小麦抗梭条花叶病品种的鉴定和选育

为筛选抗梭条花叶病的小麦品种(系)供育种和生产应用,自1997年起对425份江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所(以下简称"本所")育成的高代品系和384份来自不同省份的推广品种(系)进行了连续多年的梭条花叶病抗性鉴定.结果表明,425份本所育成的高代品系中有54份表现高抗,占12.7%,116份为中抗,占27.3%.来自不同省份的推广品种(系)表现高抗的有102个,占26.6%,中抗的有71份,占18.5%.不同省份之间出现高抗品种的比例差异很大,来自陕西和山西省的绝大部分小麦品种均表现高抗,而来自四川、江苏、湖北的小麦品种中出现高抗的品种较少.通过系统选育和采用抗感品种间杂交,后代进行严格选择,均可以育成抗病高产的小麦品种.     

2009-2018年陕西省小麦区试品种(系)抗主要病害趋势分析

为了解2009-2018年陕西省区试小麦品种(系)对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病三种主要病害的抗性变化趋势,对来自陕西省各育种单位提供的1 200份小麦品种(系)进行三种病害的成株期人工接种鉴定。结果表明,1 200份材料中,879份材料对条锈病表现抗病,303份材料对白粉病表现抗病,295份材料对赤霉病表现抗病,分别占鉴定材料总数的73.25%、25.25%和24.58%。其中,对条锈病表现免疫(近免疫)、高抗和中抗的分别有136份、223份和520份,分别占鉴定材料总数的11.33%、18.58%和43.33%;对白粉病表现免疫(近免疫)、高抗、中抗的分别有7份、111份和185份,分别占鉴定材料总数的0.58%、9.25%和15.42%;对赤霉病表现高抗、中抗的分别有107份和188份,分别占鉴定材料总数的8.92%和15.67%,没有发现对赤霉病免疫的品种(系)。供试材料除抗条锈病频率10年间保持基本平稳外,抗白粉病和赤霉病以及兼抗频率均表现先上升后下降的趋势。西农837、XC-29、西农223、9916、9925、陕943、惠麦286等20个品种(系)对1～3种病害具有较好抗性,可作为抗病品种推广或作为抗源材料。鉴定结果表明,2009-2018年陕西省区试小麦品种(系)对条锈病的抗性水平整体较高,对赤霉病与白粉病的抗性整体较差,应当加强综合抗病育种。     

Plant age and levels of resistance to green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Distant), and tungro virus in rice varieties

The level of resistance of rice varieties IR5 to IR46 to the green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Distant) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) was evaluated on the basis of the seedling bulk test, insect survival and population growth. Results of the seedling bulk test indicated that two varieties were susceptible, 10 moderately resistant and seven resistant. IR22 and IR46 were susceptible and IR24, IR28, IR29, IR30 and IR34 were resistant. Insect survival and population growth differed significantly among varieties of the same age and at different plant ages within the same variety. Generally, insect survival decreased with plant age, being lower at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) than at either 15 or 30 DAS. Population growth on resistant varieties was low at the three plant ages tested. A rating system which takes all three tests into consideration showed that sister lines IR28, IR29 and IR34, which all have the variety Gam Pai as one of the resistant parents, were the most resistant to N. virescens. In addition, only a small percentage of these plants were infected with tungro virus, of which N. virescens is the main vector.     

部分玉米种质资源对弯孢菌叶斑病的抗性评价

利用田间自然条件下人工接种的方法,对94份玉米自交系和杂交种(组合)进行抗玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的鉴定,同时筛选出用作QTL分析群体构建的抗病和感病自交系。结果表明,供试自交系一般表现为中抗和中感,没有对新月弯孢菌免疫、高抗和高感的材料。抗病材料只有8个,可作为玉米弯孢菌叶斑病QTL分析群体构建的材料。杂交组合中抗病材料占了多数,而且出现了5个高抗组合。     

河南省308份小麦新品系的茎基腐病抗性评价

为给河南省抗茎基腐病品种合理布局提供品种支撑,以河南省小麦茎基腐病的高致病力假禾谷镰孢菌菌株PY20-20为接种物,对参加河南省主要区域试验的308个小麦新品系进行苗期抗病鉴定。结果发现,供试品系中,95.7%的品系表现为高感(病情指数大于30.00),仅1.95%的品系表现为中抗(病情指数在10.01～20.00之间),3.25%的品系表现为中感(病情指数在20.01～30.00之间),无免疫和高抗品种,表明参加河南省小麦区域试验的新品系对小麦茎基腐病的整体抗性水平较低。为获得茎基腐病抗性稳定的品系,对苗期表现为中抗和中感的品系进行了2次重复验证,发现6个中抗品系(西农1125、郑麦9134、中研麦906、阜麦1008、泰禾麦6号和民研186)和4个中感品系(徐麦14017、周麦36、新麦9389和囤麦257)的抗性水平较为稳定。进一步对6个中抗品系进行成株期抗性鉴定,发现这些品系的病情指数在12.67～15.50之间,成株期对小麦茎基腐病的抗性也达到了中抗水平。综上,西农1125、郑麦9134、中研麦906、阜麦1008、泰禾麦6号和民研186这6个中抗茎基腐病的品系可以在小麦生产...     

亚麻品种资源对枯萎病的抗性评价 —06

利用亚麻枯萎病病圃,对508份国内外亚麻品种资源进行了抗枯萎病的鉴定和评价,按照参试品种较统 一感病对照发病率的降低率,把抗枯萎病程度划分为高抗(HR) 、中抗(MR) 、低抗(LR) 、低感(LS) 、中感(MS)和高 感(HS)共6个级别。各个级别的品种资源数分别为45、38、64、92、112 和157;分别占试验资源总数的8. 9%、 7. 5%、12. 5%、18. 1%、22. 1%和30. 9%。高、中抗资源共计16. 4%。筛选出的高抗和中抗枯萎病资源中有41份 属于首次报道,其中包括13份国外引进品种、7份国内地方品种和21份国内育成品种,一些重点抗源已成功地应 用于亚麻抗枯萎病育种实践。     

2016-2017年陕西省小麦区试品种（系）综合抗病性鉴定与评价

为了解2016-2017年陕西省区试的137份小麦品种(系)对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病的综合抗病水平,以当前我国小麦条锈病主要流行小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34混合菌株、小麦白粉菌混合菌株和小麦赤霉病强致病力菌株为病原,对区试品种(系)进行成株期人工接种鉴定。结果表明,137份区试材料中,有2份材料对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病兼具抗性,占供试材料的1.5%,分别为西农238和西农928;6份材料对条锈病和白粉病兼具抗性,占供试材料的4.4%;对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病表现高抗的材料（含免疫/近免疫）分别占供试材料的34.3%、2.9%和0.7%,中抗品种分别占35.0%、4.4%、33.6%,中感品种分别占21.9% 、8.0% 、30.7%,高感品种分别占8.6%、84.7%、35.0%。陕西省区试小麦品种（系）对条锈病的抗性整体较高,对白粉病和赤霉病的抗性相对较差。     

水稻广亲和性与恢复性关系的初步研究

 以秋光A和秋光B、萍改A和萍改B、IR36作测验种，对供试的32个品种的广亲和性及恢复性进行了鉴定和分类，并通过对培矮64和培C312的系谱分析，探索了广亲和性与恢复性的关系及广亲和基因和恢复基因的传递途径。结果表明：供试品种大体可分为广亲和恢复系，非广亲和恢复系及广亲和品种三大类；水稻的广亲和性与恢复性在本质是不同的，两种特性基因可以重组于一体。 本研究还初步筛进到一些新的广亲和品种、广亲和恢复系及一个强优势亚种间组台萍改A／DT713。     

黄淮海夏玉米近年国审品种及主栽品种对南方锈病的抗性分析

为明确黄淮海夏玉米区玉米国审品种和主栽品种对南方锈病的抗性,对该区域2018～2020年审定品种及2020年部分主栽品种对玉米南方锈病的抗性进行分析。结果表明,427份审定品种中未见对南方锈病高抗(HR)的品种,抗性以高感(HS)为主,占比高达62.06%,抗性(R)品种、中抗(MR)品种和感病(S)品种分别占4.45%、4.92%和28.57%。47个主栽品种中未发现高抗南方锈病的品种,抗性品种、中抗品种、感病品种和高感品种分别占12.77%、27.66%、19.15%和40.43%。黄淮海夏玉米区国审品种和主栽品种对南方锈病的抗性较差,品种抗性以高感为主。因此,应加强病原菌的监测预警工作,加快抗病育种进程,引进利用优质抗性基因资源,发掘创新抗性材料,培育多基因聚合的持久抗性品种。     

应用系统聚类方法筛选持久抗瘟性水稻品种

 以Tetep、Moroberekan、B40为抗、感对照，用8个抗性组分，对47个云南地方稻种资源的抗瘟性进行了系统聚类分析。结果表明，可以较好地将1996~1999年的50、27、16、11个品种分别分成6、6、4、3类。持久抗病对照品种Tetep(感~抗)分布于1、2、4类内，但较集中于第2类内；持久抗性品种Moroberekan(感~中抗)集中于第2类内；云南地方品种大白谷、毫弄早、毫玉浪每年同聚于第1类品种中，经连续几年试验，均表现出比Tetep和Moroberekan较稳定和较强的抗瘟性。第3、5、6类为感病品种，其中第3类感病对照品种B40历年与其他品种间的距离较其他品种相互间聚类距离大，属高度感病。连续4年的试验结果表明，系统聚类分析可作为水稻持久抗瘟性品种筛选的方法。     

Resistance Evaluation to Sheath Blight in Transgenic Rice Lines

Resistance of forty-one homozygous rice lines transformed with chitinase gene (RC24) and β-1,3 -glucanse gene β-1,3-Glu) to sheath blight was analyzed by inoculation. Among different lines, the resistance had significant differences according to the result by cluster analysis. The lines could be categorized into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible types, while 92.1% of which belonging to moderately resistant or moderately susceptible type. For different resistant or susceptible lines, the resistance to rice sheath blight was remarkable correlated with the chitinase activity of transgenic lines except resistant type lines, in which enzyme activity coded by target gene was lower than moderately resistant type. The chitinase activity of transgenic lines tested at different time after inoculation or different organs of the same plant was uniform, which suggested that the expression of chitinase gene was constitutive in nature. Check varieties chitinase activity would change at different time after inoculation and reach a peak at sometime, but it had no difference at various pans of the same plant.     

陕西省新育成品种（系）对小麦赤霉病抗性的分析

为了明确陕西省2005-2007年新育成小麦品种及高代品系对赤霉病的抗性,采用单小花接种法对531份小麦品种(系)分年度进行了抗赤霉病鉴定和抗病性分析.结果表明,在这些材料中没有免疫材料;抗病品种(系)仅7份,占1.32%;中抗品种(系)26份,占4.90%;其余498份品种(系)均表现中感～感病,所占频率达93.78%.所有材料发病率均为100%.2005和2006年采用田间人工诱发接种的方法对344份材料的鉴定结果表明,抗病材料37份,占10.76%,发病率为3.3%～20.0%;中抗材料50份,占14.53%,发病率为13.3%～66.7%;中感～感病材料257份,占74.71%,发病率为23.3%～100.0%.由此可见,陕西省新育成小麦品种及高代品系对赤霉病的抗性普遍较差.建议根据各地赤霉病发生程度,选择适度抗性指标,结合现代生物技术,逐步提高新育成品种(系)抗赤霉病水平.     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper(Laodelphax striatellus)and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper(SBPH)resistance to SBPH were detected,accounting for 18.1%of the total accessions,which included 2 highly resistant,9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties.Compared with indica rice,japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH.Antixenosis test,antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism.The resistant check Rathu Heenati(RHT),highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath,and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH,indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties.Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis.Dular,ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis,indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties.The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis,whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH,suggesting tolerance in these three varieties.Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311.Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A.Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance.The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

2020年我国审定的水稻品种基本特性分析

归纳分析了2020年我国通过省级以上审定水稻品种的基本特性。2020年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有1 936个次（574个品种通过国家审定）,籼型常规稻、籼型三系杂交稻、籼型两系杂交稻、粳型常规稻、籼粳交杂交稻和不育系分别为144、670、582、424、45和71个,其中,国审品种数比2019年增加54.30%,非国审品种数比2019年增加43.07%。2020年通过审定的籼型常规稻、籼型两系杂交稻、籼型三系杂产稻、粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻区试产量分别为519.59、609.99、589.82、610.00和685.30 kg/667 m²,除粳型常规稻外,其他类型品种的区试产量相比2015—2019年均有一定程度提升。2020年国审品种优质达标率为78.57%,非国审水稻品种优质达标率为60.61%,均比2019年有提高,表现好。2020年通过审定的品种综合抗性表现总体仍不够好,国审品种中仅13.59%的品种对稻瘟病表现为中抗以上水平,仅5.11%的品种对白叶枯病表现为中抗,非国审品种中仅34.08%的品种对稻瘟病表现为中抗以上水平,仅20.09%的品种对白叶枯病表现为中抗以上水平,但有部分品种对稻瘟病和白叶枯病表现出高抗。     

两系杂交粳稻抗瘟性鉴定初报

对云光 9号等 6个优质两系杂交粳稻组合和冬繁 1号等 14个优质粳稻恢复系进行抗病鉴定 ,筛选出高抗组合云光 9号、70优 9号、70优 0 4,中抗组合云光 8号可应用于生产 ;高抗恢复系冬繁 1号、冬繁 4号、冬繁 2 3、冬繁 85 ;中抗恢复系冬繁 2号、冬繁 3号、冬繁 5号、冬繁 47、冬繁 5 4、冬繁 86用于新组合测配选优 ,为两系杂交稻进一步发展提供了一批优良的后备亲本     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus） and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper (SBPH) (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) by the modified seedbox screening test. Twenty-five rice accessions with different levels of resistance to SBPH were detected, accounting for 18.1% of the total accessions, which included 2 highly resistant, 9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties. Compared with indica rice, japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH. Antixenosis test, antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism. The resistant check Rathu Heenati (RHT), highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath, and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH, indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties. Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis. Dular, ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis, indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties. The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis, whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH, suggesting tolerance in these three varieties. Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311. Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A. Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance. The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

水稻种质资源抗灰飞虱评价及抗性机制分析

通过改进的苗期集团筛选法,对138份水稻种质进行了抗灰飞虱鉴定与评价。筛选出对灰飞虱具有不同程度抗性的材料25份,占总鉴定材料的181%,其中高抗种质2份,抗性种质9份,中抗材料14份,粳稻品种明显比籼稻感虫。对部分材料进行的排驱性、抗生性试验及相关分析表明,Rathu Heenati(RHT)、Mudgo、Kasalath和IR36对灰飞虱具有强的排驱性和抗生性,其抗性水平与这两种抗虫机制密切相关;道人桥、羊毛谷的抗生性强,但排驱性弱,其主要抗虫机制表现为抗生性;Dular、ASD7和密阳23对灰飞虱具有较强的排驱性和抗生性,表明排驱性和抗生性是这3个品种的重要抗性类型;DV85具有较强的排驱性,但抗生性较弱,窄叶青8号和鬼衣谷具有中等水平的抗生性和排驱性,推测这3个材料具有较好的耐害特性。中抗材料9311的抗性水平由中等排驱性和抗生性控制,V20A的抗性主要表现为排驱性,明恢63和扬粳9538的排驱性和抗生性均较弱,暗示其抗性机制主要是耐害性。上述具有强抗生性或排驱性的材料是理想的抗灰飞虱资源。     

转基因水稻株系的纹枯病抗性分析

对通过基因枪转化获得的41个转水稻碱性几丁质酶和苜蓿β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因（RC24和β-1,3-Glu）的高世代纯合株系进行纹枯病抗性接菌鉴定,结果表明不同转基因系间抗性存在极显著差异,聚类分析可分为抗、中抗、中感、感病四种类型,但其中92.1%的株系属中抗或中感类型;选择不同抗感类型的代表性株系,测定其几丁质酶活力,结果显示中抗、中感、感病类型转基因株系表达的几丁质酶活力与其纹枯病抗性表现呈现一致性,而抗病类型表达目标基因编码的酶活力低于中抗类型;接菌诱导后,在不同时间或同一植株的不同部位检测,转基因系的几丁质酶活力因其组成性表达而无明显差异,而未转基因的对照品种在诱导后不同时间其几丁质酶活力表达呈“峰”式曲线分布,同一植株不同空间位置的酶活力却无明显差异。     

Analysis of Blast Resistance Genes and Neck Blast Resistance of japonica Rice Varieties/Lines Recently Developed in Jiangsu Province

【Objective】Evaluating the breeding potential of the known blast resistance (R) genes harbored in rice varieties is one of prerequisites for developing rice blast resistant varieties and R genes-based control of the disease epidemic.【Method】A total of 195 new japonica varieties/lines from Jiangsu Province were genotyped using functional markers corresponding to 14 rice blast R gene loci. In order to identify gene or gene combination with breeding potential against neck-blast, 158 japonica rice varieties were then artificially inoculated with blast strains as well as 17 advanced backcrossing lines containing Pigm gene in two different genetic backgrounds at booting stage. 【Result】Most varieties carried 2 to 5 R genes, and none of new varieties contained Pigm; the distribution frequencies of Pib, Pita and Pikh were relatively high and all exceeded 45%, the rest 10 genes were under 30%; Pid3, Pid2, Pia and Pb1 had apparently higher frequency in lines from regional tests than that in authorized and released varieties. Three genes with effects ordered as Pia > Pi3/5/i > Pita significantly contributed to neck-blast resistance, and significantly positive interaction effects were found between Pia and Pita, and between Pi3/5/i and Pita. Combination effect of Pia+Pita was significantly higher than that of Pi3/5/i+Pita, and the varieties harboring Pia+Pita reached resistant or highly resistant levels. The resistance of 17 advanced backcrossing lines carrying Pigm was all significantly improved as compared with corresponding controls, and all reached resistant level or even higher. 【Conclusion】 The results suggested that Pigm and the combination of Pia+Pita have critically important breeding potential in japonica rice breeding against neck blast in Jiangsu Province.