丁酸钠调控畜禽动物肠道健康的作用机制

丁酸钠有效成分为丁酸,丁酸是大肠中产丁酸细菌的主要代谢物,是结肠上皮细胞的主要能量来源.丁酸钠可通过上调结肠表皮细胞生长因子的表达来促进上皮细胞增殖分化.在维持肠道黏膜结构完整、加强肠道免疫功能、促进肠道吸收功能等方面具有积极作用.此外,丁酸钠在调节肠道菌群、维持肠道微生态平衡方面也具有重要作用.本文主要综述了丁酸钠的...     

肠道菌群与肠上皮细胞互作关系的研究进展

肠道菌群数量大、种类繁多，会对宿主产生各种各样的影响，包括营养代谢、免疫系统调节和抵御感染等，在维持肠道稳态平衡中起着重要作用。肠道上皮细胞是肠道防御系统的关键。肠道上皮是动物机体抵御微生物的第一道屏障，具有吸收和屏障功能，还是宿主与微生物群交流的主动传感器，而这样的功能是肠道菌群与肠上皮各类细胞间相互作用的结果。论文以肠道菌群与肠上皮细胞中的几类典型细胞之间的互作关系展开论述，旨在为如何通过各类细胞发挥的功能来协调肠道菌群的稳定，进而为预防或治疗某些由于肠道菌群失调而导致的疾病提供理论依据。     

有机锌对动物肠道健康的调控作用研究进展

肠道既是动物机体消化吸收营养物质的主要器官,也是体内最大的免疫器官,同时还发挥着重要的屏障功能,因此肠道健康是动物健康的必要条件。锌是动物必需的微量元素之一,对动物生长发育、抗氧化和免疫等生理功能具有重要调控作用。长期以来,饲料中补充营养性锌源以无机硫酸锌为主,近年来蛋氨酸锌、乳酸锌和甘氨酸锌等有机锌源的使用越来越普遍。关于有机锌对动物肠道健康的调控作用已成为锌营养领域研究热点之一。本文从有机锌对肠道黏膜屏障、肠道免疫和肠道生物屏障的影响等方面综述了有机锌对动物肠道健康的调控作用,为有效利用有机锌改善动物健康提供重要的科学依据和理论支撑。     

肠道上皮细胞特异转录因子CDX2研究进展

CDX2是一种新发现的肠道上皮细胞特异性核转录因子,在调节肠道基因表达与肠道发育及对肠道上皮细胞分化、增殖方面具有重要调节作用。笔者就有关CDX2的研究进展作一综述。     

植物多糖改善肠道健康的作用机制及甘草多糖在生产上的应用

植物多糖可以与肠道菌群相互作用,通过调节肠道菌群、代谢物和肠道组织形态改善动物健康状态。甘草多糖作为植物多糖的一种,具有抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化、抗病毒、免疫调节等生物活性作用。动物试验发现甘草多糖能够改善动物肠道健康,促进采食,提升生产性能及免疫功能。文章主要就多糖改善肠道健康的作用机制、甘草多糖的化学结构与在动物生产中的应用三个方面进行综述,为促进甘草多糖应用、开发甘草多糖在畜禽营养中的潜在价值提供参考。     

日粮纤维与猪肠道健康的相关性研究与应用

在生猪产能恢复中,需要特别关注猪只肠道健康问题。很多营养素与猪的肠道健康密切相关,其中日粮纤维就是影响猪只肠道健康的重要营养素之一。日粮纤维在调节猪肠道微生态环境方面表现出异常活跃的营养学功能。日粮中适宜的纤维水平可改善猪肠道微生物种群多样性,调节菌群结构组成,维持猪肠道微生态平衡,提高饲料转化率,具有促进猪只的生长发育以及预防疾病的功效。文章综述了日粮纤维的构成及营养学功能、对猪肠道的主要作用机制以及对猪肠道微生态环境的影响研究,旨在为进一步探究日粮纤维在猪生产实践中的研究应用提供理论借鉴。     

miRNAs对肠道健康的调控作用及机理

本文在介绍肠道组织miRNAs表达的基础上,主要就miRNAs的差异表达对肠道上皮细胞增殖、分化、凋亡的影响以及miRNAs在肠道黏膜免疫、抵御外界病原感染、抗应激、调节肠道营养代谢和维持肠道稳态等方面所起的作用及其机理进行了综述。     

表皮生长因子对断奶仔猪肠道健康的调控作用

断奶是仔猪面临的一个重大的应激事件,极易造成仔猪断奶应激,破坏仔猪肠道屏障功能。有效降低断奶应激导致的仔猪肠道损伤、提高养分的吸收能力,对提高养猪生产经济效益具有重要意义。表皮生长因子(EGF)是一种含有53个氨基酸残基的小分子肽,对动物肠道健康具有营养生理作用。本文主要综述了EGF对断奶仔猪肠道功能的影响及其调控断奶仔猪肠道健康的作用机制,以期为EGF在仔猪生产中的应用提供理论支撑。     

益生菌与动物肠道自由基的关系

动物肠道益生菌具有免疫调节、形成肠黏膜上皮屏障功能和刺激肠道细胞增殖等多种生理作用。最新研究表明,益生菌一个重要作用机制是可通过调控肠道自由基的水平,既可发挥免疫调节作用,又避免了对肠道产生氧化损伤。益生菌能够刺激肠道细胞产生活性氧自由基(ROS),ROS参与调控肠道细胞内的氧化还原反应过程。同时,益生菌也能够利用其体内相关的酶系,清除肠道细胞产生的过量ROS,从而防止其对肠道的损伤作用。本文对益生菌通过调控肠道自由基水平,既可发挥免疫调节作用,又防止对肠道氧化损伤的功能及其相关机制进行了综述。     

植物提取物对猪肠道健康的影响

抗生素被禁用后,猪肠道健康问题是养猪业面临的一大难题.植物提取物是一种植物源添加剂成品,含有多种活性成分和营养成分,具有无毒副作用、低残留和不易产生耐药性等特点,是抗生素的理想替代品.文章对常见的植物提取物进行简要概述,重点综述不同种类植物提取物对猪肠道屏障和肠道微生物的影响,以期为今后合理使用植物提取物改善猪肠道健康...     

Glucagon-like peptide 2 function in domestic animals

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a member of family of peptides derived from the proglucagon gene expressed in the intestines, pancreas and brain. Tissue-specific posttranslational processing of proglucagon leads to GLP-2 and GLP-1 secretion from the intestine and glucagon secretion from the pancreas. GLP-2 and GLP-1 are co-secreted from the enteroendocrine L-cells located in distal intestine in response to enteral nutrient ingestion, especially carbohydrate and fat. GLP-2 secretion is mediated by direct nutrient stimulation of the L-cells and indirect action from enteroendocrine and neural inputs, including GIP, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and the vagus nerve. GLP-2 is secreted as a 33-amino acid peptide and is rapidly cleaved by dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP-IV) to a truncated peptide which acts as a weak agonist with competitive antagonistic properties. GLP-2 acts to enhance nutrient absorption by inhibiting gastric motility and secretion and stimulating nutrient transport. GLP-2 also suppresses food intake when infused centrally. The trophic actions of GLP-2 are specific for the intestine and occur via stimulation of crypt cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis in mucosal epithelial cells. GLP-2 reduces gut permeability, bacterial translocation and proinflammatory cytokine expression under conditions of intestinal inflammation and injury. The effects of GLP-2 are mediated by a G-protein-linked receptor that is localized to the intestinal mucosa and hypothalamus. The intestinal localization of the GLP-2R to neural and endocrine cells, but not enterocytes, suggests that its actions are mediated indirectly via a secondary signaling mechanism. The implications of GLP-2 in domestic animal production are largely unexplored. However, GLP-2 may have therapeutic application in treatment of gastrointestinal injury and diarrheal diseases that occur in developing neonatal and weanling animals.     

不同品种断奶仔猪肠道发育的差异及与血清胰高血糖素样肽-2的关系

为考察不同品种断奶仔猪小肠发育的差异及肠绒毛高度与血清GLP-2的关系,本试验分别测定了不同品种仔猪24、26d和30d时的血清GLP-2浓度及30d时肠道发育参数,并分析了回肠绒毛高度与GLP-2的关系。结果表明:大×太猪的小肠长(相对长)、小肠重(相对重)显著高于长白猪(P0.05),小肠重显著高于太湖猪(P0.05),而太湖猪小肠相对重显著高于长白猪(P0.05),小肠相对长极显著高于长白猪(P0.01);大×太猪和长白猪的回肠肠壁厚度、绒毛高度和隐窝深度显著高于太湖猪(P0.05);30d时,大×太猪血清GLP-2水平最高,且极显著高于长白猪和太湖猪(P0.01),3种猪回肠绒毛高度与血清GLP-2极显著相关(P0.01)。表明30d时的大×太猪肠道发育优于太湖猪和长白猪,不同品种断奶仔猪的小肠绒毛高度与血清GLP-2水平高度相关。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2及其在畜牧生产中的应用

胰高血糖素样肽-2（GLP-2）是一条由33个氨基酸残基组成的短肽,主要由位于小肠的边缘和结肠中的L内分泌细胞分泌,与其受体（GLP-2R）结合激活一系列下游的反应来实现其功能。GLP-2具有促进肠道生长发育,修复受损伤肠道,加快营养物质转运与吸收,增强肠黏膜屏障功能等生理作用,目前GLP-2及GLP-2类似物（[Gly-2]GLP-2）已被批准用于治疗短肠综合征等人类肠黏膜损伤性疾病。此外,由于GLP-2功能具有多样性,在畜牧生产上也有广阔的应用前景。如GLP-2可以用于家畜常见的一些肠胃炎的治疗,可用来缓解牛败血症引起的肺脏损伤,在维持肝脏健康方面也可发挥重要作用,还可作为一种厌食信号肽来增加食物在家畜中的转化率,以及用于缓解周围环境改变而引起的家畜不良应激反应,如热应激、缺水应激、氟中毒、饮食转换期间肠功能受损等问题。作者就GLP-2的最新研究进展及其在畜牧生产中的应用进行阐述。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-2（glucagon-like peptide-2,GLP-2)是胰高血糖素原基因（proglucagon）在肠上皮组织中由L内分泌细胞表达翻译后处理加工的产物之一,它作为一个促肠黏膜生长修复物质,促进绒毛的高度和隐窝深度的增长,同时GLP-2能恢复和维持小肠黏膜上皮屏障的完整性,促进小肠损伤后的修复等作用。因此,GLP-2 在动物营养上的应用前景广阔。作者从GLP-2的分泌与代谢、功能等方面综述GLP-2的最新研究进展。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-2(glucagon-like peptide-2,GLP-2)是一种胃肠道激素,由肠道的L细胞分泌,并在机体进食后释放入血。GLP-2对新生动物肠道发育具有特殊作用,GLP-2通过与GLP-2受体结合调节胃肠运动、胃酸分泌、肠內已糖转运,并且增强肠上皮细胞的屏障功能,这些使得GLP-2成为了现在消化生理领域的研究热点。本文主要从GLP-2的结构、生物学作用、作用机理及其分泌与降解等方面进行了综述。     

Gut growth and glucose tolerance in newborn pigs subjected to prenatal protein restriction and postnatal Glucagon-like Peptides

Fetal protein restriction is potentially associated with organ dysfunctions after birth (e.g. impaired gut growth, glucose tolerance and pancreatic β-cell function). Just after birth, gut growth and maturation is stimulated by enteral food intake, and inhibited by total parenteral nutrition (TPN), in part mediated via differential release of insulino- and intestino-tropic hormones like the Glucagon-Like Peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1, GLP-2). We hypothesized that short-term co-infusion of GLP-1 and GLP-2 would stimulate pancreatic and intestinal growth in newborn TPN-fed pigs subjected to prenatal protein restriction. Two sows were fed a protein-restricted diet (PR: 8% crude protein during last 50% of gestation) while a third sow was fed a control diet (C: 15% crude protein). PR pigs were killed either at birth (n = 7) or after 3 days TPN with (n = 6) or without (n = 4) intravenous infusion of a mixture of synthetic human GLP-1_7–37 and GLP-2_1–33 (each 50 μg/kg/d). At birth, PR piglets did not show reduced body weight, relative to controls (1.45 vs. 1.50 kg), but significantly reduced weight of the small intestine (18.0 ± 0.6 vs. 21.9 ± 0.5 g/kg, P < 0.001) and a marginally reduced pancreas weight (0.85 ± 0.02 vs. 0.93 ± 0.04 g/kg, P = 0.10). Co-infusion GLP-1 and GLP-2 into PR pigs resulted in increased basal glucose levels (5.3 vs. 4.0 mM), and glucose-stimulated insulin release, but did not have any significant effect on body weight, or weight of internal organs (heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, stomach, colon, liver, intestine, pancreas). We conclude that short-term (3 days) infusion of native GLP-1 and GLP-2 does not stimulate gut growth or glucose tolerance in TPN-fed piglets born from protein-restricted mothers. Moderate maternal protein restriction does however cause significant reduction in intestinal growth in newborn piglets which may decrease the neonatal digestive capacity.     

Plasma concentrations and effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide in calves before and after weaning

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1), secreted by the small intestine, has insulinotropic and glucose-lowering action. Basal plasma GLP-1 concentrations were measured in calves around the weaning period, the effect of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on plasma GLP-1 concentrations was examined, and the effects of GLP-1 administration on plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations were measured. Thirteen Holstein bull calves were fed whole milk and solid feed and weaned at 7 wk of age. Preprandial plasma samples were obtained from 5 calves once a week from week 0 to 13 to measure basal concentrations of plasma GLP-1 and insulin (experiment 1). Four calves were intravenously administered with a mixed solution of SCFA (2.4 mmol/kg body weight [BW]) in week 2 and 11 to measure plasma GLP-1 concentrations (experiment 2). Another 4 calves were intravenously injected with GLP-1 (1.0 μg/kg BW) to elucidate the response of plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations in week 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13 (experiment 3). In experiment 1, age and weaning did not affect preprandial basal concentrations of plasma GLP-1 throughout the experimental period. Preprandial insulin concentrations increased after weaning (P < 0.05), and GLP-1 and insulin were more strongly correlated postweaning than preweaning. In experiment 2, intravenous treatment with SCFA increased plasma GLP-1 concentrations in both week 2 and 11 (P < 0.05.) In experiment 3, intravenous GLP-1 treatment decreased plasma glucose concentrations throughout the experiment (P < 0.05), but increased plasma insulin concentrations only after weaning (P < 0.05). Treatment with GLP-1 did not affect plasma glucagon concentrations, regardless of age. These results indicate that preprandial basal concentrations of plasma GLP-1 in calves are not changed by weaning, but SCFA stimulate GLP-1 secretion. The insulinotropic action of GLP-1 is detected only after weaning, but the glucose-lowering action of GLP-1 is not affected by weaning.     

胰高血糖素样肽-1与养分代谢的关系

胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)是由肠道L细胞分泌的一种多肽激素。大量试验结果证明,GLP-1对养分代谢有很强的作用。GLP-1能促胰岛素分泌,降低血糖水平和抑制采食等。养分也参与对GLP-1分泌的调控。作者就GLP-1和养分代谢的关系作一综述。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2对断奶仔猪肠上皮紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达的影响

本文旨在研究胰高血糖素样肽-2(GLP-2)对离体培养的断奶仔猪空肠上皮紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达的影响,探讨GLP-2调节肠道黏膜屏障的可能机制。将断奶仔猪空肠组织块置于含0、1×10-8、1×10-7mol/L的GLP-2的细胞培养液中进行培养,考察不同GLP-2添加水平对断奶仔猪空肠上皮丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路细胞外调节蛋白激酶丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶1/2(MEK1/2)、p90核糖体S6蛋白激酶(p90RSK)以及紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Oc-cludin、Claudin-1基因表达的影响,待确定出GLP-2能有效促进紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达的剂量后,再向培养液中添加MEK1/2的特异性阻断剂U0126,考察阻断MAPK经典通路后紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1的基因表达的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,将空肠组织块置于含1×10-7和1×10-8mol/L GLP-2的培养液中培养72 h均能显著促进MEK1/2、p90RSK以及紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1的基因mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),除ZO-1的基因之外,上述各蛋白的基因mRNA相对表达量还随着GLP-2浓度的增高而升高(P<0.05);向1×10-7mol/L的GLP-2组添加U0126阻断p90RSK、ERK1/2的基因表达后,紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1的基因mRNA相对表达量也显著下降(P<0.05)。由此可知,GLP-2能够促进断奶仔猪空肠上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1的基因表达,而MAPK通路可能是GLP-2调控肠道紧密连接蛋白基因表达的重要信号通路之一。     

不同锌源和锌水平对猪IPEC-J2细胞GLP-2基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同锌源及锌水平对猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)胰高血糖素样肽2(GLP-2)表达的影响。分别以乳酸锌、硫酸锌(锌浓度分别为50、100、150、200 mg/L)作用IPEC-J2细胞,实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测GLP-2 mRNA表达,以β-actin mRNA水平作为内参对照。结果表明:在6、12 h检测时间点,不同锌源和水平及其互作对GLP-2 mRNA表达影响极显著(P<0.01);在24 h时不同锌源对其表达影响极显著(P<0.01),锌添加水平对其表达影响显著(P<0.05),不同锌源与锌添加水平交互作用则不显著(P<0.05);乳酸锌、硫酸锌促进GLP-2基因mRNA表达均具有正向浓度效应。乳酸锌和硫酸锌均可上调肠道细胞GLP-2基因mRNA的表达;在同等锌浓度水平下,乳酸锌促进GLP-2基因表达的效果优于硫酸锌。