B型副鸡嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定

从辽宁某公司鸡场疑似鸡传染性鼻炎的病鸡眶下窦分离到一株副鸡嗜血杆菌，用Page程序和Kume程序对其进行血清型鉴定，确认为B型副鸡嗜血杆菌，这是首次在我国分离到B型副鸡嗜血杆菌。     

锦州地区鸡传染性鼻炎的流行病学调查

对发生过鸡传染性鼻炎的8个鸡场,从病史调查、现场调查、临床检查、病理剖检、细菌分离鉴定、血清定型、动物致病性试验、药物敏感试验以及防治等方面进行了较为详细的研究。结果表明,锦州地区鸡传染性鼻炎的发病率为5.2%～40.7%,死亡率约为1%～3%。分离获得8株副鸡嗜血杆菌,血清型主要为A型,个别为C型,未发现B型。不同时间分离的副鸡嗜血杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性不同。     

青岛地区鸡传染性鼻炎病原株的分离,鉴定与定型研究

1993年青岛市周围一些鸡场相继发生了传染性鼻炎，为确诊本病，从一些鸡场选发病典型鸡，进行了细菌分离和鉴定试验，获得副鸡嗜血杆菌4株，按Kume等人方法作血清学定型，所有分离株被定为C型。     

副鸡禽杆菌血清A型和C型菌株共感染的分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析

为确定某规模化鸡场疑似鸡传染性鼻炎病例的病原,试验从同群发病鸡的眶下窦采样进行细菌性病原分离,并进行PCR和生化试验鉴定,利用A、B、C 3个型标准分型血清对疑似分离菌株进行HI分型,用纸片扩散法（K-B法）对分离菌株进行药物敏感性试验,并对分离菌株进行16S rRNA核苷酸遗传进化分析。结果显示：分离的菌株均为副鸡禽杆菌,这些分离株包括A型和C型两种血清型,两种血清型的分离菌株具有较强的致病性,对21种治疗畜禽疾病常用抗菌药物的敏感性也不完全相同;两个血清型分离菌株亲缘关系较远,A型与澳大利亚某株副鸡禽杆菌亲缘关系很近,C型与部分国内副鸡禽杆菌菌株亲缘关系接近。研究结果提示在该规模化养殖场发生鸡传染性鼻炎的鸡群中,同时存在2种不同血清型的副鸡禽杆菌,加大了防控的难度。     

安徽省白羽肉鸡中副鸡禽杆菌的分离鉴定及流行病学分析

本研究试图通过病原分离对安徽省某大型白羽肉鸡养殖公司持续出现疑似鸡传染性鼻炎的鸡群进行确诊,从不同批次发生鸡传染性鼻炎疑似症状的鸡体内分离细菌,经细菌分离、纯化、回鸡试验,共分离到8株细菌,经形态及培养特性、生化试验、血清学特性、16S rRNA基因序列分析等方法对分离的细菌进行鉴定。结果表明所分离的细菌有1株为A型副鸡禽杆菌,7株为B型副鸡禽杆菌,说明在安徽省某地持续引起幼龄肉鸡发生鸡传染性鼻炎的流行中B型致病株是优势毒株,显示新的流行特点。     

鸡传染性鼻炎的诊断

鸡传染性鼻炎是由细菌引起的一种以面部肿胀、流鼻涕为特征的急性上呼吸道传染病,本病病原副鸡嗜血杆菌通常分为A、B、C 3个血清型[1],且3型均可致病.迄今为止,在我国鸡群中尚未发现有B型副鸡嗜血杆菌感染的证据,多年来,A型副鸡嗜血杆菌一直是我国鸡传染性鼻炎的主要致病菌型,而由C型菌引起的鸡传染性鼻炎少见报道.1998年冬,山东某鸡场发生了一起以肿头为特征的疾病,经作者诊断,认为是鸡传染性鼻炎,而且可能由C型副鸡嗜血杆菌引起.有关情况报告如下.     

A型副鸡嗜血杆菌(山东株)的分离与鉴定

2011年11月,山东某肉鸡场发生以肉鸡眼睑及眶下窦周围明显肿胀为主要特征的传染性疾病。从采集的发病鸡眶下窦中分离到1株细菌,根据发病鸡群的临床症状、细菌的分离培养、形态观察、过氧化氢酶试验、革兰氏染色、动物回归试验、免疫攻毒试验和PCR等方法初步鉴定为副鸡嗜血杆菌(Hpg)。此外通过分离菌株的水平传播试验结果表明,造成该鸡场Hpg的水平传播和鸡传染性鼻炎的反复发作与饲养密度有很大的关系。最后将分离菌株送匈牙利诗华研发中心进行分型鉴定,确定为A型副鸡嗜血杆菌。根据分离地点将分离菌株命名为A型副鸡嗜血杆菌(山东株)。另外通过与GenBank已发表的Hpg基因序列进行同源性比对分析,结果显示,该基因序列与参考株的基因核苷酸序列同源性达99.0%。     

B型副鸡禽杆菌田间分离株的毒力及免疫原性研究

为探索分离自安徽省某大型白羽鸡场的1株B型副鸡禽杆菌的毒力及免疫原性,本试验测定了该菌对5～6胚龄SPF鸡胚及35～40日龄SPF鸡的毒力,并用该菌株制备免疫原,免疫35～40日龄SPF鸡,用攻毒的方法测定菌株的免疫原性,同时对本菌株制备的抗原及目前国内、国外市场上销售的鸡传染性鼻炎A型、B型、C型三价或二价灭活疫苗的免疫效力进行比较。毒力试验结果显示,本菌株对SPF鸡胚的最小致死剂量为110 CFU,对SPF鸡的最小发病剂量为5.5×10~3 CFU。免疫原性试验结果显示,本菌株制备的抗原免疫鸡能有效抵抗本菌株的攻击,说明本菌株的免疫原性良好,而市场上销售的鸡传染性鼻炎三价/二价灭活疫苗免疫鸡均无法抵抗本菌株的攻击,说明市场上销售的疫苗对本菌株的保护效果较差,B型菌疫苗间的交叉保护效果不理想。本试验为B型鸡传染性鼻炎疫苗的研究提供参考和物质基础。     

2株B型副鸡禽杆菌的分离鉴定

2010年3月、2011年12月分别从北京平谷、延庆疑似鸡传染性鼻炎的病鸡体内各分离到1株细菌,根据发病鸡群的临床症状、细菌分离培养、形态观察、过氧化氢酶试验、革兰氏染色结合动物回归试验、免疫攻毒试验和PCR等方法初步鉴定为副鸡禽杆菌(Apg);同时将分离菌株送匈牙利诗华研发中心进行分型鉴定,确定为B型副鸡禽杆菌,根据分离地点将分离菌株命名为B型副鸡禽杆菌(平谷株和延庆株).通过GenBank与已经发表的Apg基因序列进行同源性比对分析,结果显示,平谷株、延庆株基因序列同源性达到99.6％,而与参考株Modesto的基因核苷酸序列同源性达到98.3％、98.8％.     

锦州地区鸡源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定

为了摸清锦州地区鸡源大肠杆菌的血清型,为防治工作提供依据,选取锦州市5个县区13个鸡场78只临床诊断为大肠杆菌病的病鸡,通过细菌分离培养、生化试验、致病性试验、血清学试验进行鉴定。结果显示:共分离到55株大肠杆菌,分离率达70.51%;其中有41株为致病性菌株,占分离菌总数的74.55%;致病性大肠杆菌血清型有11种,未定型2种,其中优势血清型为O78、O1、O23、O2。     

Pathogenicity of Australian isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum and Haemophilus avium in chickens

Twenty-seven Australian avian Haemophilus isolates were tested for their ability to cause infectious coryza in specific pathogen-free chickens. All 15 isolates, identified as H. paragallinarum, produced infectious coryza, whereas all 12 H. avium isolates were nonpathogenic, but spread to in-contact chickens.     

Characterisation of isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum from Indonesia

OBJECTIVE: To characterise 18 isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum isolated from chickens in Indonesia. PROCEDURE: The isolates were identified to species level by traditional phenotypic methods. Six of the isolates were also identified by a species-specific polymerase chain reaction. Fourteen of the isolates were examined for resistance to a panel of seven antimicrobial agents using a disc diffusion method. All 18 isolates were serotyped according to the Page scheme using reference antisera in a haemagglutination inhibition test. RESULTS: Four of the 18 isolates were obtained from indigenous (kampung) chickens, with the remainder being from typical intensive poultry production systems. The 18 isolates were obtained from 11 outbreaks that showed the typical clinical signs of infectious coryza and 11 of the isolates were obtained from chickens that had been vaccinated with infectious coryza vaccines. All 18 isolates were confirmed as H paragallinarum by biochemical testing and six isolates were also identified as H paragallinarum by the polymerase chain reaction test. Eleven isolates were resistant to erythromycin and streptomycin, 10 to neomycin, eight to oxytetracycline, five isolates to doxycycline, three to sulphamethoxazoltrimethoprim but only one to ampicillin. Seven isolates were Page serovar A, four were Page serovar B and seven were Page serovar C. CONCLUSION: The presence of all three Page serovars (A, B and C) has been confirmed for the first time in Indonesian chickens. As the majority of the infectious coryza vaccines in use in Indonesia contain only serovar A and C, the presence of serovar B in chickens indicates that the protection by these bivalent vaccines would be reduced. The use of trivalent infectious coryza vaccines that contain serovars A, B and C is recommended for use in Indonesia.     

Survey of infectious coryza of chickens in Indonesia.

A survey of infectious coryza of chickens was performed in West Jawa of Indonesia between 1987 to 1988 by the detection of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody against Haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg) in non-vaccinated healthy laying (12 farms, 196 chickens) and native (8 farms, 197 chickens) chickens. HI antibodies against Hpg were detected not only in the native chickens but also in the laying chickens, regardless of the district, and were observed in 70% (14/20) of farms and 19% (73/393) of chickens. HI antibodies against serotype A were detected from 11 farms (55%) and 11% (45/393) in chickens. Those against serotype C were detected from 5 farms (25%) and 8% (30/393) in chickens. Three Hpg strains were isolated from different chickens affected with infectious coryza. Two of them were identified as type A and the other as type C by the rapid plate agglutination test. These results demonstrated that the outbreaks of infectious coryza caused by serotype A and C strains had occurred in Indonesia.     

Confirmation that PCR can be used to identify NAD-dependent and NAD-independent Haemophilus paragallinarum isolates.

Seventy five bacteria tentatively identified as Haemophilus paragallinarum (the causative agent of infectious coryza), eight identified as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and 13 identified as NAD-independent Pasteurella species were isolated from chickens with respiratory infection in various provinces in South Africa. The isolates were characterized by conventional biochemical and serological methods. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for H. paragallinarum was used to identify the cultures directly from colonies. The PCR assay gave positive results for all isolates that were identified by conventional methods as H. paragallinarum, irrespective of whether they were nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent (43 isolates) or NAD-independent (32 isolates). The eight isolates that were identified by conventional methods as O. rhinotracheale and the 13 isolates identified as various Pasteurella species gave negative results in the PCR assay. This study has demonstrated that colony PCR is a rapid method for uniquely identifying both NAD-dependent and NAD-independent strains of H. paragallinarum and distinguishing them from other bacteria, such as O. rhinotracheale and Pasteurella species.     

Efficacy of a commercially available coryza vaccine against challenge with recent South African NAD-independent isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum in chickens

In South Africa the incidence of NAD-independent Haemnophilus paragallinarum isolation from clinical cases is increasing. This study was carried out to test whether a commercially available coryza vaccine (Nobilis Coryza, Intervet International BV) could protect chickens against challenge with recent NAD-independent isolates. SPF chickens were vaccinated twice at 3 and 7 weeks of age and were challenged at 9 weeks of age with 5 different NAD-independent isolates of serotype A or C-3. The results after challenge show that the coryza vaccine induces good protection against challenge with the different South African NAD-independent isolates of H. paragallinarum, including serotype C-3.     

Monoclonal antibody characterization of two field strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum isolated from vaccinated layer hens

An oil-based bacterin, containing strains 083 and 0222 of Haemophilus paragallinarum, is commonly used in South Africa to vaccinate laying flocks against infectious coryza. Two strains of H. paragallinarum, designated M85 and SB86, were isolated from infected but vaccinated commercial laying flocks in two incidental outbreaks of coryza in 1985 and 1986. A panel of five monoclonal antibodies was established which clearly distinguished the vaccine strains from the field isolates. One of these reacted with only vaccine strains A and B, another reacted with only field strains M85 and SB86, and the remaining three cross-reacted to various degrees with all four strains or isolates. Immunoassays were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using whole bacteria as solid-phase antigen. These monoclonal antibodies may aid in serotyping new field isolates of H. paragallinarum and in improved standardization of vaccine strains.     

Limitation of the spread and impact of infectious coryza through the use of a continuous disinfection programme

The effect of a continuous disinfection programme, using the non-toxic disinfectant Virukill, in layers, on the spread and impact of infectious coryza, caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum was evaluated. In this experiment, both unvaccinated layers and layers vaccinated against infectious coryza were used. Duplicate smaller groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens were challenged with different serovars of both NAD-dependent as well as NAD-independent isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum. One group of chickens challenged with each of the different becterial serovars was treated with the continuous disinfection programme, while the other group remained as the untreated controls. The clinical signs of infectious coryza were evaluated over a period of 20 days in each group. The egg production over this period was also evaluated. It was found in all experimental challenges, that the severity of the symptoms was reduced in the birds receiving the continuous disinfection programme. The drop in egg production was also found to be less severe in the treated groups when compared to the untreated control groups. The duration of infection was found to be either unchanged, or shorter in the birds treated with the continuous disinfection programme. In none of the experimental challenges was the duration or expression of clinical signs of IC increased due to the continuous disinfection programme.     

Virulence of South African isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum. Part 2: naturally occurring NAD-independent field isolates

Naturally occurring NAD-independent variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum, which have been isolates from poultry showing clinical signs of infectious coryza, were used to determine their virulence using a newly developed challenge model for infectious coryza. It was established that the NAD-independent isolates belonging to a particular serogroup, were less virulent when compared to the virulence of the NAD-dependent isolates from the same serogroup. It was shown that the virulence of the NAD-independent isolates belonging to serogroup C and serogroup A were very similar to each other. This differs to the results obtained with NAD-dependent isolates reported on previously, in which the serogroup C isolates were found to be more virulent then the serogroup A isolates.     

Protection conferred by bivalent and trivalent infectious coryza bacterins against prevalent serovars of Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum in Mexico

The protection and level of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies conferred in infectious coryza bivalent- and trivalent-immunized chickens against Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum field isolates of the prevalent serovars in Mexico (A-1, A-2, B-1, and C-2) were investigated. The bivalent bacterin (A-1 and C-1) conferred significant protection and increased HI antibodies against isolates of serovars A-1, A-2, and C-2, but not against a serovar B-1 isolate. The trivalent bacterin (A-1, B-1, and C-2) conferred protection and increased HI antibodies against all four of the isolates. The results confirmed that in poultry areas where serovar B-1 is prevalent, the inclusion of this serovar in bacterins is needed to confer protection against infectious coryza caused by A. (H.) paragallinarum isolates of serovar B-1.