牛支原体NM2012株致病性研究

[背景]牛支原体是牛呼吸道疾病综合征的重要病因之一,可以引起牛的多种呼吸道疾病,给养殖业带来巨大的经济损失。接种疫苗是预防牛支原体感染的最有效的手段。[目的]通过人工感染牛体试验,了解牛支原体NM2012株的致病性,为后续疫苗研究提供生产用菌种。[方法]将牛支原体NM2012株第6代、第12代、第20代菌株分别经人工气管注射感染2周龄犊牛,攻毒后连续观察27 d,记录攻毒后犊牛的临床症状,在感染后第14天,从各攻毒组分别选取3头犊牛、空白对照组选取2头犊牛进行扑杀,第27天将剩余实验犊牛处死,观察肉眼病理变化和组织学病理变化。[结果]3个代次的NM2012菌株均对犊牛具有致病性,可引起比较典型的牛支原体肺炎症状和病理变化。[结论]NM2012株6-20代仍然具有对牛的致病性,可以作为今后疫苗研究的潜在菌种。     

一株牛支原体的分离鉴定及致病性初步研究

对采集到的疑似牛支原体肺炎肺组织病料进行病原的分离,并对分离株进行形态学、生化和分子生物学鉴定,结果显示成功分离获得1株牛支原体,命名为NM001。该分离株的菌落形态呈典型的“荷包蛋状”,不能发酵葡萄糖,不能水解精氨酸,不分解尿素。PCR能够扩增出牛支原体特异的P48基因条带,16S rRNA基因序列与Ningxia-1序列同源性为99.03%。将该分离株接种2头6月龄犊牛均出现明显的临床症状,剖检后胸腔中少量淡黄色渗出液,肺脏出现肉样实变。试验结果表明,分离到的牛支原体NM001株对牛具有较强的致病性,为牛支原体攻毒模型的建立奠定了基础。     

不同猪繁殖与呼吸综合征减毒活疫苗在猪体内的动态学及临床免疫效果比较

为了比较国内不同猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)弱毒疫苗的安全性和有效性,本研究将17头PRRSV抗原和抗体双阴性的28日龄仔猪随机分为4组,TJM-F92株弱毒疫苗组,JXA1-R株弱毒疫苗组,经典株弱毒疫苗(VR2332来源)组和注射生理盐水对照组。免疫后7,14,21,28d分别采血,ELISA抗体检测试剂盒检测PRRSV抗体,结果从免疫后14d起PRRSV抗体开始转阳,但各试验组的抗体水平无明显差异。对免疫后14d所采血样进行病毒分离,TJM-F92株免疫组未分离到PRRSV疫苗毒,JXA1-R株免疫组2头猪分离到PRRSV疫苗毒,经典株免疫组只1头猪分离到PRRSV疫苗毒。免疫后28d,所有猪接种PRRSV强毒株TJ株进行攻毒试验,观察各组猪的体温、临床症状;攻毒后21d,所有猪安乐死,剖检观察肺部病理变化。结果显示,TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株免疫组均未出现临床发病猪,经典株免疫组2头猪出现临床发病,对照组全部临床发病,死亡1头。经典株免疫组临床发病猪出现典型PRRSV感染肺部病理变化,而TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株免疫组均未发现典型PRRSV感染肺部病理变化。本研究证实TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株对高致病性PRRSV的免疫效果优于经典株弱毒疫苗,TJM-F92疫苗株与JXA1-R疫苗株相比,疫苗毒在体内带毒时间更短,安全性更高。     

绵羊肺炎支原体灭活疫苗的研制

绵羊肺炎支原体引起绵羊及山羊非典型肺炎,分布广泛,危害严重。本试验旨在研制绵羊肺炎支原体灭活疫苗。采用改良Thiaucourt's培养基对绵羊肺炎支原体临床分离株SC02进行培养,收集生长滴度达10⁹ CCU/mL的培养物,浓缩20倍后灭活,制备油佐剂疫苗。选择绵羊肺炎支原体抗体阴性的6月龄健康山羊经颈部皮下接种该疫苗5.0 mL/只(2×10¹⁰ CCU/mL),免疫后21 d,试验组与对照组山羊经气管接种绵羊肺炎支原体强毒Y98株5.0 mL/只(≥2×10¹⁰ CCU/mL),测量体温、观察临床症状,并于攻毒后30 d剖检,观察肺脏病理变化。结果表明,试验组5只山羊均获得免疫保护,全部精神状况良好,临诊和剖检均未见异常;对照组5只山羊出现咳嗽、发热、流鼻涕等症状,剖杀后见肺脏组织有典型的肺炎病理变化。本研究结果表明,该疫苗对山羊有良好的免疫保护作用。     

山羊副流感病毒3型人工感染山羊的致病性

为了明确新分离的山羊副流感病毒3型(CPIV3)JS2013株的致病性,本试验采用动物感染试验的方式研究该病毒在本属动物体内的复制、排毒以及组织病理损伤等情况。通过病毒血症、临床症状、病理组织学检测、HI抗体及中和抗体检测综合分析病毒对山羊的致病性。结果表明,攻毒后的山羊出现以喷嚏、咳嗽、流鼻涕、眼分泌物增多以及呼吸困难为主的临床症状;攻毒后1d即可检出病毒血症,持续到攻毒后7d,且从攻毒后1~7d可以从鼻拭子中检测到排毒。剖检观察攻毒组山羊肺组织出现增生实变、肿大,组织病理学检测发现肺组织出现肺泡间隔增宽、肺泡结构消失、炎性细胞浸润等变化。HI和中和试验表明,山羊感染后7d开始出现血凝抑制抗体,14d出现中和抗体,并持续升高至28d。以上结果证实CPIV3JS2013株对山羊具有较强的致病性,为后续研究奠定基础。     

PRRSV变异株活疫苗和灭活疫苗免疫特性的研究

为进一步研究猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株疫苗的免疫机理和明确PRRSV变异株活疫苗和灭活疫苗各自的免疫特性,本实验分别采用PRRSV变异株(HuN4)活疫苗和PRRSV变异株(JXA1)灭活苗免疫PRRSV抗原和抗体阴性的健康断奶仔猪,免疫后21d用PRRSV变异株HuN4强毒攻毒,ELISA方法检测血清中PRRSV特异的抗体水平及TNF-α、IFN-α、IL-1、IL-6和CRP细胞因子水平,荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测病毒血症的发生和持续情况,并取主要器官进行病理组织学观察。结果表明:HuN4活疫苗组免疫后14d便可检测到PRRSV特异性抗体,攻毒后5d各细胞因子水平升高,攻毒后21d病毒血症完全消失,免疫后各器官没有明显病理变化,攻毒后临床症状和各组织器官病理变化轻微;JXA1株灭活苗组免疫期间没有检测到PRRSV特异性抗体,攻毒后5d～9d各细胞因子水平升高,攻毒后病毒血症持续存在,免疫后各器官有轻微病理变化,攻毒后临床症状和各组织器官病理变化比HuN4活疫苗组严重,但比对照组明显减轻。本实验表明,HuN4活疫苗能够快速有效的激发机体的体液免疫反应,在抵抗PRRSV变异株HuN4强毒攻毒时,临床症状明显优于JXA1灭活苗。     

一株猪肺炎支原体HN0613株的分离鉴定

采集疑似猪支原体肺炎病理变化的肺脏,经Friis液体、固体培养基培养、纯化,PCR、测序分析、生化鉴定、生长抑制、代谢抑制和致病性试验证实分离获得一株猪肺炎支原体菌株,命名为HN0613.该菌株能适应人工培养基的培养,且传代生长良好,液体培养基中培养达108 CCU/mL;菌株有较强的毒力,可作为疫苗候选株进一步研究.该菌株的分离鉴定为研制猪支原体肺炎灭活疫苗奠定了基础.     

一株猪肺炎支原体的分离鉴定

从全国部分猪场采集到疑似猪支原体肺炎肺组织病料12份,提取DNA进行猪肺炎支原体PCR和多重PCR检测,将病料研磨后分离猪肺炎支原体,最终分离到1株疑似猪肺炎支原体;通过测序分析、形态观察、生化试验、血清学试验证实其为猪肺炎支原体。该菌株能适应人工培养基的培养,且传代生长良好,液体培养基中培养活菌滴度达109CCU/m L;菌株有一定的致病性,免疫原性好,可作为疫苗备用菌株,该菌株的分离鉴定为研制猪支原体肺炎疫苗奠定了基础。     

短肽佐剂对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒弱毒疫苗CH-1R株的免疫增强作用研究

为评价一种短肽佐剂对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV) CH-1R弱毒疫苗的免疫增强效果,本研究分别采用CH-1R疫苗株单独(单独免疫组)、CH-1R疫苗株与短肽佐剂共同(共同免疫组)及生理盐水(对照组)免疫仔猪,4周后以高致病性PRRSV (HP-PRRSV)TJ-F5攻毒,并采用流式细胞术对攻毒前后淋巴细胞亚类T、Th、Tc及NK进行绝对和相对计数.结果显示攻毒后共同免疫组仅在第3d淋巴细胞亚类数量显著下降后回升,28 dTc/T显著高于单独免疫组,临床症状和各组织器官病理变化轻微;单独免疫组在攻毒后第3d淋巴细胞亚类数量显著下降后回升,之后于第14和15d再次显著下降后又回升,临床症状和各组织器官病理变化比共同免疫组严重,但比对照组明显减轻.单独免疫组、共同免疫组及对照组的攻毒保护率分别为40％、80％、0.研究结果表明,短肽佐剂配合CH-1R弱毒疫苗具有缓解HP-PRRSV T J-F5的免疫抑制、增强细胞免疫及提高免疫保护力的作用;在抵抗HP-PRRSVT J-F5攻击时,共同免疫组的免疫保护力明显高于单独免疫组.     

不同厂家猪肺炎支原体灭活疫苗免疫效力对比实验

本研究旨在评价不同厂家猪肺炎支原体灭活疫苗的免疫攻毒保护效果。选择4周龄仔猪25头,随机分为5组,每组5头猪,分别免疫四种猪肺炎支原体灭活疫苗（即疫苗A组、疫苗B组、疫苗C组、疫苗D组）,E组为攻毒对照组,不做任何处理,在同等条件下隔离饲养。各疫苗按照对应的说明书进行免疫,免疫后第14、28天进行采血,检测支原体抗体水平,一免后28 d时,所有免疫组连同攻毒对照组,各气管注射猪肺炎支原体CJ株5 m L/头（含0.01 g肺组织毒）。攻毒后饲养观察28 d,对所有实验组动物进行观察临床症状。A组实验动物攻毒后未出现咳嗽、腹式呼吸等支原体临床症状,B-D组实验猪攻毒后偶尔出现轻微间隔性咳嗽,E组实验动物攻毒后出现连续性咳嗽,个别猪出现腹式呼吸等临床症状。攻毒后第28天进行病理剖检。结果表明,攻毒对照组猪4/5头出现典型猪肺炎支原体病变,在肺脏尖叶、心叶、膈叶前1/3部位以及中间叶,出现“肉样”或“胰样”实质样病变,界限明显。B～D组解剖后个别猪出现典型猪肺炎支原体病变,A组实验动物解剖后个别猪肺脏出现零星病变,剩余实验动物肺脏均未出现猪肺炎支原体病变。根据肺部病变较少率计算,A～D组病变...     

牛支原体新疆株的分离鉴定

为调查新疆规模化奶牛场病牛死亡原因并确定病原,本研究无菌采集7份肺炎病死牛病变肺组织样,通过牛支原体液体培养基和固体培养基分离到1株支原体,采用形态学观察和生化试验鉴定该分离株,采用支原体特异性引物和牛支原体16S rRNA通用引物扩增基因序列并测序,使用DNAStar软件将分离菌株测序结果与GenBank中的标准株序列进行同源性比对,采用Mega 6.0软件中的邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)依据16S rRNA序列构建分离株系统进化树。结果显示,分离株菌落呈典型的"煎蛋样",菌落中心凹陷深入培养基,周边菲薄而透明,经Dienes染液染色后,菌落中心呈深蓝色。该分离株不分解葡萄糖、尿素、不水解精氨酸,血细胞吸附试验和溶血试验均呈阴性,氯化三苯基四氮唑还原反应呈阳性,产生膜和斑。PCR反应扩增出大小为1 911 bp的牛支原体特异性目的片段;分离株16S rRNA基因序列与牛支原体标准株PG45的序列同源性为99.8%,与牛支原体地方株(Mb NM2012、Mb HB0801、Mb Hubei-1、Mb Ningxia-1、Mb CQ-W70和Mb 08M)的同源性为99.3%～99.7%。系统进化树显示,分离株16S rRNA基因与Mb Ningxia-1株和Mb 08M株亲缘关系较近,处于同一分支。本研究结果证实了引起病牛死亡的病原为牛支原体,为新疆牛支原体病的防治提供了科学依据。     

致犊牛肺炎牛支原体南疆株的分离鉴定及oppF基因序列分析

本研究旨在调查新疆喀什某规模化奶牛场的犊牛死亡原因,并确定病原体.无菌采集3份因肺炎死亡的犊牛肺脏病料样品.采用牛支原体专用液体培养基和1.0%牛支原体琼脂固体筛选培养基从3份病死犊牛肺脏病料中分离得到2株牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis,M.bovis),分别命名为M.bovis-NJ-1和M.bovis-NJ-2.通过菌落形态学观察、特异性PCR和oppF测序比对对分离株进行鉴定.结果显示,2个分离株在固体培养基上的菌落呈现典型的"煎蛋状",且Dienes染色特点符合牛支原体菌落着色特征,中心呈深蓝色;PCR能扩增出牛支原体特异的448 bp目的片段;2个分离株的oppF基因序列与牛支原体国际标准株PG45的同源性分别为96.7%和95.3%.结果表明,引起犊牛发病死亡的病原是牛支原体,本研究为犊牛支原体肺炎的快速诊断和防制提供依据.     

Comparative infectivity for axenic and specific-pathogen-free chickens of O2 Escherichia coli strains with or without virulence factors

Adhesion to epithelial respiratory cells, iron acquisition, and production of K1 polysaccharide capsules have been proposed as potential virulence factors of avian Escherichia coli. These factors were studied by inoculating groups of axenic or specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens intratracheally with O2 E. coli strains after previous challenge with a wild strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In all experiments, the association between IBV and an E. coli strain endowed with the three virulence factors previously mentioned resulted in the most severe pathological effects, as measured by mortality, weight gains, lesions, and reisolation of E. coli from internal organs. An E. coli strain devoid of virulence factors was able only to induce mild pathological effects restricted to the respiratory tract when combined with IBV. Both E. coli strains were more invasive in axenic chickens than in SPF chickens. These results confirm the probable involvement of the three factors studied in the pathogenic properties of avian E. coli. This model can be used to assess the role of virulence factors, by comparing pairs of positive and negative isogenic strains.     

Efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease associated with induced Mycoplasma bovis infections in young dairy calves

The efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) due to Mycoplasma bovis was determined following experimental infection. Two highly pathogenic strains of M. bovis (with minimum inhibitory concentration values for tulathromycin of 1 and >64 microg/ml) were inoculated into 145 calves. Four days after inoculation, calves with clinical BRD were treated subcutaneously with saline or tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg). Compared with saline, BRD-related withdrawals, peak rectal temperatures, and lung lesion scores were significantly lower for tulathromycin-treated calves (P < .01). Tulathromycin was highly effective in the treatment of BRD due to M. bovis in calves regardless of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the challenge strain (1 or >64 microg/ml).     

Adherence to various host cell lines of Mycoplasma bovis strains differing in pathogenic and cultural features

Mycoplasma bovis is known to be responsible for pneumonia and arthritis in calves, as well as mastitis in dairy cows. Despite clear evidence of its pathogenic potential, little is known about mechanisms of cytadherence and the molecular factors involved. The purpose of this work was to compare adherence rates of M. bovis field strains to different host cell lines and study the effects of cloning and sub-culturing M. bovis strains on their adherence properties. Eighteen metabolically labeled M. bovis strains isolated from different pathological backgrounds were examined in adherence trials using four different host cell lines, i.e. embryonic bovine lung (EBL), embryonic bovine trachea (EBTr), Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) and rabbit kidney (RK) cells. Although large interstrain variations in adherence rates (3.4-19.1%) were measured they could not be correlated to the pathological background (pneumonia, arthritis or mastitis). Adherence rates to the fibroblast cell line (EBTr) were significantly lower than those to the three epithelial cell lines (EBL, MDBK and RK). The only non-pathogenic strain (221/89) exhibited lower adherence rates than three isolates from clinical mastitis. Interestingly, adherence rates were significantly reduced after in vitro passaging. In contrast, no effect of single cloning of strains on adherence was observed. There was no general correlation between expression of variable surface proteins (Vsps) as monitored by immunoblotting and adherence rates, although alterations in Vsp expression profiles were seen as a consequence of passaging. As there is probably a large number of adhesins, variable and non-variable, on the surface of M. bovis cells the issue is very complex, and the most active components have yet to be identified.     

Reproducible pneumonia in gnotobiotic piglets induced with broth cultures of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and the effect of animal passage on virulence

The virulence of a laboratory adapted culture of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain NB12 was determined in three- to five-day-old gnotobiotic piglets. Intranasal inoculation or exposure to an aerosol of the culture caused low incidences of pneumonia in the piglets. Passage of M hyopneumoniae strain NB12 in gnotobiotic piglets resulted in a rapid increase in virulence. After only three in vivo passages, severe pneumonia involving most lobes of the lung developed in all inoculated piglets within three and a half weeks. All 49 piglets inoculated with the piglet-passaged NB12 strain in nine subsequent experiments developed pneumonia but the extent of the pneumonic lesions varied considerably from piglet to piglet. The histopathology of the lung lesions was similar to that reported as being induced by other strains of M hyopneumoniae in gnotobiotic piglets and resembled that seen previously in conventionally reared neonatal piglets inoculated with homogenised lung from pigs with enzootic pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia caused by milk inhalation occurred in some piglets. The pneumonia induced with the piglet-passaged NB12 strain was judged to be suitable for the study of porcine enzootic pneumonia or for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents.     

牛呼吸道疾病综合征病例的病原分析

本试验旨在查清广西某牛场1起牛呼吸道疾病综合征(BRDC)病例的病原,指导牛场进行疾病防控。采取现场调查、临床症状与病理变化、病原分离鉴定等方法对病例病原进行分析,根据病原药敏试验结果进行治疗。从病例的肺脏组织中分离到1株支原体和1株革兰氏阴性致病杆菌。支原体分离株在PPLO固体培养基上可见典型的"煎蛋样"菌落,PCR扩增出牛支原体oppF基因特异性的448 bp目的片段,其oppF基因序列与美国分离的牛支原体国际标准株PG45的核苷酸序列同源性为98.4%。革兰氏阴性细菌分离株生化特性符合黏质沙雷氏菌特性,其16S rRNA基因PCR扩增出1 400 bp的目的片段,测序结果与GenBank上登录的黏质沙雷氏菌的核苷酸序列同源性达到99.0%,对小鼠具有致病性。牛支原体和黏质沙雷氏菌分离株均对壮观霉素、阿奇霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素和新霉素高度敏感,用高敏药物壮观霉素联合地塞米松等相关措施进行治疗,收到良好效果。结果表明,引起这次牛呼吸道疾病综合征的病原为牛支原体和黏质沙雷氏菌。     

Mycoplasma hyorhinis in Taiwan: diagnosis and isolation of swine pneumonia pathogen

This study attempted to determine whether one multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an effective adjunct method for diagnosing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection, and whether M. hyorhinis should be considered as an enzootic pneumonia or porcine respiratory disease complex pathogen in Taiwan. To our knowledge, this study is the first to isolate and identify M. hyorhinis as a porcine pathogen in Taiwan. A novel isolation method and a multiplex PCR test were applied to detect and isolate M. hyorhinis. The correlation of M. hyorhinis with swine pneumonia was also examined using a challenge test. Based on weight, 18 pigs were assigned to three groups and housed throughout the study in a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) facility and provided with aseptic feed and water. Groups 1 (n=6) and 2 (n=6) were challenged with 5mL M. hyorhinis culture via tracheal intubation on day 1. The M. hyorhinis strains ATIT-1, -3, and-7 were used to infect group 1 and the strain ATCC 27717 was used for group 2. Culture medium was replaced by phosphate-buffered saline in group 3 (n=6). All pigs were slaughtered on day 28, and their lungs were removed for examination of lesions. Of the six pigs in group 1 challenged with wild-type strains, two had typical mycoplasma pneumonia lesions. No gross lung lesions were observed in groups 2 and 3. Although further examination is necessary to confirm that wild-type strains can cause pneumonia, it appears that M. hyopneumoniae is no longer the only mycoplasma pathogen implicated in the diagnosis of swine enzootic pneumonia (SEP).