潜伏期马立克氏病病鸡血清型病毒L-meq、meq基因的比较及遗传分析

从潜伏期感染马立克氏病病毒(MDV)鸡淋巴组织中提取基因组DNA,采用梯度PCR的方法获得MDV的L-meq、meq基因,将其插入pMD18-T克隆载体,经测序并进行了序列分析。结果表明,L-meq、meq基因同源性很高,L-meq中只有180bp与meq不同。但是采用同样的方法在发病期病鸡淋巴组织中却只能获得MDV的meq基因。为了进一步研究发病期L-meq基因消失的原因,试验对L-meq、meq基因的氨基酸序列的结构域进行了分析。结果表明,L-meq基因中含有9个PRR(proline-rich-reapts)区域,meq中含有6个PRR区域,从而推断PRR区域可能与基因的转录激活及调控病毒DNA复制的功能有关,该180bp插入序列也许能解释初期感染MDV不致瘤的原因,同时也意味着L-meq基因对于潜伏期的维持是必要的。     

潜伏期马立克氏病病鸡血清Ⅰ型病毒L-meq、meq基因的比较及遗传分析

从潜伏期感染马立克氏病病毒(MDV)鸡淋巴组织中提取基因组DNA,采用梯度PCR的方法获得MDV的L-meq、meq基因,将其插入pMD18-T克隆载体,经测序并进行了序列分析.结果表明,L-meq、meq基因同源性很高,L-meq中只有180 bp与meq不同.但是采用同样的方法在发病期病鸡淋巴组织中却只能获得MDV的meq基因.为了进一步研究发病期L-meq基因消失的原因,试验对L-meq、meq基因的氨基酸序列的结构域进行了分析.结果表明,L-meq基因中含有9个PRR(proline-rich-reapts)区域,meq中含有6个PRR区域,从而推断PRR区域可能与基因的转录激活及调控病毒DNA复制的功能有关,该180 bp插入序列也许能解释初期感染MDV不致瘤的原因,同时也意味着L-meq基因对于潜伏期的维持是必要的.     

一株鸡马立克氏病毒的分离鉴定及其主要致病基因分析

吉林省某地区鸡马立克氏病（MD）疫苗免疫鸡群暴发MD,从发病鸡羽髓中分离到一株适应鸡胚成纤维细胞生长的马立克氏病毒（MDV）。该毒株感染无特定病原体（SPF）鸡可引起典型的MD临床症状：对非免疫鸡和火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）疫苗免疫鸡的致病率分别为76％和72％,二者无显著差异,表明HVT疫苗对该毒株不能提供有效保护。通过对该毒株病毒基因组中132bp重复序列、meq基因的核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列分析,发现该毒株的132bp重复序列的拷贝数、meq基因的变异符合高毒力MDV毒株的特点。     

潜伏期马立克氏病病鸡血清I型病毒L—meq、meq基因的比较及遗传分析

从潜伏期感染马立克氏病病毒（MDV）鸡淋巴组织中提取基因组DNA，采用梯度PCR的方法获得MDV的L—meq、meq基因，将其插入pMD18-T克隆载体，经测序并进行了序列分析。结果表明，L—meq、meq基因同源性很高，L—meq中只有180bp与meq不同。但是采用同样的方法在发病期病鸡淋巴组织中却只能获得MDV的meq基因。为了进一步研究发病期L—meq基因消失的原因，试验对L—meq、meq基因的氨基酸序列的结构域进行了分析。结果表明，L—meq基因中含有9个PRR（proline—rich—reapts）区域，meq中含有6个PRR区域，从而推断PRR区域可能与基因的转录激活及调控病毒DNA复制的功能有关。该180bp插入序列也许能解释初期感染MDV不致瘤的原因，同时也意味着L—meq基因对于潜伏期的维持是必要的。     

不同代次缺失meq基因的重组马立克病毒SC9-1株主要基因序列同源性分析

分析缺失meq基因的重组马立克病病毒SC9-1原代、10代及40代主要基因序列的同源性。提取缺失meq基因的重组马立克病病毒SC9-1原代、10代及40代DNA,设计引物PCR扩增其与致瘤相关pp38基因、缺失meq基因后残余的FRT位点序列及囊膜蛋白基因gB、gC、gD、gE、gH、gI、gK,连接pMD18-T载体,转化DH5α感受态细胞,挑取阳性克隆进行测序,DNAStar软件对3代次各基因片段进行同源性比对。不同代次SC9-1病毒株的致瘤相关pp38基因、残留FRT位点序列及囊膜蛋白基因gB、gC、gD、gE、gH、gI、gK的核苷酸序列同源性均为100%,核苷酸序列差异性分析结果显示序列完全一致,无位点上的变化。缺失meq基因的重组马立克病病毒SC9-1在鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上的传代过程中其致瘤相关pp38基因、残留FRT位点序列及囊膜蛋白基因gB、gC、gD、gE、gH、gI、gK没有发生变异,侧面反映了SC9-1在CEF细胞传代过程中具有很好的遗传稳定性。     

马立克氏病病毒不同致病型meq基因的比较研究

为了研究马立克氏病病毒（MDV）的meq基因与不同毒株致病性的关系，应用PCR技术扩增了不同致病型MDV毒株的meq基因，测定和比较了它们的核苷酸和氨基酸序列。这些毒株包括：国际通用Ⅰ型疫苗毒CV1988/Rispens株和中国特有的疫苗毒814株、强毒GA株（vMDV)、特超强毒648A株（vv MDV)以及6个广西分离到的野毒株。结果发现，MDV不同致病型的meq基因序列相对比较保守，它们相互间核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性均在95.6%-99.7%。但是，与所有测试的致病性MDV毒株相比，二个Ⅰ型疫苗毒CV1988/Rispens株和814株均在阅读框的核苷酸序列中缺失第575-577位3个碱基（CAC），导致一个氨基酸（脯氨酸）的缺失。该缺失性突变恰恰位于meq基因的多脯氨酸功能的一个重复序列（EELCAQLCSTPPPPI）之中。该缺失性突变与一个疫苗毒株失去致肿瘤性是否有关，还有待进一步研究。     

马立克病肿瘤组织内HSP60表达及生物学作用初步研究

本试验旨在研究HSP60与马立克病肿瘤发生、发展之间的相关性。通过人工感染,建立鸡马立克病肿瘤模型,定期剖杀,利用病理组织学和免疫组织化学方法,检测HSP60与肿瘤细胞定位之间的相关性;设计HSP60 RNA干扰序列,构建重组慢病毒,转染MSB-1细胞,利用流式细胞技术,探索降低HSP60转录表达对MSB-1细胞凋亡水平的影响。结果显示：HSP60在肿瘤细胞的细胞质内强表达;成功构建了HSP60 RNA干扰慢病毒,且5147序列干扰效果最佳;5147序列慢病毒转染48 h时,与对照序列组和空白对照组相比,HSP60转录、表达水平极显著降低（P<0.01）,MSB-1细胞凋亡水平极显著升高（P<0.01）。在马立克病肿瘤发生、发展过程中,HSP60组织细胞定位与肿瘤细胞具有明显的相关性,降低HSP60表达水平能够导致MSB-1细胞凋亡升高,说明HSP60对肿瘤细胞的存活具有重要的生物学作用。     

三黄鸡群混合感染禽白血病病毒和马立克氏病病毒导致的临床肿瘤初步研究

为了进一步研究禽白血病病毒(avian leukosis virus,ALV)与马立克氏病病毒(Marek’s disease virus,MDV)的流行趋势和致病机理,试验对三黄鸡疑似肿瘤样品中ALV-J的gp85基因和MDV的meq基因进行PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定与比较分析。结果表明:GX15PP03-ALV的gp85基因与ALV-J英国原型株HPRS-103的核苷酸及氨基酸的同源性分别为97.9%和96.8%,与其他8株国内外参考株的核苷酸及氨基酸的同源性分别为87.9%~99.7%和83.7%~99.0%;GX15PP03-MDV的meq基因与8个MDV强毒参考株的核苷酸及氨基酸的同源性分别为99.0%~99.8%和97.4%~99.4%,而且具有强毒株的序列特征。说明ALV-J和MDV混合感染是导致该鸡群临床爆发肿瘤的主要原因。     

一株鸡马立克氏病病毒的分离鉴定及主要致病基因分析

山东省某地区鸡马立克氏病疫苗免疫鸡群暴发马立克氏病(MD),为分离得到致病毒株,检测其致病性,采用琼脂扩散试验、细胞培养和间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)等方法从发病鸡的血液及羽髓中分离到一株适应鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)生长的马立克氏病病毒。采用PCR方法扩增分离毒株的meq、pp38、132bp重复序列等病毒致病相关基因,所得序列用DNAStar软件与GenBank上登录的参考毒株进行比对分析。结果显示,该分离株SDAU-1的pp38基因与标准强毒序列同源性为100%,132bp重复序列的拷贝数及meq基因的变异均符合MDV强毒株的序列特征。     

超强马立克氏病病毒的鉴定及病毒Meq基因序列的比较

对1例感染超强马立克氏病病毒的病例进行确诊,对感染病毒的Meq基因进行比较分析。采用病理解剖、PCR检测、病毒分离、动物试验和Meq基因序列分析,对感染病毒进行研究。病理解剖结果为病死鸡的肝脏、脾脏、腺胃、肌胃、十二指肠表现为肿瘤病变。PCR检测结果为病死鸡的组织病料感染马立克氏病病毒。病毒分离和动物试验结果证明该感染病毒是1株马立克氏病超强毒株,该病毒可以引起免疫过CVI988疫苗的鸡发病。Meq基因序列分析表明该病毒与7株马立克氏病病毒参考毒株的同源性为98.8%~99.6%,该病毒在Meq的第115、119和176位氨基酸突变同国内流行株,该检测病毒在Meq的第217位氨基酸突变同超超强马立克氏病毒株。结果表明,通过病理解剖、PCR检测、基因序列分析、病毒分离和动物试验,确诊病鸡感染超强马立克氏病病毒。     

Detection of the meq gene in the T cell subsets from chickens infected with Marek's disease virus serotype 1

The meq gene was thought to be only detected in Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV 1) including a very virulent strain, Md5, while L-meq, in which a 180-bp sequence is inserted into the meq open reading frame, is found in other strains of MDV 1, such as CVI 988/R6. However, both meq and L-meq were previously detected by PCR in chickens infected with MDV 1, suggesting that MDV 1 may consists of at least two subpopulations, one with meq, the other with L-meq. To further analyze these subpopulations, we analyzed the time course changes in distribution of these subpopulations among T cell subsets from chickens infected with MDV 1. Both meq and L-meq were detected in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infected with strain Md5 or CVI 988/R6. The shift in MDV subpopulations from one displaying meq to the other displaying L-meq and/or the conversion from meq to L-meq occurred mainly in the CD8+ T cell subset from Md5-infected chickens. PCR products corresponding to L-meq rather than meq were frequently amplified from the CD8+ T cell subset from CVI 988/R 6 -infected chickens. These results suggest that a dominant subpopulation of MDV 1 changes depending on the T cell subsets, and that L-meq is dominantly present in the CD8+ T cells which play a role in the clearance of pathogenic agents.     

The detection of the meq gene in chicken infected with Marek's disease virus serotype 1

In the genome of strains of very virulent Marek's disease virus serotype 1(vvMDV1), such as Md5 and RB1B, the meq open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 339-amino-acid bZIP protein, is present, while a slightly longer meq ORF, termed as L-meq, in which a 180-bp sequence is inserted into the meq ORF is found in other strains of MDV1, such as CV1988/R6 and attenuated JM. When chickens were infected with vvMDV1 strains and the meq gene was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the meq gene was detected throughout the experimental period for 7 weeks post inoculation (pi). However, the L-meq gene was also detected at 3 to 5 weeks and 3 to 4 weeks pi. in Md5-infected and RB1B-infected chickens, respectively. In the case of chickens infected with an attenuated MDV1, the JM strain, the L-meq gene was detected at 2 to 7 weeks pi., and the meq gene was also detected at 2 to 6 weeks pi. Both L-meq and meq genes were detected in chickens infected with an attenuated nononcogenic vaccine strain of MDV1 (CVI988/R6), throughout the experimental period. Though quantitative PCR was not performed, a larger amount of the PCR products corresponding to the L-meq than the meq gene was amplified from chickens infected with JM or CVI988/R6. These results suggest that a dynamic population shift between the MDV subpopulations displaying meq and L-meq genes occurs in chickens during the course of MDV infection. Since the MDV subpopulation that displays the L-meq gene only displays it during the latent phase, the L-meq and its gene product, if any, might contribute to the maintenance of the MDV latency.     

Suppression of transcription activity of the MEQ protein of oncogenic Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1) by L-MEQ of non-oncogenic MDV1

Meq is one of the candidate oncogenes in the MDV1 genome. We previously reported a difference in the meq open reading frame (ORF) between oncogenic and non-oncogenic MDV1: L-meq, in which a 180-bp sequence is inserted into the meq ORF, is detected in non-oncogenic MDV1. To study the functions of a gene product of L-meq (L-MEQ), transactivation by L-MEQ was analyzed by dual luciferase assay using a reporter gene under the control of long (-1--873 bp) and short (-1 - -355 bp) meq promoter (LMP and SMP, respectively). LMP showed higher promoter function than SMP. L-MEQ transactivated the expression of the reporter gene, but less than MEQ did. In the presence of SMP or the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter, the same or slightly higher transactivation was observed in cells cotransfected with both meq and L-meq than cells transfected only with meq. However, in the presence of LMP, lower transactivation was observed in cells cotransfected with both meq and L-meq than cells transfected only with meq, suggesting that L-MEQ can be a transrepressor. Replication of a vvMDV1 was enhanced in the cells with meq. Interestingly, however, replication of vvMDV1 was suppressed in the cells with L-meq or with both L-meq and meq, compared to untransfected cells. Thus, L-MEQ could suppress replication of vvMDV1 displaying the meq gene in coinfected cells.     

Diversity (polymorphism) of the meq gene in the attenuated Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 1 and MDV-transformed cell lines

The meq gene encoding a 339-amino-acid bZIP transactivator protein has been identified as a candidate oncogene of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1), which induces malignant lymphomas in chickens. We have previously reported that, in addition to meq, L-meq, in which a 180-bp sequence is inserted into the region encoding the transactivation domain of meq, is also detected in chickens experimentally infected with MDV. To further analyze the diversity in meq, PCR was performed using a primer set which specifically amplify the proline-rich repeat (PRR) region in the transactivation domain of meq. In CVI988/R6, a vaccine strain of MDV1, and JM, an MDV1 strain attenuated by prolonged passage in vitro, a major band of a 0.8 kb corresponding to L-meq as well as a minor band of 0.6 kb corresponding to meq was detected by PCR. Furthermore, extra 0.5- and 0.3-kb bands, corresponding to genes termed as short meq (S-meq), and very short meq (VS-meq), respectively, were also detected. These genes were also detected in MDV-transformed cell lines, MSB1 and MTB1. In Md5, an oncogenic MDV1, attenuated by prolonged passage in vitro, the 0.6-kb meq was consistently detected, and 0.5-kb S-meq was occasionally detected. This diversity in meq was due to the difference in the copy number of the PRR region: L-meq and meq contained 9 and 6 copies of PRR while 4 and 2 copies of PRR were present in S-meq and VS-meq, respectively. Thus, the meq gene is polymorphic in the attenuated MDV1 and the MDV-transformed cell lines, and gene products from different meq genes may have different functions from each other.     

Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction method to detect oncogenic Marek's disease virus from feather tips.

For the easy survey of Marek's disease virus (MDV), feather tip-derived DNA from MDV-infected chickens can be used because feather tips are easy to collect and feather follicle epithelium is known to be the only site of productive replication of cell-free MDV. To develop a diagnostic method to differentiate highly virulent strains of MDV from the attenuated MDV vaccine strain, CVI988, which is widely used, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect a segment of the meq gene in feather tip samples of chickens experimentally infected with MDV. In chickens infected with Md5, a strain of oncogenic MDV, the meq gene was consistently detected, whereas the L-meq gene, in which a 180-base pair (180-bp) sequence is inserted into the meq gene, was detected in CVI988-infected chickens. Moreover, the meq gene was mainly detected even in chickens co-infected with both Md5 and CVI988. These results suggest that this method is appropriate for the surveillance of the highly virulent MDV infection in the field.     

Molecular identification of the Marek's disease virus vaccine strain CVI988 in vaccinated chickens

The study describes three polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems for the CVI988 vaccine virus: the meq gene, the MDV BamHI-D/H 132 bp tandem repeat fragment and the MDV-gB gene. Whereas the PCR product of virulent MDV strains and of the CVI988 virus strain with the meq and the 132 bp primer sets differed for the two templates, the MDV-gB PCR products were similar. The sensitivity of the three PCRs was determined for the two templates: the CVI988 DNA was detected up to 2.48 plaque forming units, and a MDV-1 DNA, was amplified with the 132 bp primers up to the 10(-3) DNA dilution, and up to the 10(-2) with the MDV-gB and meq gene primers. As conventional detection for the CVI988 vaccine virus is by tissue culture, the aim was to analyse the feasibility of the molecular detection of the vaccine virus in the vaccinated chick. In two experimental trials employing specific pathogen free and commercial Lohmann chicks, respectively, the vaccine virus replicated to a limited extent; it was detected only in the spleen of up to 60% chicks at 2-4 weeks and in one chick at 3 weeks, respectively. The survey of three commercial Lohmann flocks, kept in biosecurity conditions, revealed the vaccine virus only in the spleen of 40% of 30-day-old chicks. The present study shows that CV1988 DNA is present in vaccinated chicks in a low quantity and it is difficult to detect directly from the chick, probably because vaccine viruses are latent in vivo. For an efficient detection it is pertinent to cultivate the vaccine virus on chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF), as then the virus escapes the latent state, enters into the productive mode of replication, and a high viral copy number is produced.     

Enhancement by interferon of chicken splenocyte natural killer cell activity against Marek's disease tumor cells

A non-immune natural killer-type cell population (NK) from 6-to 12-week old chickens was able to kill MSB-1 Marek's disease (MD) tumor cells in vitro; as measured by the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Removal of T cells, B cells, adherent cells, or any combination of the three populations of cells did not result in diminished levels of cytotoxicity of the remaining spleen cells against MSB-1 cells. The cytotoxicity of chicken NK cells could be rapidly augmented by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and by the Cal 11914 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), but not by the TCND strain of NDV which is not an interferon (IFN) inducer, indicating that IFN play a role in augmentation of the NK activity in chickens.     

金堂黑山羊白介素10基因的克隆及表达分析

为探究山羊白介素10（interleukin 10,IL-10）基因的序列特征及在组织中的相对表达情况,试验采用PCR法扩增并克隆金堂黑山羊IL-10基因,用DNAMAN、DNAStar、ExPASy等生物信息学软件进行序列分析,运用实时荧光定量PCR法检测IL-10基因在金堂黑山羊不同组织中的表达情况。结果显示,金堂黑山羊IL-10基因序列长为379 bp,开放阅读框为276 bp,编码91个氨基酸残基。IL-10蛋白二级结构中含有α-螺旋、β-转角和无规则卷曲,分别为76.92%、2.20%和20.88%。IL-10蛋白三级结构模型与人IL-10（1ilk.1.A）基因同源性最高（86.81%）。系统进化分析结果发现,金堂黑山羊IL-10基因与挪威山羊IL-10基因亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,在金堂黑山羊肺脏中IL-10基因表达水平显著高于脾脏、心脏、肌肉和肾脏（P<0.05）,在肾脏中IL-10基因表达水平显著高于脾脏、心脏和肌肉（P<0.05）,在脾脏、心脏和肌肉中IL-10基因表达水平较低,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。本试验结果揭示了IL-10基因具有高度的保守性,可能参与调控山羊的免疫应答反应。