Genetic diversity of Bangladeshi native chickens based on complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of this study was to explore genetic diversity and possible origin of Bangladeshi (BD) native chickens. The complete mtDNA D-loop region was sequenced in 60 chickens representing five populations; naked neck, full feathered, Aseel, Hilly and autosomal dwarf. The 61 reference sequences representing different domestic chicken clades in China, India, Laos, Indonesia, Myanmar, and other Eurasian regions were included. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of five BD populations were analysed.

2. A total of 35 polymorphic sites, and 21 haplotypes were detected in 60 mtDNA D-loop sequences. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the five populations were 0.921 ± 0.018 and 0.0061 ± 0.0019, respectively. Both mtDNA network and phylogenetic analysis indicated four clades (four haplogroups) in BD populations (21 haplotypes) along with 61 reference haplotypes. Clade E contained the most individuals (20) and haplotypes (11) of BD chickens, followed by clade D (17, 6), clade C (12, 2) and clade F (11, 2), respectively.

3. The higher number of unique haplotypes found in Yunnan, China, suggested that the origin of BD chickens was in this region. The haplotypes from different haplogroups were introduced in Bangladeshi chickens from India, China and Myanmar. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship of BD chickens with the clusters from India, China, Myanmar and Laos, and indicated the dispersion of BD chickens from these sources. The phylogenetic information revealed high genetic diversity of BD chickens because of their origin from different lineages with high genetic variation and distance, which was determined from four cluster and neighbour-joining trees.

4. In conclusion, BD populations had high genetic diversity. The mtDNA network profiles and phylogenetic trees showed multiple maternal origins of BD chickens from India, China, Myanmar and Laos.     

Mitochondrial DNA variation of indigenous goats in Narok and Isiolo counties of Kenya

Phylogenetic relationships among and genetic variability within 60 goats from two different indigenous breeds in Narok and Isiolo counties in Kenya and 22 published goat samples were analysed using mitochondrial control region sequences. The results showed that there were 54 polymorphic sites in a 481‐bp sequence and 29 haplotypes were determined. The mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.981 ± 0.006 and 0.019 ± 0.001, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis in combination with goat haplogroup reference sequences from GenBank showed that all goat sequences were clustered into two haplogroups (A and G), of which haplogroup A was the commonest in the two populations. A very high percentage (99.90%) of the genetic variation was distributed within the regions, and a smaller percentage (0.10%) distributed among regions as revealed by the analysis of molecular variance (amova ). This amova results showed that the divergence between regions was not statistically significant. We concluded that the high levels of intrapopulation diversity in Isiolo and Narok goats and the weak phylogeographic structuring suggested that there existed strong gene flow among goat populations probably caused by extensive transportation of goats in history.     

Investigation of the genetic diversity among native Turkish sheep breeds using mtDNA polymorphisms

A total of 135 unrelated sheep from nine Turkish native sheep breeds (Dagl?c, Kivircik, Imroz, Chios, Morkaraman, Ivesi, Hemsin, Karayaka and Akkaraman) were investigated to determinate the maternal genetic diversity using a sequence of a 531-bp segment of the mtDNA control region. Analysis of the mtDNA control region sequence revealed 63 haplotypes and 53 polymorphic sites. Haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and the average number of nucleotide differences were estimated to be 0.9496?±?0.011, 0.01407?±?0.00060 and 7.456, respectively. The sequence analysis also revealed high level of genetic diversity among the native Turkish breeds. These breeds were grouped into three major maternal haplogroups: A, B and C, with one animal belonging from the Akkaraman breed to the rare haplogroup E. Irregular shape of mismatch distribution of haplogroup C could be an indicator that haplogroup C may represent different haplogroups. Contrarily to previous studies carried out on Turkish native breeds, majority of animals grouped in haplogroup A in the present study. This result and the irregular shape of mismatch curve of haplogroup C indicate that genetic structure of Turkish native sheep breeds could be more complicated than it is thought.     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity,origin, and phylogenic relationships of three Chinese large-fat-tailed sheep breeds

China is abundant of sheep genetic resources. A total of 55 sequences containing the Ovis aries mtDNA D-loop of three large-fat-tailed sheep breeds, named Lanzhou, Tong, and Han were retrieved from GenBank to investigate their genetic diversity, origin, and phylogenetic evolution. The results showed that the sheep breeds in our study proved to be extremely diverse, the average haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.987 ± 0.006 and 0.03956 ± 0.00206, respectively. The 55 sequences gave 39 different haplotypes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that there were three distinct mtDNA haplogroups: A, B, and C, in which haplogroup A was predominant and had experienced population expansion events. Clustering analysis showed that the large-fat-tailed sheep breeds clustered into one group and were closely related to the Mongolian sheep and then European mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon). The results contribute to the knowledge of Chinese sheep breeds and the plan of conservation programs on large-fat-tailed sheep.     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity and the origin of Chinese indigenous sheep

Large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences data from previous studies were investigated to obtain genetic information which contributes to a better understanding of the genetic diversity and history of modern sheep. In this study, we analyzed mtDNA D-loop sequences of 963 individuals from 16 Chinese indigenous breeds that distributed seven geographic regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all three previously defined haplogroups A, B, and C were found in all breeds among different regions except in Southwest China mountainous region, which had only the A and B haplogroups. The weak phylogeographic structure was observed among Chinese indigenous sheep breeds distribution regions and this could be attributable to long-term strong gene flow among regions induced by the human migration, commercial trade, and extensive transport of sheep. The estimation of demographic parameters from mismatch analyses showed that haplogroups A and B had at least one demographic expansion of indigenous sheep in China.     

野牦牛及青海地方牦牛品种全线粒体基因组母系遗传多样性、分化及系统发育分析

旨在从分子水平上探究野牦牛及青海地方牦牛品种的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构、亲缘关系和遗传背景。本研究在测定青海省4个地方牦牛品种(即青海高原、环湖、雪多和玉树牦牛)22条全线粒体基因组(Mitogenome)序列的基础上,从GenBank下载了已公布的野牦牛及上述4个地方牦牛品种的142条相应序列,使用BioEdit 7.2.5、Arlequin 3.11和Network 10.1等软件对共计164条线粒体基因组序列进行综合分析。结果显示：1)根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了115种单倍型,其中野牦牛和青海地方牦牛品种分别拥有22种和93种单倍型;在野牦牛和青海高原、环湖、雪多、玉树牦牛中分别检测到22、26、18、23、19种特有的单倍型。遗传多样性分析显示,野牦牛单倍型多样度最高(0.992 8±0.014 4),且高于4个青海地方牦牛品种的单倍型多样度(0.973 1±0.007 7);4个青海地方牦牛品种单倍型多样度大小依次为：雪多牦牛(0.988 5±0.012 6)、玉树牦牛(0.975 8±0.018 7)、青海高原牦牛(0.973 0±0.016 6)和环湖牦牛(0.939 3±0.027 8)。2)野牦牛与环湖牦牛之间的固定分化指数值(F_ST值)最大(0.041 2),分化程度最高,而与玉树牦牛间的F_ST值最小(-0.008 8),分化程度最低。青海4个地方牦牛品种中,雪多牦牛与青海高原牦牛之间F_ST值最大(0.035 8),分化程度最高,而雪多牦牛与环湖牦牛间F_ST值最小(0.011 2),分化程度最低。3)聚类分析显示,4个青海地方牦牛品种各自为1类,存在明显的母系遗传差异。相比而言,环湖牦牛和雪多牦牛聚类较近,青海高原牦牛和玉树牦牛聚类较近,而野牦牛与玉树牦牛聚类关系更近,各品种(群体)间的聚类结果与其分化程度、地理分布一致。4)系统发育分析表明,115种单倍型分布在3个大的母系遗传分支(即Mt-Ⅰ、Mt-Ⅱ和Mt-Ⅲ),其中Mt-Ⅰ支系所占比例为72.17%,由A、B、E和F 4种单倍型组构成;Mt-Ⅱ支系包括C、D和H 3种单倍型组,占26.09%;而Mt-Ⅲ支系只包含G单倍型组,由雪多牦牛和野牦牛所拥有,所占比例为1.74%,提示牦牛有3个母系起源。综上所述,野牦牛和青海4个地方牦牛品种均具有丰富的母系遗传多样性,其多样性水平由高到低依次为野牦牛、雪多牦牛、玉树牦牛、青海高原牦牛和环湖牦牛。青海4个地方牦牛品种间及与野牦牛间的遗传分化程度均较弱,但各自拥有特有的母系遗传信息,存在明显的母系遗传差异。野牦牛和青海家牦牛品种由3个母系支系组成,推测牦牛有3个母系起源。     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity of Anatolian indigenous domestic goats

Anatolia has been an important region for civilizations and agricultural revolution as a major domestication centre for livestock species. Goats (Capra hircus) were among the earliest domesticated animals in this region. In this study, genetic diversity of Anatolian goat breeds was characterized by comparison of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region 1. A total of 295 individuals, including 99 Anatolian Black goats, 96 Angora goats and 100 Kilis goats, were used. Haplogroup A was found to be the dominant haplogroup in all three breeds. The highest haplogroup diversity, including haplogroups A, B2, C and G, was observed in the Anatolian Black breed. Haplogroup D was only observed in Kilis and Angora goats. Haplogroup G was found in Angora and Anatolian Black breeds. The Anatolian goat breeds had high genetic diversity values and a weak phylogeographical structure. The nucleotide diversity values were found to be higher than those in previously studied goat breeds. The fact that Anatolia is a domestication centre and its geographical position as a junction of trade routes may have caused the higher genetic diversity of Anatolian goat breeds.     

Genetic diversity of mtDNA D-loop sequences in four native Chinese chicken breeds

1. To explore the genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous chicken breeds, a 585 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region was sequenced in 102 birds from the Xichuan black-bone chicken, Yunyang black-bone chicken and Lushi chicken. In addition, 30 mtDNA D-loop sequences of Silkie fowls were downloaded from NCBI. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of 4 chicken breeds were analysed in this study.

2. The results showed that a total of 33 mutation sites and 28 haplotypes were detected in the 4 chicken breeds. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of these 4 native breeds were 0.916 ± 0.014 and 0.012 ± 0.002, respectively. Three clusters were formed in 4 Chinese native chickens and 12 reference breeds. Both the Xichuan black-bone chicken and Yunyang black-bone chicken were grouped into one cluster. Four haplogroups (A, B, C and E) emerged in the median-joining network in these breeds.

3. It was concluded that these 4 Chinese chicken breeds had high genetic diversity. The phylogenetic tree and median network profiles showed that Chinese native chickens and its neighbouring countries had at least two maternal origins, one from Yunnan, China and another from Southeast Asia or its surrounding area.     

Genetic diversity of Chinese domestic goat based on the mitochondrial DNA sequence variation

The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of domestic goat in China. For this purpose, we determined the sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 72 individuals of the Yangtze River delta white goat, and reanalysed 723 published samples from 31 breeds/populations across China. All goat haplotypes were classified into four haplogroups (A–D) previously described. The phylogenetic pattern that emerged from the mtDNA control region sequence was confirmed by the analysis of the entire cytochrome b sequence of eight goats representative of the four haplogroups. It appeared that in Chinese domestic goat, haplogroups A and B were dominant and distributed in nearly all breeds/populations, while haplogroups C and D were only found in seven breeds/populations. Four breeds/populations contained all four haplogroups. When grouping the breeds/populations into five geographic groups based on their geographic distributions and ecological conditions, the southern pasturing area had the highest diversity whereas the northern farming area had the lowest diversity. 84.29% and 11.37% of the genetic variation were distributed within breeds and among breeds within the ecologically geographical areas, respectively; only 4% of genetic variation was observed among the five geographic areas. We speculate that the traditional seasonal pastoralism, the annual long-distance migrations that occurred in the past, and the commercial trade would account for the observed pattern by having favoured gene flows.     

湘西黄牛Y-SNPs遗传多样性研究

[目的]通过Y-SNP分子标记方法研究湘西黄牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序与生物信息学方法,对24头湘西黄牛的2个Y-SNPs(UTY-19和ZFY-10)标记进行多态性分析。[结果]结果表明,湘西黄牛有Y1和Y3两种单倍型组,频率分别为12.5%和87.5%,表明湘西黄牛可能有普通牛和瘤牛2个父系起源。湘西黄牛的Y-SNP遗传多样度为0.2283±0.0978,表明湘西黄牛具有较低的父系遗传多样性,品种纯度较高。[结论]湘西黄牛的父系起源为瘤牛Y3单倍型组,其Y1单倍型组为国外肉牛杂交所致。     

应用系统进化方法评估徐海鸡遗传资源

利用简化基因组SNPs数据分析徐海鸡及周边地方鸡种遗传多样性,为徐海鸡的保护和利用提供支持。收集徐海鸡等13个地方鸡种血液样品,提取基因组DNA,应用简化基因组测序技术进行SNP分型,获取群体遗传学参数,并以邻接法、最大似然法、贝叶斯法构建系统进化树。结果显示:徐海鸡基因组SNPs观测杂合度为0.18,期望杂合度为0.28,在受试地方鸡种中品种内遗传多样性属于中等程度。Mantel测试表明遗传距离与地理距离呈现正相关(P<0.05)。系统进化树显示多数地方鸡种间存在明显界限。研究表明:徐海鸡独立成枝,与其它地方鸡种存在遗传上差别;地方鸡种之间存在有限的基因流;与最大似然法、贝叶斯法相比,邻接法更适合利用简化基因组数据构建系统进化树。     

Mitochondrial DNA D‐loop haplogroup contributions to the genetic diversity of East European domestic chickens from Russia

To elucidate geographical and historical aspects of chicken dispersal across Eastern Europe, we analysed the complete mitochondrial DNA D‐loop sequence of 86 representatives from chicken breeds traditionally raised in the territory of the East European Plain (Orloff, Pavlov, Russian White, Yurlov Crower, Uzbek Game and Naked Neck). From the 1231–1232 bp D‐loop sequence, 35 variable sites that defined 22 haplotypes were identified in modern chicken. All populations, except Uzbek Game, exhibited high values of haplotype and nucleotide diversity suggesting a wide variation in maternal diversity. Inclusion of mtDNA sequences from other European and Asian countries revealed representatives from this study belonging to haplogroups A, E1 and C1. We also assessed fossil chicken material dated to the 9th–18th century from archaeological sites in Northern and Eastern Europe. Three haplotypes found in the fossil specimens belonged to haplogroup E1, while one sample dated to the 18th century was assigned to the C1 haplogroup. This is the first report of the occurrence of the C1 haplogroup in European chicken populations prior to the 20th century based on the fossil material. These results provide evidence for a relatively recent introduction of all haplotypes other than E1 into the East European chicken gene pool with the significant impact of the C1 haplogroup mainly distributed in Southern China.     

Low mitochondrial DNA diversity of Japanese Polled and Kuchinoshima feral cattle

This study aims to estimate the mitochondrial genetic diversity and structure of Japanese Polled and Kuchinoshima feral cattle, which are maintained in small populations. We determined the mitochondrial DMA (mtDNA) displacement loop (D‐loop) sequences for both cattle populations and analyzed these in conjunction with previously published data from Northeast Asian cattle populations. Our findings showed that Japanese native cattle have a predominant, Asian‐specific mtDNA haplogroup T4 with high frequencies (0.43–0.81). This excluded Kuchinoshima cattle (32 animals), which had only one mtDNA haplotype belonging to the haplogroup T3. Japanese Polled showed relatively lower mtDNA diversity in the average sequence divergence (0.0020) than other Wagyu breeds (0.0036–0.0047). Japanese Polled have been maintained in a limited area of Yamaguchi, and the population size is now less than 200. Therefore, low mtDNA diversity in the Japanese Polled could be explained by the decreasing population size in the last three decades. We found low mtDNA diversity in both Japanese Polled and Kuchinoshima cattle. The genetic information obtained in this study will be useful for maintaining these populations and for understanding the origin of Japanese native cattle.     

基于全基因组SNP标记分析中国地方鸡品种的遗传多样性和种群结构

旨在对中国地方鸡品种的遗传多样性与种群结构进行分析。本研究使用Affymetrix Axiom 600K高密度鸡基因分型芯片对来自8个品种的157只地方鸡及233只商品鸡进行基因分型,以品种作为分组来计算各分组的观测杂合度、期望杂合度、次等位基因频率、近交系数及核苷酸多样性分析地方鸡群体的遗传多样性,利用进化树、主成分分析、群体结构、MDS等方法分析鸡群体的群体结构,基于状态同源(IBS)和群体分化系数(Fst)分析种群内部与种群之间的亲缘关系,利用长纯合片段(runs of homozygosity, ROH)估算得到基于ROH的近交系数。结果表明,各群体的观测杂合度均高于期望杂合度,次等位基因频率在0.175～0.236之间,近交系数在0.018～0.205之间,核苷酸多样性在0～6×10^-4之间,进化树与主成分分析表明品种间出现了明显的群体分化,地方鸡群体与商品鸡群的MDS分析发现我国地方鸡与商业肉鸡品种的遗传距离较近;IBS遗传距离在0.092 9～0.319 9之间;各品种成对Fst分析表明,群体间呈现中高分化程度(0.09～0.22);此次分析共得到了...     

Maternal origins,population structure and demographic history of ten Chinese indigenous goat breeds from Yunnan

Yunnan as a frontier zone that connects China with South and Southeast Asia, has 11 well‐recognized goat breeds. However, the knowledge about maternal origins, population structure and demographic history of Chinese indigenous goats from Yunnan is limited. In this study, we analysed a 481‐bp fragment of first hypervariable segment (HVSI) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 749 individuals from 10 Yunnan indigenous goat breeds, of which 556 sequences were newly determined. There were 110 polymorphic sites that defined 158 haplotypes among all sequences. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of these breeds ranged from 0.782 ± 0.079 to 0.982 ± 0.015 and from 0.028 ± 0.003 to 0.043 ± 0.005, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis identified two lineages A and B, of which the lineage A had higher frequency (68.1%) and distributed in all Yunnan breeds. We combined previously reported sequences with our sequences belonging to the lineage B and detected two subclades B1 and B2, in which the B1 subclade shared individuals from Eastern Asia, Southeast Asia and Southern Asia. Given higher level of diversity and more unique haplotypes, the B2 subclade probably originated from Southwestern China. The haplotype network, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and a Mantel test revealed no significant phylogeographic structuring among Yunnan goat breeds. This can be explained by high gene flow and genetic admixture among these breeds from different geographic regions in Yunnan. Additionally, both the lineages A and B reflected different demographic histories. This study will provide a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of Yunnan indigenous goats.     

Genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous goat breeds based on microsatellite markers

Eighteen microsatellites were used to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation of eight Chinese indigenous goat breeds. The results indicated that there is a significant difference of genetic diversity between different loci. Chinese indigenous goat breeds have similar genetic diversity to other Asian goats, but with lower Fst. The clustering of individuals and populations showed that Chinese indigenous goat breeds might have originated from two ancestral populations. The genetic differentiation between populations is consistent with the results of archaeology, mtDNA and RAPD.     

Genetic phylogeography and maternal lineages of 18 Chinese black goat breeds

To understand the origin and genetic phylogeography of Chinese black goats, variations of mitochondrial DNA were characterised with 394 goats from 18 breeds, including 91 new individuals from regions poorly studied until now. Comparison of a 481-bp segment revealed a total of 192 haplotypes with 141 variable sites. The haplotype and nucleotide diversities ranged from 0.782?±?0.079 to 1.000?±?0.020 and from 0.009?±?0.001 to 0.045?±?0.006, respectively, indicating a relatively high genetic diversity in Chinese black goats. Phylogenetic analyses identified five haplogroups (A, B₁, B₂, C and D). The dominant haplogroups A, B₁ and B₂ were distributed in most of breeds, while the haplogroups C and D were only presented in the breeds located in north or northwest of China. Analysis of molecular variance and multidimensional scaling plot of F _ST analyses indicated no obvious geographic structure among breeds. Furthermore, the migration rates revealed that a wide range of gene flow or gene exchange occurred among breeds, which may result in the weak geographic structure of Chinese black goats. Population expansion analysis based on mismatch distribution indicated that two expansion events in Chinese black goats occurred at 10 and 28 mutational time units. Finally, our findings indicate the multiple maternal origins of Chinese black goats and more gene flow (female-mediated) which occurred during their domestic and breeding histories.     

Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Seven Chinese Indigenous Chicken Populations in Guizhou Province

To investigate the population structure and genetic diversity of indigenous chicken breeds in Guizhou, a total of 150 individual samples were collected from 12 breeds, including seven local chicken breeds in Guizhou Province, three Chinese native breeds found in other provinces, and two commercial breeds. The genotype datasets were obtained using a 50K single nucleotide polymorphism array method, and then a series of population analyses were performed. The obtained population parameters and linkage disequilibrium decay indicated a higher degree of genetic diversity in Guizhou chickens than in commercial breeds. Two Guizhou local breeds, Wumeng black-bone and Weining, were clustered with a breed from a neighboring province, Xinwen black-bone, which exhibited similar ancestral composition patterns. A newly found breed, Wumeng crested, had high genetic diversity and displayed genetic differences from other Guizhou breeds. These findings provide insight into the establishment of efficient conservation and utilization programs for Guizhou chicken breeds.     

中国地方猪种线粒体基因组遗传多样性及其系统发育分析

为从分子水平上探究中国地方猪种遗传多样性和分类地位,本试验采用生物信息学方法比较了6个类型共22个中国地方猪种的线粒体基因组全序列,分析了其多态性,并构建了6个类型猪种线粒体D-loop区单倍型的网络中介图以及基于线粒体D-loop序列、Cytb基因、完整编码区序列的系统进化树。结果表明,6个类型22个猪种中共检测到了144个多态位点,22种单倍型,说明地方猪种具有丰富的遗传多样性;地方猪线粒体基因组序列中核苷酸变异以转换为主,且Ti/Tv大于转换/颠换比临界值（2.0）,变异位点均符合中性突变。6个类型猪种间遗传距离均较小,且有共享单倍型。系统进化树结果表明,6种类型地方猪种主要聚为两个支系。表明线粒体D-loop序列及Cytb基因均可作为研究种内系统发育、起源进化的分子标记。     

基于RAD-seq简化基因组测序的19个地方鸡种遗传进化研究

旨在基因组水平上揭示地方鸡种的遗传进化,发掘重要种质特性基因。本研究利用简化基因组RAD-seq测序鉴定19个地方鸡种（每个品种按照家系选取30个个体,10公、20母）基因组SNP标记,计算观察杂合度（Ho）、核苷酸多样度（Pi）、近交系数（Fis）、遗传分化系数（Fst）和基因流（Nm）等遗传统计量指标,分析地方鸡种的遗传多样性和遗传结构,并通过选择信号检测鉴定基因组受选择基因。结果表明,在19个地方鸡种中鉴定出400 562个SNPs标记。瓢鸡（PJ）和文昌鸡（WC）的遗传多样性最为丰富,观察杂合度（Ho）分别为0.246 8、0.243 0,核苷酸多样度（Pi）分别为0.278 1、0.265 5;河南斗鸡（DJ）的遗传多样性相对匮乏,Ho为0.156 0,Pi为0.175 2;东乡绿壳蛋鸡（DX）和边鸡（BJ）的近交系数最高（Fis>0.160 0）。瓢鸡与文昌鸡、惠阳胡须鸡（HX）、藏鸡（ZZ）、大围山微型鸡（WX）,惠阳胡须鸡与文昌鸡,藏鸡与茶花鸡（CH）间的遗传分化最低（Fst<0.100 0）,对应的基因流最高（Nm>0.240 0）。河南斗鸡与其它品种间的遗传分化均处于较高水平,与其中15个品种间的Fst>0.200 0、Nm<1.000 0。遗传聚类分析（2个引入品种做外群）将地方鸡种总体上分为5类,与品种形成历史和地理分布基本吻合。通过选择信号分析,在19个地方鸡种合并群体中检测出9个常染色体上的26个区域受到选择作用,包含31个受选择基因。这些受选择基因广泛参与免疫系统调节、生殖机能调控、应激响应、代谢等生物学过程。利用基因组SNP标记能更全面准确地揭示地方鸡种的遗传多样性和遗传结构,选择作用主要体现在对地方鸡种抗逆抗病特性、配子活力及行为等方面的塑造。