南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞菌胞外产物活性与致病性研究

采用琼脂扩散法测定了南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞菌胞外产物酶活性和溶血活性,同时对胞外产物的细胞毒性和其致病性进行了研究。结果显示:南方鲇源豚鼠气单胞菌胞外产物具有蛋白酶、脂酶、明胶酶和脲酶活性,但不具有淀粉酶和卵磷脂酶活性,具有很强的溶血活性和细胞毒性。肌肉注射感染发现,其对南方鲇有强致病性,其LD50为每千克鱼体重0.802 mg;注射后的南方鲇肌肉、心、肝、肾、脾、肠和胃等组织发生了严重组织病理变化,骨骼肌和心肌坏死断裂,炎症细胞浸润;肝脏严重空泡变性;肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死、间质内大量炎症细胞浸润;脾充血、出血,淋巴细胞减少,胃肠黏膜上皮细胞变性、坏死、脱落。     

高致病性维氏气单胞菌胞外产物对斑点鲖的致病性

为了研究维氏气单胞菌及其胞外产物的致病机制对预防和治疗斑点鲖维氏气单胞菌病的作用。通过对一株高致病性斑点鲖源维氏气单胞菌胞外产物(extracellular product,ECP)的提取并结合体内外实验研究其酶活性与致病性,以期为维氏气单胞菌的致病机制研究提供新思路。采用饱和硫酸铵沉淀法,对一株高致病性的斑点鲖源维氏气单胞菌的ECP进行了提取,将其进行浓度检测、SDS-PAGE分析和酶活测定;并将提取的ECP攻毒斑点鲖,通过病理学分析研究其致病机制。提取的ECP经考马斯亮蓝试剂盒确定其浓度为0.743 mg/m L;SDS-PAGE分析发现该ECP类型丰富,分子大小主要集中在20.0~33.0 ku。运用琼脂平板扩散法对ECP中主要毒力和代谢相关酶活性进行体外测定,发现ECP具有脂酶、蛋白酶、卵磷脂酶、DNA酶和溶血活性,不具有淀粉酶、明胶酶、脲酶活性;并对与毒力密切相关的溶血活性进行了进一步的溶血谱绘制,发现ECP对其他多种动物红细胞都有溶血活性,对鱼类红细胞溶血性较强,但对鸡、鸭红细胞无溶血活性。ECP攻毒健康斑点鲖后,发现其具有明显致病性,死亡率高达100%。病鱼大体病理变化为体表黏液增多,出现褪色斑以及不同程度的出血斑;眼球充血;肛门红肿外凸;剖检病变表现:鳃丝充血肿胀、肝脏肿大、散在少量出血点,脾脏肿大暗红,肠道扩张、肠壁变薄、肠腔内有大量黄色黏液。组织学病变主要表现为肝细胞变性、坏死;脾脏淋巴细胞减少,大量结缔组织增生;胃、肠道黏膜上皮坏死脱落。该株维氏气单胞菌的胞外产物具有多种酶活性,且对斑点鲖具有明显的致病性,推测该胞外产物在维氏气单胞菌入侵、感染甚至致死斑点鲖过程中都发挥了重要作用。     

斑点叉尾(魚回)源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞外产物的生物学特性与致病性研究

本实验对斑点叉尾(魚回)源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,Sma)胞外产物(Extracellular products,ECP)的生物学特性及其致病性进行了研究.结果表明,Sma胞外产物具有脂肪酶、蛋白酶、明胶酶和脲酶等多种酶活性;同时具有溶血活性、肠毒性和Vero细胞毒性;且对小鼠和斑点叉尾(魚回)都具有明显的致病性和致死性.     

斑点叉尾鮰源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞外产物的生物学特性与致病性研究

本实验对斑点叉尾鮰源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia，Sma）胞外产物（Extracellular products，ECP）的生物学特性及其致病性进行了研究。结果表明，Sma胞外产物具有脂肪酶、蛋白酶、明胶酶和脲酶等多种酶活性；同时具有溶血活性、肠毒性和Vero细胞毒性；且对小鼠和斑点叉尾鮰都具有明显的致病性和致死性。     

鳜嗜水气单胞菌GYK1株胞外产物提取、纯化及生物学活性分析

以鳜分离的嗜水气单胞菌GYK1株为代表,采用玻璃纸覆盖技术提取了8株嗜水气单胞菌和1株温和气单胞菌的胞外产物,SDS-PAGE电泳分析显示,8株嗜水气单胞菌的胞外产物均有35kDa的共同蛋白带。酶活性和溶血性分析表明,GYK1株胞外产物具有酪蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、明胶酶活性,但不具备脲酶活性;溶血性较强,蛋白浓度为365μg·mL-1的胞外产物对鳜血细胞的溶血价为213,对加州鲈、银鲫、小白鼠、兔、绵羊、人O型血的红细胞的溶血价在211~214之间。应用聚丙烯酰胺葡聚糖凝胶柱层析,对GYK1株的胞外产物进行了初步纯化,得到分子量为35kDa的蛋白带,该纯化产物具溶血性,但溶血性比粗胞外产物降低,对鳜和小鼠血细胞的溶血价均为25。     

蟹源拟态弧菌胞外产物的细胞毒性和致病性初步研究

本试验对蟹源拟态弧菌(Vibrio mimicus)HX-4菌株胞外产物(extracellular productions，ECP)的细胞毒性和致病性进行了系统研究。采用微量板法检测胞外产物的细胞毒性，结果表明该菌胞外产物对HEp-2细胞具有较强的细胞毒性，病变细胞变圆，脱落；除100℃处理外，经56℃和胰酶处理后，胞外产物仍具有细胞毒性。通过动物实验测定了胞外产物的致病性，结果显示胞外产物对小鼠与中华绒螯蟹均有致死性．致死率均为100％。     

哈氏弧菌胞外产物对红鳍东方鲀的致病性

采用平板玻璃纸覆盖技术提取哈氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)H-06091菌株的胞外产物(ECP),通过肌肉和腹腔注射2种方式研究其对红鳍东方鲀(Fugu obscurus)的致病性。采用双层纸片法对其主要酶成份进行初步研究;测定其对绵羊红细胞和红鳍东方鲀红细胞的溶血活性;将哈氏弧菌在不同温度下(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃)培养36h和25℃下培养不同时间(12h、18h、24h、36h、48h、60h、72h)后提取其胞外产物并对其蛋白质含量进行测定;经SDS-PAGE分离粗提胞外产物中蛋白成分,并用Dot-ELISA和Western-blot方法对其成分进行分析。实验结果显示,该胞外产物对红鳍东方鲀具有致病性;具有淀粉酶和酪蛋白酶活性,不具有卵磷脂酶、脂肪酶和明胶酶活性;对红鳍东方鲀红细胞有溶血活性,对绵羊红细胞无溶血活性;胞外产物蛋白质总含量在35℃培养36h后出现高值,与温度变化无明显相关性;25℃下培养24h、36h和48h的粗提胞外产物经SDS-PAGE分离,有3条蛋白质条带最明显,分子量分别约为31kD、38kD、60kD;其中分子量约为60kD蛋白条带,经Dot-ELISA和Western-blot方法证实其为半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1。根据以上结果认为哈氏弧菌H-06091菌株胞外产物含有多种毒力因子,与该菌的致病性密切相关。     

黄海希瓦氏菌胞外产物特性研究

为研究黄海希瓦氏菌(S. smarflavi)AP629胞外产物(ECPs)的致病性,用平板玻璃纸法提取胞外产物。结果显示,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)发现ECPs蛋白条带主要在114 kDa、66 kDa、39kDa、36 kDa、79 kDa;ECPs具有酪蛋白酶、淀粉酶、卵磷脂蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,无明胶酶活性;一些金属离子和化学试剂对菌株AP629ECPs的酶活有影响,EDTA、PMSF、SDS、MnCl_2作用浓度分别为10、5、5、5 mM时,ECPs酶活受到不同程度抑制;Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)则提高ECPs的酶活,可分别提高3%～19%和12%～28%的酶的活性。菌株AP629的胞外产物人工感染小白鼠和仿刺参试验结果表明,黄海希瓦氏菌AP629的胞外产物不显示致病性。该文为揭示黄海希瓦氏菌AP629发病机理奠定了基础。     

养殖刺参溃疡病杀鲑气单胞菌的分离、致病性及胞外产物特性分析

从患溃疡病的养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)病灶处分离出1株优势菌H1,以浸浴、创伤浸浴、体腔注射和体壁肌肉注射等方式进行感染实验,证实菌株H1为养殖刺参溃疡病病原菌,并证明该菌通过体表创伤侵入的方式感染刺参,以创伤浸浴和体壁肌肉注射感染的LD50(半数致死量)分别为2.26×107CFU/尾和1.80×107CFU/尾。经形态学观察、生理生化特性分析和mini API系统鉴定,确定菌株H1为杀鲑气单胞菌杀日本鲑亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida ma-soucida)。提取菌株H1的胞外产物(ECP)进行致病性实验,结果表明ECP可导致刺参死亡,其对刺参的LD50为5.24μg蛋白/g体质量。H1-ECP具有酪蛋白酶、明胶蛋白酶、几丁质酶和淀粉酶活性,并具有溶血素活性;对底物偶氮酪蛋白(Azocasin)作用的酶比活力可达到674.5活力单位/mg蛋白,最适作用温度为50℃;对热不稳定,70℃作用30 min时,酪蛋白酶活性降到0;100℃作用30 min,ECP对刺参的毒性消失;ECP酶活可被10 mmol/L EDTA完全抑制,可被5 mmol/L PMSF抑制98.8%,Ca2 和Mg2 可使酶活性分别提高约9%和4%。结论认为,该病原菌通过体表创伤侵入方式感染宿主刺参,菌株H1胞外产物是其对刺参致病的因子之一。     

河川沙塘鳢病原杀鲑气单胞菌致病性及感染后宿主免疫相关基因差异表达分析

为探明2021年3月常熟某养殖场河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophilus)疾病暴发的原因,本研究从患病鱼体内分离到优势菌株,通过形态观察、理化特性测定及gyrB基因同源性分析鉴定优势菌,同时通过人工感染试验、组织病理观察、毒力因子及毒力基因检测确定其致病性,并测定分离菌的耐药性和感染后河川沙塘鳢免疫相关基因表达变化。结果显示：引起河川沙塘鳢大量死亡的病原菌为杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)。代表菌株G2-4-1对河川沙塘鳢的LD₅₀为1.8×10⁶ CFU/mL;该病原菌感染可引起河川沙塘鳢肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和鳃组织出现明显的变性、坏死和炎性细胞浸润;该菌株携带aer、hly、exu等毒力基因,且具有蛋白酶、卵磷脂酶、淀粉酶、脂酶、明胶酶和溶血素活性,但不具有DNA酶活性;耐药性分析发现,分离菌G2-4-1对青霉素G、氨苄西林、苯唑西林等8种药物耐药,对克拉霉素和大观霉素2种药物中介,对恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考等24类药物敏感;免疫相关基因表达分析显示,在感染初期MHCⅡB、MyD88、TLR和SOD在鳃...     

The effects of Vibrio anguillarum extracellular products on Japanese eels

To test the effect of Vibrio anguillarum extracellular products (ECP) on Japanese eels, test fish were injected intramuscularly with ECP at a dose of 1 mg protein/100 g body weight of fish. At 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h post-injection, blood samples were collected for haematocrit, haemoglobin, and serum protein determinations and tissues were fixed in Bouin's solution. Histopathological observations 24 h post-injection revealed that the ECP caused severe damage to muscle tissue, characterized by extensive muscle liquefaction and haemorrhaging. In addition, extensive haemosiderin deposits were observed in the spleen, with lesser deposits occurring in the kidney and liver. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, and serum protein values were lower in ECP-treated fish than in the untreated controls.     

Therapeutic and prophylactic immunization against Streptococcus iniae infection in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×Morone saxatilis)

Vaccination strategies have traditionally been used as preventative or prophylactic measures against disease (prophylactic immunization) in uninfected fish. Alternatively, therapeutic or remedial measures, such as antibiotic administration, are commonly employed to treat disease in infected fish. Vaccination as a therapeutic measure (therapeutic immunization), however, has not been adequately explored in sub‐clinically infected fish. Therapeutic and prophylactic immunization with three Streptococcus iniae vaccines, formalin‐killed whole S. iniae cells (FKC vaccine), concentrated S. iniae extracellular products (greater than 2 kDa) (ECP vaccine) and a combination of killed cells and extracellular products (FKC+ECP vaccine), were tested in hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops×Morone saxatilis, previously naturally infected with S. iniae. Fish (mean weight 10.0 g) were injected intraperitoneally (IP) or intramuscularly (IM) with one of each of the vaccines, tryptic soy broth (TSB‐control) or non‐injected (non‐injected control) to evaluate therapeutic effects (Trial 1). Survivors of the natural infection and ECP and FKC+ECP vaccine immunization and another lot of non‐injected control fish were immersion challenged with 1.47 × 10⁶ CFU of S. iniae mL^?1 at 44 days post‐immunization to evaluate vaccine efficacy (Trial 2). Hybrid striped bass (1.0 g) were also IM injected with S. iniae ECP vaccine at an aquaculture facility and immersion challenged with 1.47 × 10⁶ CFU of S. iniae mL^?1 12 weeks post‐immunization (Trial 3). The ECP and FKC+ECP vaccines, regardless of injection route, significantly (P<0.001) increased survival in asymptomatic, sub‐clinically infected fish thereby providing therapeutic merit. Hybrid bass immunized IP or IM had mean per cent survival values ranging from 78 to 96 at 44 days post‐immunization (Trial 1) and 69–97 post challenge (Trial 2). Survival of fish injected with TSB or immunized with FKC vaccine was significantly lowered and ranged from 12 to 13 by IP injection and 40 to 50 by IM injection and thus, the FKC vaccine had no therapeutic effect. The survival of hybrid striped bass IM immunized with S. iniae ECP vaccine in field Trial 3 was 91 and the RPS was 83. These results demonstrate that therapeutic immunization using S. iniae ECP and FKC+ECP vaccines can control a natural S. iniae infection. Furthermore, S. iniae ECP or FKC+ECP vaccines can also be used prophylacticly to protect hybrid striped bass against subsequent pathogen challenge.     

Non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis nilotica,to the extracellular products of Mycobacterium spp. and to various adjuvants

Nile tilapia were immunized by injecting extracellular products (ECP) of Mycobacterium spp. (strain TB40, TB267 or the type strain Mycobacterium marinum) into their swim bladders. A variety of adjuvants – Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) and Titremax – were similarly injected into additional groups of tilapia. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as a control. The number of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells observed in the swim bladder of the immunized fish had significantly increased by the fourth day post-immunization. By day 8, the number of NBT-positive cells in fish immunized with ECP from mycobacteria strains TB40 or TB267 were fewer than in fish immunized with ECP from M. marinum or fish injected with FCA or FIA. The level of lysozyme activity detected in the serum of fish 4 days after being immunized with ECP from various Mycobacterium spp. was also significantly higher than that found in the serum of the control fish. Head kidney macrophages showed an enhanced reduction of NBT when cultured in vitro with 1 μg ml^–1 of ECP. Concentrations greater than this (10 or 100 μg ml^–1) were found to suppress the reduction of NBT by the macrophages.     

Characterization of extracellular products from an isolate of Vibrio harveyi recovered from diseased post-larval Penaeus vannamei (Bonne)

Vibrio harveyi recovered from diseased post-larval Penaeus vannamei produced a thermostable exotoxin, which was lethal to Dublin Bay prawns, Nephrops norvegicus L., when injected intramuscularly. The extracellular products (ECPs) concentrated from tryptone soya broth supplemented with 1% (w/v) sodium chloride or from cellophane overlays on marine 2216E agar with incubation at 15, 22 and 27 °C were toxic, with the lethal dose 50% of the crude ECPs estimated to be 4.4 μgprotein prawn^−1. Proteolytic, haemolytic and cytotoxic activities were detected, although the occurrence and quantity of these activities were influenced by cultural conditions. The ECPs which had been heated (100 °C for 10 min) or digested with protease K produced the same pathology as crude, untreated ECPs. Western blotting demonstrated that all the ECP preparations contained low molecular weight lipopolysaccharides, which may constitute the lethal toxin of V. harveyi.     

Antigenicity of Streptococcus agalactiae extracellular products and vaccine efficacy

Streptococcus agalactiae is a major bacterial pathogen that is the cause of serious economic losses in many species of freshwater, marine and estuarine fish worldwide. A highly efficacious S. agalactiae vaccine was developed using extracellular products (ECP) and formalin-killed whole cells of S. agalactiae. The vaccine efficacy following storage of S. agalactiae ECP and formalin-killed S. agalactiae cells at 4 degrees C for 1 year was determined. The stored ECP containing S. agalactiae formalin-killed cells failed to prevent morbidity and mortality among the vaccinated fish, and the relative percentage survival was 29. Serum antibody responses of the stored ECP and freshly prepared ECP against soluble whole cell extract of S. agalactiae indicated that significantly less antibody was produced in fish immunized with stored ECP and S. agalactiae cells than in those fish immunized with freshly prepared ECP and S. agalactiae cells at day 31 post-vaccination. Silver staining of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels and immunostaining of Western blots with tilapia antiserum to S. agalactiae revealed that predominant 54 and 55 kDa bands were present in the freshly prepared ECP fraction. The 55 kDa band was absent from the stored ECP and new bands below 54 kDa appeared on the Western blot. The results of this study on S. agalactiae ECP provide evidence for a correlation between protection and antibody production to ECP and for the importance of the 55 kDa ECP antigen for vaccine efficacy.     

Toxicity and immunogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products to salmonids

Abstract. Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products (ECP) were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. Three protein fractions were found. The first and second fractions showed low and high haemolytic activity, respectively, whereas the third fraction showed protcolytic activity. By intramuscular injection into juvenile rainbow trout, the median lethal doses of the first, second and third fractions were calculated at >669, 152 and <1514μg/g body weight, respectively. Cytopathic effects of the fractionated ECP to coho salmon lymphocytes were observed in vitro. The first and second fractions caused cell deformation, nuclear granulation and cytoplasmic streaming after 3h. No cytologic effects with the third fraction were observed. A mixture of the first and third fractions, a mixture of the second and third fractions, and non-fractionated ECP caused nuclear granulation and cytoplasmic streaming after 3Qmin. Using immunodiffusion analysis, the first and second fractions formed a single precipitating line each against white-spotted char anti-ECP sera, but the third fraction did not formed a precipitating line against the antisera.     

The macrophage chemotactic activity of Edwardsiella tarda extracellular products

The chemoattractant capabilities of Edwardsiella tarda extracellular products (ECP) were investigated from two isolates, the virulent FL6-60 parent and less virulent RET-04 mutant. Chemotaxis and chemokinesis were assayed in vitro using blind well chambers with peritoneal macrophages obtained from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, 5 days following squalene injection. Non-purified ECP derived from both isolates stimulated predominantly chemokinetic migration of macrophages. Additionally, the ECP were semi-purified by high pressure liquid chromatography. The FL6-60 parent ECP yielded higher molecular weight components than did the ECP from the RET-04 mutant. The chemotactic activity of the macrophages for both the FL6-60 parent and RET-04 mutant semi-purified ECP was increased over the non-purified ECP and overall migration was primarily chemotactic. Exposure to ECP derived from virulent and less virulent E. tarda isolates promoted chemokinetic movement of macrophages that may be involved in inflammatory responses of Nile tilapia to E. tarda infection.     

A study of the pathological effect of isolated Aeromonas salmonidda extracellular protease on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Abstract. A comparison was made between the effects of Aeromonas salmonidda extracellular protease and total extracellular products (ECP) following intramuscular injection into juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Thus, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.5 units of salt-free protease in 0.2 ml water were compared with ECP preparations with the same levels of proteolytic activity. The highest concentration of ECP produced a gross pathology with a large furuncular lesion 36 h after injection. The corresponding protease preparation had a lesser effect, although a furuncle was formed and tissue liquefaction was produced. These effects were less marked with reduced concentrations. At the lowest level studied, no significant effect was observed with protease alone but ECP (0.8 μg of protein) produced a small, characteristic lesion similar to that achieved with 5 units of isolated protease.