黄颡鱼腹水病的组织病理研究

本文应用组织病理学的方法,对患有腹水病的黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus fulviddco)的各器官进行观察.结果表明各器官主要组织病理学变化有:鳃小片上皮细胞肿胀、增生、肥大,并有脱落、变性、坏死现象;肾小管上皮细胞出现肿胀,局部肾小管崩解坏死;肾小球结构模糊不清、松散,呈空泡样,部分区域肾小球的血管球肿胀、肾小球坏死;肾间质中可见局灶性坏死,局部区域可见颗粒管型和黑素-巨噬细胞沉着.肝细胞发生明显的水泡变性,部分病鱼肝组织可见局灶性坏死和血管充血.肠胃上皮细胞排列紊乱,并有脱落、变性、坏死现象.脾组织中毛细血管扩张、充血,严重区域破裂出血,形成血斑,部分病鱼脾组织可见弥散性坏死灶.     

铜在鲤体内的蓄积及毒性的研究

采用半静态法将鲤(Cyprinus carpio)暴露于不同浓度的铜溶液中,研究了铜在鱼体中的吸收富集及毒性。结果表明:铜在鲤肝、肾、鳃和肌肉中的积累量均随着铜浓度的升高而增加。鲤各部位对铜的蓄积能力依次是肝、肾、鳃、肌肉,且肝、肾中铜的积累量明显高于鳃和肌肉,鲤对铜具有较强的蓄积毒性。中毒鱼体色变黑,生长受到抑制,临死前出现神经症状;鳃小片上皮增生、变性、坏死;肝细胞和肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性、溶解性坏死。     

南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞茵胞外产物活性与致病性研究

采用琼脂扩散法测定了南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞菌胞外产物酶活性和溶血活性,同时对胞外产物的细胞毒性和其致病性进行了研究。结果显示:南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞菌胞外产物具有蛋白酶、脂酶、明胶酶和脲酶活性,但不具有淀粉酶和卵磷脂酶活性,具有很强的溶血活性和细胞毒性。肌肉注射感染发现,其对南方鲇有强致病性,其LD50为每千克鱼体重0.802 mg;注射后的南方鲇肌肉、心、肝、肾、脾、肠和胃等组织发生了严重组织病理变化,骨骼肌和心肌坏死断裂,炎症细胞浸润;肝脏严重空泡变性;肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死、间质内大量炎症细胞浸润;脾充血、出血,淋巴细胞减少,胃肠黏膜上皮细胞变性、坏死、脱落。     

南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞菌胞外产物活性与致病性研究

采用琼脂扩散法测定了南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞菌胞外产物酶活性和溶血活性,同时对胞外产物的细胞毒性和其致病性进行了研究。结果显示:南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞菌胞外产物具有蛋白酶、脂酶、明胶酶和脲酶活性,但不具有淀粉酶和卵磷脂酶活性,具有很强的溶血活性和细胞毒性。肌肉注射感染发现,其对南方鲇有强致病性,其LD50为每千克鱼体重0.802 mg;注射后的南方鲇肌肉、心、肝、肾、脾、肠和胃等组织发生了严重组织病理变化,骨骼肌和心肌坏死断裂,炎症细胞浸润;肝脏严重空泡变性;肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死、间质内大量炎症细胞浸润;脾充血、出血,淋巴细胞减少,胃肠黏膜上皮细胞变性、坏死、脱落。     

鲤慢性喹乙醇中毒的病理学和组织残留

试验以含10、25、50、100、150和200mg·kg-1喹乙醇的饲料对鲤进行了慢性毒性试验。经90d的试验,各组的发病率分别为17.5%、27.5%、35.0%、42.5%、47.5%和55.0%,死亡率分别为5.0%、10.0%、12.5%、17.5%、20%和30.0%。中毒鱼表现为特征性的"应激性出血综合征",且Hb含量和RBC数量降低,血清AST、ALT活性升高。病理组织学表现为鳃小片水肿,上皮细胞增生、变性、坏死和脱落。心肌纤维、肾小管上皮细胞和肾上腺细胞空泡变性;肝细胞脂肪变性或水泡变性及溶解坏死;肠道发生卡他性肠炎;超微结构上,心肌纤维、肝细胞和肾小管上皮细胞的线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂、溶解,粗面内质网扩张,核糖体脱颗粒;肝细胞内脂滴明显增多;肠上皮微绒毛脱落、崩解和肠上皮细胞大量坏死脱落。中毒鱼肝、肾和肌肉组织内喹乙醇含量与对照组之间有显著性差异。     

罗非鱼暴发性流行病组织病理的研究

本文报告了由链球菌引起的罗非鱼暴发性流行病组织病理学研究.主要组织病理变化:鳃充血,鳃上皮增生、融合,结构崩解;心肌纤维变性,肌间白细胞浸润;肝脏颗粒变性和脂肪变性;肠道粘膜上皮变性、坏死、脱落、固有膜炎性白细胞浸润;肾脏受损严重,白细胞浸润,肾小管上皮细胞坏死、解体,小动脉血管壁玻璃样变性;眼睛脉络膜和眶骨膜组织炎性坏死,晶状体纤维断裂和脱离.     

草鱼细菌性烂鳃病的组织病理研究

草鱼细菌性烂鳃病是一种危害严重的常见鱼病。其组织病理变化可以分为慢性和急性两种类型。鳃组织病理变化，经过炎性水肿、细胞增生和坏死三个进程。慢性型以增生为主；急性型的鳃组织病理变化，由于病程短，炎性水肿迅速转入坏死，增生不严重或几乎不出现，以炎性水肿和坏死为主。患细菌性烂鳃病的草鱼的肝脏、肾脏也发生病理变化。肝细胞发生颗粒变性、水样变性、醣元颗粒消失，以至坏死；其肾组织主要发生近曲小管上皮细胞颗粒变性、水样变性、坏死，在坏死的肾小管周围的造血组织中的一些细胞核固缩，个别肾小球萎缩。人工感染患细菌性烂鳃病的当年草鱼的白细胞数显著地低于对照组，而红细胞数和血红蛋白量虽低于对照组，但没有显著性差异．     

乌鳢腐皮病病理形态学研究

乌鳢腐皮病的 主要眼观病 变是病鱼体 表鳞片脱落,皮 肤溃烂,有出 血和炎 性渗出 物。主要组织学所见是局部皮肤和骨骼肌急性炎症反 应和坏死。肝 脂肪变性,肾间质充血,肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性。肝脏和肾脏细胞肿胀,线粒体结构模糊、空泡化。     

奥尼罗非鱼壬基酚慢性中毒的病理学研究

采用换水式毒性试验法进行了壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)的慢性毒性试验和鱼体慢性中毒的病理组织学研究。结果表明,壬基酚对奥尼罗非鱼的鳃、肾脏、脾、肝脏均造成不同程度的病理损伤。主要表现为鳃小片上皮细胞增生;肾小球毛细血管萎缩,肾组织中出现嗜曙红物质,严重者出现坏死灶;脾组织淤血,变性,组织中出现大量血铁黄素沉淀,严重者脾组织大面积坏死;肝细胞变性,小叶中央静脉充血,严重者发生大面积肝组织的严重坏死。     

中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺白化症组织病理变化

采用常规石蜡切片技术和透射电镜技术，对患有肝胰腺白化症的中华绒螯蟹病变组织和细胞进行观察。发现病蟹肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉等组织细胞发生了不同程度的病变，其病理特征为肝细胞水肿、变性、坏死，细胞中脂肪颗粒锐减，线粒体水肿、嵴消失、形成空泡，内质网、溶酶体解体成小泡。鳃组织增厚，上皮细胞微绒毛排列疏松、不规则，部分线粒体嵴消失，出现膜性退化。坏死的肝细胞和鳃上皮细胞中出现细菌颗粒。肌细胞的病变主要表现为细胞核固缩，肌丝松驰、水肿、断裂、肌质网溶解形成小泡。中华绒螯蟹具有重要生理功能的肝胰腺、鳃组织发生了严重病变，使其功能损伤，不耐运输；而肌肉的松驰、肝胰腺脂肪的锐减影响了中华绒螯蟹的品质。同时，病变组织和细胞中未见病毒等生物病原，表明该病为非生物性疾病。图2表0参12     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.