冷冻干燥丝素粉末的性质

对丝素溶液经冷并干燥制得的丝素粉末的性质进行的研究表明,丝素溶液经冷冻干燥得到的丝素粉末易溶解于水,得到的溶液同一般丝素溶液一样能形成丝素凝胶和丝素膜,但丝素膜的强度有下降趋势,伸长度有增加趋势。对丝素粉末进行高温高湿处理后,丝素粉末的溶解性下降,溶解丝素粉末制得的丝素膜的强度、伸长度下降。     

丝素蛋白作为药物控制释放材料的研究

研究了以丝素蛋白作为药物载体，以消炎痛（ 吲哚美辛） 和利福平作为模型药物的含药物丝素膜的制备方法；并采用体外释药方法，测定、探讨了丝素膜厚度、形态及药物用量对药物释放性能的影响。结果表明，丝素蛋白是一种较理想的药物控制释放材料。     

丝素/纳米SiO2凝胶共混膜的制备及性能测试

为了改善丝素膜作为医用材料的物理性能,以丝素和纳米SiO2为基材,乙醇为溶剂,制备不同质量比的丝素/纳米SiO2凝胶共混膜。对丝素/纳米SiO2凝胶共混膜的微观形态与结构进行表征:共混膜表面呈凹凸状,横截面为多层次的网络状结构,丝素蛋白分子主要为β-折叠结构。对不同质量比丝素/纳米SiO2凝胶共混膜的物理性能进行测试:当丝素与纳米SiO2共混质量比为80∶5时,共混膜的断裂强度最大,为94.86 MPa;当共混质量比为80∶3时,共混膜的断裂伸长率最大,为55.20%;共混膜的溶胀度和热水溶失率与纳米SiO2含量成反比,而透气性随着纳米SiO2含量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。测试结果表明,在天然高分子材料丝素溶液中加入具有补强增韧功能的纳米SiO2制备的共混膜,更接近优良人工皮肤材料的物理性能特征,丝素与纳米SiO2的共混质量比以80∶3和80∶5为宜。     

转基因蚕丝丝素膜的制备与性能表征

以转入蜘蛛丝蛋白基因的转基因家蚕的蚕丝为材料,用普通的流延成膜法即可将转基因蚕丝丝素溶液制备成丝素膜。以分别加入或未加入1%甘油的转基因蚕丝丝素膜和普通蚕丝丝素膜作为测试样品,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)及机械性能测试和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察等手段表征转基因蚕丝丝素膜的结构与性能变化。与含1%甘油的普通蚕丝丝素膜比较,含1%甘油的转基因蚕丝丝素膜仍旧含有较多的无规卷曲和α螺旋结构,膜的表面较为粗糙,水蒸气透过量增加了15%~20%,水中溶失率略有增加(为22%),应变增加了1倍左右(为38.5%),耐久性也更优(为164次±11次)。此外,转基因蚕丝丝素膜和普通蚕丝丝素膜与1%甘油共混后,膜的结构和性能均得到明显改善。研究结果表明,含蜘蛛丝蛋白的转基因蚕丝丝素膜的结构较松散,表面孔隙变大,力学性能改善,更具有作为生物医用材料应用的优势。     

丝素的结晶度和结构变化的研究

本实验用X射线衍射法研究了丝素膜的结晶度及结构的变化与其制备、处理条件的关系。同时与丝素凝胶的干燥相比较,由于成膜与凝胶干燥速度的不同,使室温下丝素膜含Silk Ⅰ而凝胶干燥所得的粉末则含Silk Ⅱ。对含有Silk Ⅰ的丝素膜于150℃饱和水蒸汽处理半小时,发生了Silk Ⅰ→Silk Ⅱ的转变。     

丝素膜的结构测定和分析

对脱胶丝素纤维、初生丝素蛋白膜、固定化ＧＯＤ－丝素膜结构进行了红外光谱分析。三者红外光谱图差异明显，丝素纤维为典型的丝Ⅱ（双向平行的β片层）结构，初生丝素膜的红外光谱显示无规卷曲或丝Ⅰ构型的特征，经戊二醛活化处理后制备的酶膜，在７００ｃｍ－１处有一显著吸收峰，表明其构型向β型转变，丝素膜的水溶率变化也证实了红外光谱显示的结果。     

丝素/明胶共混膜的结构与溶解性能的初探

将丝素溶液与明胶溶液按不同共混比在不同条件下进行混合,制备成丝素/明胶共混膜。用环境扫描电镜、红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热分析系统分别测定共混膜的结构与热性能,采用烘干质量法测定共混膜的溶胀率和溶解率。结果表明:丝素与明胶的共混性好,共混膜结构改变,热稳定性好;烘干时间对共混膜的溶胀率和溶解率影响不显著,不同浓度乙醇处理对溶胀率有极显著影响,不同共混比则对溶胀率和溶解率都有极显著影响。     

2种酶水解制备丝素肽的形貌结构与止血性能

分别采用碱性蛋白酶Alcalase、复合风味酶Flavourzyme水解丝素蛋白,再通过冷冻干燥制备出2种粉末状丝素肽止血材料。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、Zeta电位测试仪等对2种丝素肽止血材料的形貌结构进行测试和表征,通过体外凝血试验和建立大鼠肝脏止血模型对其止血性能进行测评。FTIR测试2种丝素肽的二级结构均为SilkⅠ构象;FESEM观察显示Alcalase酶解丝素肽的表面呈多孔状结构,Flavourzyme酶解丝素肽表面较平整;Zeta电位测试显示Alcalase酶解丝素肽的电势为-12.07 m V,Flavourzyme酶解丝素肽的电势为-3.11 m V。体外凝血试验表明Alcalase酶解丝素肽能明显提高血液的粘度和血小板粘附率,缩短体外凝血时间,这3项指标均优于Flavourzyme酶解丝素肽。利用大鼠肝脏止血模型测试2组丝素肽的止血性能都明显优于常规止血材料云南白药和明胶海绵,其中大鼠肝脏经Alcalase酶解丝素肽处理后的止血时间为89.23 s±3.56 s,出血量为0.41 g±0.03 g;大鼠肝脏经Flavourzyme酶解丝素肽处理后的止血时间为198.62 s±5.92 s,出血量为0.55 g±0.08 g。以上结果提示Alcalase酶解丝素肽有望开发成新型快速的止血材料。     

丝素膜表面接枝肝素分子的反应条件与体外抗凝血作用

利用等离子体处理技术使丝素膜表面被激活,以戊二醛作为交联剂,接枝肝素分子进行丝素膜表面抗凝血性修饰,从而为新型抗凝血生物医用材料的设计及临床应用提供试验依据。单因素优化实验结果显示:经等离子体和戊二醛处理后的丝素膜与肝素溶液的较好反应条件为pH 1.5、40℃、4 h,该条件下丝素膜表面肝素含量为37.62μg/g。经体外凝血试验检测,接枝肝素分子后的丝素膜具有较强的抗凝血活性;经稳定性试验分析,肝素与丝素膜结合稳定牢固不易被洗脱,提示其结合方式为共价键结合。     

甘油和戊二醛对丝素膜性能的改良效果

为改善丝素膜的使用性能,在丝素溶液中添加甘油和戊二醛后制膜,探讨利用甘油的吸湿性能和戊二醛的交联作用对丝素膜性能的改良效果。结果表明:添加甘油的丝素膜持水性增强、耐水性能和相对伸长大幅度提高;戊二醛可以弥补添加甘油引起的丝素膜拉伸强度的下降。甘油和戊二醛的添加的质量分数分别为0.5%和0.2%时所制成的丝素膜质地湿润、光滑、柔软而富有弹性,其综合性能指标优于表面经80%甲醇处理的丝素膜。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.