糖皮质激素的升高。本文就国内外热应激对奶牛产奶性能和泌乳相关激素影响的研究进展进行综述。 相似文献
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气象条件对牛奶产量及品质的影响研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过分析奶牛平均产奶量和牛奶品质与同期日气象资料,结果表明,奶牛平均产奶量和牛奶品质具有明显的季节变化,冬季产奶量最低,8月份最高;牛奶的脂肪含量与干物质含量极显著相关,且变化趋势一致;气温是影响牛奶单产和品质的主导气象因素;气压与奶牛平均单产呈负相关,与牛奶品质呈正相关;相对湿度升高,奶牛平均单产下降,而乳脂肪、乳蛋白和干物质含量增多;当天降水对牛奶产量不利。 相似文献
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牛奶乳脂肪和乳蛋白的合成与调控机理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
乳脂肪与乳蛋白的含量与组成是构成牛奶重要营养品质的主要物质基础,它既涉及质量安全,又是奶业核心竞争力的标志。因此,探索牛奶品质形成规律及其调控的理论和技术途径,并用于指导奶牛养殖业在低碳、低耗、低排和高效的思路下提高牛奶乳脂肪和乳蛋白的含量,优化其组成,正在成为国际上反刍动物营养学科研究的前沿,也是奶业科学发展面临的百年机遇。营养基因组学、系统生物学和表观遗传学等新兴学科正在蓬勃发展,如果使之与传统动物营养学有机融合,就能够为牛奶品质形成与调控的研究提供强有力的工具,并且未来10年有望在以下五个方面取得突破:(1)从异常代谢入手系统揭示我国当前牛奶乳脂肪和乳蛋白低下的科学原因;(2)乳脂肪和乳蛋白合成所需前体物质的形成、摄取、转运和利用途径及拮抗—协同模式;(3)第一基因组与第二基因组在乳脂肪和乳蛋白合成中的基因网络分析;(4)乳脂肪和乳蛋白合成的神经内分泌调节及信号转导途径;(5)泌乳表观遗传机理。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献