茶毛虫核型多角体病毒和Bt混剂的配比筛选及药效评价

在室内条件下采用浸叶法测定了茶毛虫核型多角体病毒(Euproctis pseudoconspersa nucleopolyhedrovirus,EpNPV)和苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)及其不同配比对茶毛虫的毒力,结果表明,EpNPV和Bt 5种比例混用均表现出不同程度的增效作用,共毒系数在177.3~221.7之间。其中以1.0×104PIB/μL EpNPV+2 000IU/μL Bt混用增效最明显,其毒效是Bt单剂的2.54倍。田间小区试验表明,EpNPV-Bt混剂(1.0×104PIB/μL EpNPV+2 000IU/μLBt)对茶毛虫幼虫有优良的防效,显著优于Bt单剂和EpNPV单剂(p0.05)。     

茶刺蛾核型多角体病毒的毒性测定与田间应用

茶刺蛾Iragoides fasciata Moore是我国茶树主要害虫.茶刺蛾核型多角体病毒(Iragoides fasciata nucleopolyhedrovirus,简称IrfaNPV)是抑制茶刺蛾种群的重要因子~([1]).彭银辉等~([2])1982年发现该病毒,对其形态作了初步观察.叶恭银等~([3])报道了该病毒的形态和毒力.     

茶刺蛾核型多角体病毒大量增殖的最优条件

茶刺蛾Iragoides fasciata Moore又名茶角刺蛾[1],是我国茶树的主要害虫,常在有机茶园暴发成灾。茶刺蛾核型多角体病毒（Iragoides fasciata nucleopolyhedrovirus,简称IrfaNPV）属杆状病毒科、核型多角体病毒属Ⅰ组[2-3],是控制茶刺蛾种群的重要天敌。已有研究表明,该病毒对茶刺蛾幼虫致病力强[4-5]、田间防效高[5]、大面积示范应用效果在87%以上[6]。     

茶刺蛾核型多角体病毒多角体的增殖动态与生产工艺

为了解茶刺蛾核型多角体病毒(Iragoides fasciata nucleopolyhedrovirus IrfaNPV)的增殖特性、指导茶刺蛾病毒的生产,采用室内活体增殖法,测定了IrfaNPV多角体在茶刺蛾幼虫体内的增殖动态,并设计了工艺流程,进行了大量繁殖生产试验。结果显示,IrfaNPV多角体在虫体内的增殖动态符合Logistic曲线,饲毒后9~12d为病毒快速增殖期。按设计的生产工艺进行病毒大量繁殖生产,虫尸中病毒多角体平均可达8.3×108 PIB/头,茧中病毒多角体含量平均为6.4×108 PIB/头。该工艺可用于今后茶刺蛾病毒的大量生产。     

HcNPV和Bt复配对美国白蛾的致病性

采用室内生物测定法,研究了美国白蛾核多角体病毒和苏云金杆菌复配对寄主美国白蛾的致病性.结果表明,Bt浓度为10或25mg/L对美国白蛾核多角体病毒的毒力有增效作用;美国白蛾核多角体病毒浓度为1.6×105、1.6×106、1.6×107PIBs/ml对Bt的毒力有增效作用,两病原相互增效作用明显.二者复合感染与美国白蛾核多角体病毒单独使用相比,合剂使LT50缩短0.5～2.1d,缩短了美国白蛾幼虫死亡时间,加快美国白蛾核多角体病毒致死速度.并对混合感染中病原的相互作用做了初步研究.     

用茶毛虫核型多角体病毒防治茶毛虫

茶毛虫(Euproctis pseudoconspersa)是茶树的主要害虫之一,全国茶区均有发生,造成巨大经济损失。我们试用茶毛虫核型多角体病毒(EpNPV)防治茶毛虫,获得结果如下: 试验材料和方法 茶毛虫NPV为四川大学生物系毒株。经室内感染,收集染病死虫,用差速离心法分离纯化病毒多角体(PB)。田间防治浓度为5×10~5PB/ml和1×10~6PB/ml,相当于每亩用     

两近缘种茶尺蠖的抗菌肽基因在抵抗EoNPV感染过程中的表达差异

小茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua Prout和灰茶尺蛾Ectropis grisescens Warren是危害茶园的两近缘种害虫。用小茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒E.obliqua nucleopolyhedrovirus(Eo NPV)喂饲两近缘种茶尺蠖,10 d后小茶尺蠖的死亡率为100%,而灰茶尺蛾的死亡率仅为35.5%。以感染病毒的两近缘种3龄幼虫的cDNA为模板,采用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了gloverin、attacin和moricin 3个抗菌肽基因,通过邻位连接法构建系统发育树聚类分析显示小茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蛾的Gloverin、Attacin和Moricin蛋白均分别归为一个分支;进一步采用qPCR检测发现,病毒处理后gloverin、attacin和moricin 3个基因在两近缘种茶尺蠖体内均表达上调,gloverin基因在12 h达到最大值,moricin基因在48 h达到最大值,且gloverin和moricin基因在灰茶尺蛾中表达量显著高于小茶尺蠖,而attacin基因在病毒侵入后的不同时期在两近缘种茶尺蠖体内表达量是变化的,推测gloverin、moricin和attacin基因可能与病毒的侵入有关。这一研究结果为进一步揭示抗菌肽基因在昆虫与病毒互作中的作用打下了基础。     

茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒研究

本文报道茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒(EoNPV)基本特性及应用价值研究结果。EoNPV属昆虫杆状病毒属A亚组,单粒包埋型。其病毒粒子平均大小62×220nm,具有特异的肽谱、DNA内切酶谱和血清学反应特性。在动物机体及离体细胞中均未显示对非宿主昆虫和人畜的致病能力和遗传诱变效应 室内毒力测定及田间防治试验结果显示EoNPV对其宿主昆虫茶尺蠖有较强的毒力和较好的防效。茶尺蠖人工饲养及EoNPV人工增殖技术的建立,及具有光保护作用的EoNPV杀虫剂剂型的成功筛选,为EoNPV实际应用的可行性提供了依据。EoNPV作为茶尺蠖的生物控制剂,应用于茶园是有效、安全和可行的。     

春尺蠖新病毒株的鉴定及其对春尺蠖核型多角体病毒的增效作用

春尺蠖在我国危害严重,为了挖掘具有开发潜力和应用前景的生防因子,本文分离纯化一株能够感染春尺蠖幼虫的新病毒,生物活性测定了新病毒株的毒力及其对春尺蠖核型多角体病毒（ApciNPV）的增效作用。新病毒株的超微结构观察表明,该病毒多角体多为切面呈六边形的多面体,直径大小为0.32～1.20 μm,病毒粒子呈近球状,具有质型多角体病毒的结构特征,命名为春尺蠖质型多角体病毒（ApciCPV）。生物活性测定结果显示,ApciCPV对春尺蠖3龄幼虫有很强的毒力,半致死浓度（LC₅₀）为1.42×10⁴ OBs/mL。当感染春尺蠖3龄幼虫时,ApciCPV可使ApciNPV半致死时间（LT₅₀）缩短0.50～10.90 d,使ApciNPV对春尺蠖的最终致死率提高6.70%～43.33%。根据最终致死率、LT₅₀以及ST三个值综合决定,当ApciNPV和ApciCPV配比浓度分别为1.0×10⁶和1.0×10⁴ OBs/mL时,对春尺蠖3龄幼虫的感染效率最高。新分离的ApciCPV病毒株是控制春尺蠖虫口密度的理想生物因子。     

一种茶尺蠖产卵条

茶尺蠖是茶园主要害虫,为开展茶尺蠖的大量饲养,研究制作了一种产卵纸条,该产卵条制作简单、应用效果好,着卵量较之前的卵条提高45.95%;将之应用于茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖大量饲养,平均着卵量为195.9~225.4粒/条。本研究结果对茶尺蠖的大量饲养和茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒生产十分有益。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.