市售染发剂对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应

以优质蚕豆(Vicia faba)为试验材料,采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核测定技术,研究不同品牌(SJ染发膏、CY染发膏)、不同质量浓度(1.5、4.5、6.0、9.0、12.0、15.0g·L~(-1))的染发剂对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的影响。结果表明:在一定浓度范围内,蚕豆根尖细胞微核率随染发剂浓度的升高而增加,当高于一定浓度后呈下降趋势,SJ染发膏、CY染发膏分别在9.0、6.0g·L~(-1)的质量浓度条件下诱导的蚕豆根尖细胞微核率最高,表现为对蚕豆根尖细胞严重的遗传损伤。该研究可以评价常用市售染发剂对植物细胞的遗传损伤,同时可为市售染发剂的安全使用提供参考。     

Frequency discrimination following the selective destruction of cochlear inner and outer hair cells

Frequency discrimination was measured behaviorally before and after drug-induced lesions of cochlear hair cells in the cat. Discrimination was unaffected by complete loss of outer hair cells provided that at least 50% of inner hair cells were intact. Thus, inner hair cells are important for frequency discrimination, and they can function normally in this regard without the influence of outer hair cells.     

Hair cell regeneration after acoustic trauma in adult Coturnix quail

Recovery of hair cells was studied at various times after acoustic trauma in adult quail. An initial loss of hair cells recovered to within 5 percent of the original number of cells. Tritium-labeled thymidine was injected after this acoustic trauma to determine if mitosis played a role in recovery of hair cells. Within 10 days of acoustic trauma, incorporation of [3H]thymidine was seen over the nuclei of hair cells and supporting cells in the region of initial hair cell loss. Thus, hair cell regeneration can occur after embryonic terminal mitosis.     

The cellular basis of hearing: the biophysics of hair cells

A crucial event in the hearing process is the transduction of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals by hair cells, the sensory receptors of the internal ear. Stimulation results in the rapid opening of ionic channels in the mechanically sensitive organelles of these cells, their hair bundles. These transduction channels, which are nonselectively permeable, are directly excited by hair-bundle displacement. Hair cells are selectively responsive to particular frequencies of stimulation, both due to the mechanical properties of their hair bundles and because of an ensemble of ionic channels that constitute an electrical resonator.     

Eya1-Six1信号在斑马鱼侧线神经丘毛细胞再生过程中的表达

机械感觉毛细胞对于脊椎动物的听力和平衡能力至关重要,低等脊椎动物毛细胞在遭受损伤后具有很强的再生能力。鱼类侧线神经丘毛细胞与内耳毛细胞具有相似的结构、功能、发育和再生过程。我们将受精后5~6 d的斑马鱼仔鱼置于400 μmol/L新霉素溶液中处理1 h破坏神经丘毛细胞。分别对处理后2、4、8、12及24 h的斑马鱼仔鱼进行组织学切片及功能基因eya1和six1b的整体原位杂交。组织学切片结果显示：对照组神经丘毛细胞与支持细胞形态及排布都很规则,毛细胞和支持细胞分别位于上层和下层;处理后2~4 h,上层毛细胞数量显著下降;处理后8~12 h,支持细胞和毛细胞之间界限模糊,部分支持细胞变长,且与基膜脱离;处理后24 h,部分神经丘内毛细胞及支持细胞数量、形态及排布接近对照组水平。整体原位杂交结果显示：eya1和six1b在对照组斑马鱼仔鱼整个神经丘都有表达;处理后4 h内神经丘中央毛细胞中eya1和six1b的表达量显著下降,周围的支持细胞中仍保持一定量的表达;这两个基因的表达量从处理后8 h起逐渐提高,在处理后12~24 h恢复甚至超过对照组。综上结果表明：神经丘毛细胞再生过程中可能有支持细胞的参与,且重启了神经丘毛细胞发育过程中的功能基因eya1和six1b。     

Erratum

An error appeared in the first sentence of the last paragraph of the report "Intracellular recordings from cochlear outer hair cells" by P. Dallos et al. (5 Nov., p. 584). The correct version is as follows. "Inner hair cells appear to operate at about one-half the membrane potential of outer hair cells. The latter resemble supporting cells in this respect."     

Proliferation of functional hair cells in vivo in the absence of the retinoblastoma protein

In mammals, hair cell loss causes irreversible hearing and balance impairment because hair cells are terminally differentiated and do not regenerate spontaneously. By profiling gene expression in developing mouse vestibular organs, we identified the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) as a candidate regulator of cell cycle exit in hair cells. Differentiated and functional mouse hair cells with a targeted deletion of Rb1 undergo mitosis, divide, and cycle, yet continue to become highly differentiated and functional. Moreover, acute loss of Rb1 in postnatal hair cells caused cell cycle reentry. Manipulation of the pRb pathway may ultimately lead to mammalian hair cell regeneration.     

Nectins establish a checkerboard-like cellular pattern in the auditory epithelium

In the auditory epithelium of the cochlea, the sensory hair cells and supporting cells are arranged in a checkerboard-like fashion, but the mechanism underlying this cellular patterning is unclear. We found that mouse hair cells and supporting cells express the immunoglobulin-like adhesion molecules nectin-1 and -3, respectively, and that their interaction mediates the heterotypic adhesion between these two cell types. Genetic removal of nectin-1 or -3 disrupted the checkerboard-like pattern, inducing aberrant attachment between hair cells. When cells expressing either nectin-1 or -3 were cocultured, they arranged themselves into a mosaic pattern. Thus, nectin-1 and -3 promote the formation of the checkerboard-like pattern of the auditory epithelia.     

内蒙古绒山羊Hoxa7基因在毛囊中的表达

利用原位杂交技术检测Hoxa7基因在毛囊不同生长时期的表达模式,结果表明,Hoxa7基因分别在胚胎期的95 d初级毛囊的内根鞘表达、在115 d次级毛囊的内根鞘和绒干表达、在125 d初级毛囊内根鞘和毛干皮质表达、在兴盛期10月的初级毛囊毛干皮质和次级毛囊的绒干中表达。揭示在毛囊发育中,Hoxa7基因对于毛囊细胞的增殖可能起一定的作用。     

IAA对水稻根毛形成与水通道蛋白基因表达关系的研究

【目的】探讨气培条件下,IAA极性运输对水稻根毛形成及水通道蛋白基因表达的影响。【方法】以超表达OsPIN1a的转基因水稻和野生型水稻为研究材料,当种子根长为0.5-1.0 cm时,分别用不同浓度IAA、IAA和生长素极性运输输出载体抑制剂、IAA和生长素输入载体抑制剂复合处理的琼脂块贴在根尖一侧,黑暗条件下培养12 h后观察根毛生长情况,测定根毛的密度、长度及根毛形成后根尖部分相对含水量,并用激光共聚焦显微镜观察根尖及根毛内的OsPIN1a-GFP亚细胞定位,再通过半定量RT-PCR检测根毛形成前后水通道蛋白基因表达。【结果】（1）在0-5.0 mg·L^-1 IAA浓度范围内,随IAA浓度增加,根毛长度和密度也增加,当浓度超过5.0 mg·L^-1时,根毛长度和密度不再增加,根的生长受到显著抑制,2.5 mg·L^-1 IAA诱导效果最好;（2）只有根尖分生区IAA处理后,才能诱导新的根毛区形成根毛,而其他区域处理后无法诱导根毛形成;（3）根毛形成不受低浓度的生长素极性运输输出载体抑制剂TIBA、NPA和IAA复合处理的影响,高浓度TIBA、NPA和IAA复合处理则显著抑制根毛形成及根的生长;（4）低浓度生长素极性运输输入载体抑制剂CHPAA和IAA复合处理能显著抑制根毛形成和根的生长;（5）IAA不但能诱导根毛形成,也能诱导多种水通道蛋白基因表达,提高根尖相对含水量;（6）根尖及根毛内的OsPIN1a基因的表达和OsPIN1a-GFP含量均受IAA诱导,并在根毛细胞内大量表达。【结论】在气培条件下,根毛形成需要IAA诱导,而IAA诱导根毛形成过程需要生长素极性运输输入和输出载体蛋白的参与,其中输入过程对根毛的形成影响最大。IAA极性运输输入或输出载体蛋白特异性抑制剂处理显著降低根毛形成和根的生长,因此OsPIN1a在根毛形成中起着重要作用,同时根毛水通道蛋白基因表达量增加,提高了根尖相对含水量,减缓了气培条件下水稻根尖的水分胁迫。     

应用PCR方法通过毛发进行哺乳动物性别鉴定

以哺乳动物的新鲜毛发和在冷冻条件下保存４个月的毛发作为材料。从毛囊中提取ＤＮＡ,应用ＰＣＲ方法扩增ＳＲＹ基因片段,ＺＦＸ／ＺＦＹ基因片段,探讨哺乳动物性别鉴定的最优化ＰＣＲ方案。结果表明,毛发ＤＮＡ和血液ＤＮＡ均可获得相同的扩增结果。证实了毛发作为ＰＣＲ扩增材料是可靠的。对不同材料量、不同模板量、不同提取方法进行比较,优化实验方案,达到１根毛发用Ｃｈｅｌｅｘ－１００提取得到的ＤＮＡ即可以成功地进行     

长蛸平衡囊的形态结构和神经支配模式

采用光镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和同步辐射等方法对长蛸平衡囊的形态和神经支配进行了研究。平衡囊位于长蛸头后部两侧的软骨腔中,表面是近似椭圆形的膜质结构。平衡囊表面缠绕的大量纤维丝,与软骨壁粘联后使囊悬浮于腔内的淋巴液中。平衡囊中的感觉毛细胞分为感觉斑(macula)和感觉脊(crista)两个区域,其中感觉斑毛细胞区被包裹着胶质粘液层的耳石覆盖,毛细胞动纤毛顶端嵌入耳石底层钙质微晶体间隙中;感觉脊区毛细胞呈带状螺旋型排列,共分九节,其毛细胞均由胶质顶(cupula)覆盖。毛细胞仅含等长、9+2微管型动纤毛,无静纤毛,其周围细胞含微绒毛。平衡囊内的一软骨凸起结构,相对感觉脊(anticrista),其表面无感觉毛细胞。同步辐射结果表明:支配感觉斑区的神经仅一条,而感觉脊区却由两条神经束从脑部经囊表后分支进入各自支配的毛细胞节区。     

Cholinergic synaptic inhibition of inner hair cells in the neonatal mammalian cochlea

Efferent feedback onto sensory organs provides a means to modulate input to the central nervous system. In the developing mammalian cochlea, inner hair cells are transiently innervated by efferent fibers, even before sensory function begins. Here, we show that neonatal inner hair cells are inhibited by cholinergic synaptic input before the onset of hearing. The synaptic currents, as well as the inner hair cell's response to acetylcholine, are mediated by a nicotinic (alpha9-containing) receptor and result in the activation of small-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels.     

Receptor potentials from hair cells of the lateral line

Intracellular recordings from hair cells in the tail lateral line of mudpuppy Necturus maculosus show receptor potentials less than 800 microvolts, peak to peak, from stimuli that are considered large compared to natural stimuli. The hair cells are in neuromasts that are sensitive at the time of recording and are identified by both in vivo and in vitro examination of intracellular staining.     

鹿类动物毛的扫描电镜分析

应用扫描电镜检测了15种鹿类毛的微观形态结构。结果表明，鹿毛的鳞片形态在科间、属间和种间存在差异，同种不同个体毛的鳞片形态有差异，同一个体同一根毛样的不同部位也有差异。若将毛的扫描电镜分析方法应用于野生动物分类或识别鉴定上，应考虑样品的个体差异性、局部性以及人为因素等影响。应通过建立野生动物毛样数据库，以及引用先进的图像处理系统来完善此方法。     

Interrelated striated elements in vestibular hair cells of the rat

Unusual fixation procedures revealed a series of interrelated striated organelles in type I and type II vestibular hair cells of the rat; these organelles seemed to be less well developed in cochlear hair cells. The findings suggest that contractile elements may play a role in sensory transduction in the inner ear, particularly in the vestibular system.     

满江红与无藻满江红的超微结构

用显微解剖技术和扫描电子显微镜观察了羽叶满江红、蕨状满江红和小叶满江红以及它们的无藻萍的茎尖、叶腔和腺毛。对蕨状满江红和小叶满江红正在萌发的大孢子果和胚的微形态也作了研讨。在满江红的茎尖或胚即有腺毛发生,未分化的鱼腥藻或厚垣孢子总是有选择地附着于腺毛上。每片叶片至少有两个初生分支腺毛。它们是鱼腥藻由茎尖进入叶腔的桥梁。腺毛除了具有运输的功能外,很可能是蕨体用来吸收和识别共生藻的主要结构。     

pcdh19在小鼠毛囊形态发生过程中的时空表达

以胚龄13.5 d到8日龄的昆白系小鼠为试验材料,应用免疫组化方法测定pcdh19在小鼠毛囊形态发生中表达的时空变化。结果显示,基板前期、基板期均未发现pcdh19的表达;毛芽期开始表皮和间充质胞质中出现弱表达,并且毛芽上的表达逐渐加强;在毛囊结缔组织鞘发生和成熟过程中,在该部位始终强表达,推测可将pcdh19作为结缔组织鞘的标志分子。