聚合白背飞虱和褐飞虱抗性基因创制杂交水稻恢复系

【目的】为了创制兼抗白背飞虱和褐飞虱的水稻恢复系,【方法】分别以抗褐飞虱材料B5(携带褐飞虱抗性基因Bph14和Bph15)及携带白背飞虱抗性位点qsI-4的籼型恢复系福恢7011为供体亲本,以骨干恢复系福恢676为轮回亲本,应用低世代分离群体田间表型结合单株鉴定与高世代稳定株系室内筛选和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法,并对抗虫株系及其测交后代进行考查和农艺性状分析。【结果】选育出聚合Bph14、Bph15和qsI-4的恢复系材料3份,携带2个抗虫基因的恢复系材料3份。其中6份恢复系的褐飞虱抗性鉴定结果均表现中抗以上。通过抗性鉴定和杂交后代农艺性状分析筛选出具有生产应用潜力的恢复系材料2份。【结论】为褐飞虱和白背飞虱抗性聚合新种质的创制和应用提供了基础材料。     

聚合白背飞虱和褐飞虱抗性基因创制杂交水稻恢复系

【目的】为了创制兼抗白背飞虱和褐飞虱的水稻恢复系,【方法】分别以抗褐飞虱材料B5(携带褐飞虱抗性基因Bph14和Bph15)及携带白背飞虱抗性位点qsI-4的籼型恢复系福恢7011为供体亲本,以骨干恢复系福恢676为轮回亲本,应用低世代分离群体田间表型结合单株鉴定与高世代稳定株系室内筛选和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法,并对抗虫株系及其测交后代进行考查和农艺性状分析。【结果】选育出聚合Bph14、Bph15和qsI-4的恢复系材料3份,携带2个抗虫基因的恢复系材料3份。其中6份恢复系的褐飞虱抗性鉴定结果均表现中抗以上。通过抗性鉴定和杂交后代农艺性状分析筛选出具有生产应用潜力的恢复系材料2份。【结论】为褐飞虱和白背飞虱抗性聚合新种质的创制和应用提供了基础材料。     

聚合白背飞虱和褐飞虱抗性基因创制杂交水稻恢复系

【目的】为了创制兼抗白背飞虱和褐飞虱的水稻恢复系，【方法】分别以抗褐飞虱材料B5（携带褐飞虱抗性基因Bph14和Bph15）及携带白背飞虱抗性位点qsI-4的籼型恢复系福恢7011为供体亲本，以骨干恢复系福恢676为轮回亲本，应用低世代分离群体田间表型结合单株鉴定与高世代稳定株系室内筛选和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法，并对抗虫株系及其测交后代进行考查和农艺性状分析。【结果】选育出聚合Bph14、Bph15 和qsI-4的恢复系材料3份，携带2个抗虫基因的恢复系材料3份。其中6份恢复系的褐飞虱抗性鉴定结果均表现中抗以上。通过抗性鉴定和杂交后代农艺性状分析筛选出具有生产应用潜力的恢复系材料2份。【结论】为褐飞虱和白背飞虱抗性聚合新种质的创制和应用提供了基础材料。     

8个水稻品种的条纹叶枯病抗性特征

利用强迫饲毒、集团接种、非嗜性测验、抗生性测验的方法研究与分析了8个抗条纹叶枯病水稻品种对条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱的抗性,发现不同水稻抗性品种的抗性特征并不完全相同。IR36、Kasalath、窄叶青8号、道人桥、DV85既抗条纹病毒又抗介体灰飞虱,对条纹叶枯病所表现的抗性是条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱抗性共同作用的结果; 爱知97和Kenta Nakan抗条纹病毒,但不抗介体灰飞虱,对条纹叶枯病所表现的抗性是品种对条纹病毒的抗性;而IR24对条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱仅表现中等抗性。     

不同类型水稻品种对白背飞虱忌避性、抗生性和耐害性的测定

 研究了19个不同类型的水稻品种对白背飞虱的忌避性、抗生性和耐害性的测定。4个粳稻品种(91-17、丙90-98、丙850和丙93-63对成虫表现出较强的忌避性,丙93-63对白背飞虱产卵具有明显的忌避性。协优9308和春江06对白背飞虱的抗生性最强,协优413对白背飞虱具有一定的抗性。     

转Cry30Fa1基因抗褐飞虱水稻的获得及鉴定

将编码高效杀褐飞虱蛋白的苏云金芽胞杆菌基因Cry30Fa1密码子改造后,通过农杆菌介导法转入蜀恢818(R818),并最终获得46个转基因植株。通过定量PCR及Western Blot鉴定了Cry30Fa1在转录水平和蛋白水平的表达,并通过分子检测固定稳定表达的抗性基因,并结合传统育种系谱法选择具有优良农艺性状株系。对选育的株系在室内和大田环境下进行了抗虫性鉴定,选育的R818-Cry30Fal株系抗性明显优于亲本材料并达到抗的水平;在单株抗虫试验中,观察到了转基因株系对褐飞虱具有致死作用。说明转入Cry30Fa1基因使水稻产生了对褐飞虱抗性。培育出了具有抗褐飞虱蛋白的新型恢复系R818-Cry30Fal,为三系杂交育种提供了新的抗性材料并丰富了抗褐飞虱水稻种质资源。     

102份不同来源花生种质对北方根结线虫抗性的田间鉴定

为选育抗线虫花生品种,在北方花生根结线虫分布较均匀的自然病田中种植了102份花生种质,收获时对其进行抗性鉴定调查,得到高感材料14份、中感材料76份、中抗材料12份、耐病材料1份,未发现免疫和高抗种质材料;调查发现种间杂种的杂交后代抗性较强,中抗材料较多;自然病田田间观察发现,紫色种皮花生种质的抗性表现较好。     

籼型杂交水稻抗褐飞虱育种研究

 对80份籼型杂交水稻恢复系的抗褐飞虱特性鉴定表明,30份材料对褐飞虱抗性达中抗以上水平,其中12份材料的持抗性优于ASD7。将这12份材料的抗级为0～3级、持抗期≥7 d的优质抗性材料归为一级抗性材料。经杂种优势的测定、外观米质评价、白叶枯病和稻瘟病抗性鉴定,筛选出对两病一虫达中抗水平,与协青早A的杂种产量比对照汕优10号增产12.9%的杂交水稻新恢复系埃红/台1059;以及高抗褐飞虱、高抗稻瘟病、中抗白叶枯病且外观米质极好的恢复系LS2/密阳46。     

水稻抗褐飞虱遗传和育种研究

综述了水稻抗褐飞虱基因资源的鉴定及其分布特点、水稻抗褐飞虱主基因定位和QTL分析、水稻抗褐飞虱遗传的“基因对基因”关系以及水稻品种对褐飞虱的抗虫机制与褐飞虱对抗虫品种的适应等4个方面的研究进展，同时简述了抗褐飞虱基因的育种利用现状，并对今后抗褐飞虱遗传和育种利用研究作了展望。     

光照因素对水稻品种苗期褐稻虱抗性的影响

 在人工气候箱及温室自然条件下研究了光照对品种抗性、植株生势及耐害性和褐稻虱生存、发育的影响。光照不足造成品种苗期抗性减弱甚至丧失，其原因是由于植株的生势减弱导致受飞虱为害后的补偿能力下降。中抗品种耐害性丧失和抗级品种的拒虫性减弱。在短光照生长条件下和长光照条件下，飞虱取食高抗品种的植株，其吸食量若虫生存率和发育进度，均无显著差异，表明高抗品种的抗生性在短光照条件下仍能保持。短光照条件下．如果接虫前或后予以充足的光照条件，或将接虫秧龄提高到4片叶，品种的抗性水平则可保持。     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper(Laodelphax striatellus)and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper(SBPH)resistance to SBPH were detected,accounting for 18.1%of the total accessions,which included 2 highly resistant,9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties.Compared with indica rice,japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH.Antixenosis test,antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism.The resistant check Rathu Heenati(RHT),highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath,and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH,indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties.Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis.Dular,ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis,indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties.The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis,whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH,suggesting tolerance in these three varieties.Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311.Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A.Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance.The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus） and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper (SBPH) (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) by the modified seedbox screening test. Twenty-five rice accessions with different levels of resistance to SBPH were detected, accounting for 18.1% of the total accessions, which included 2 highly resistant, 9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties. Compared with indica rice, japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH. Antixenosis test, antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism. The resistant check Rathu Heenati (RHT), highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath, and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH, indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties. Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis. Dular, ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis, indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties. The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis, whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH, suggesting tolerance in these three varieties. Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311. Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A. Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance. The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

大豆对食叶性害虫抗性机制的研究

１９９３～１９９６年,利用田间自然虫源,以叶面积损失率为指标,进一步鉴定了从６７２４份大豆资源中筛选出的４６份抗感材料对食叶性害虫的抗性表现。从中选出３份抗虫和３份感虫的材料,用以研究自然虫源下豆卷叶螟、斜纹夜蛾、大造桥虫和筛豆龟蝽的产卵选择性,并在实验室和网室人工接虫条件下,研究了抗感材料对斜纹夜蛾的抗虫性机制。结果表明,田间自然虫源下抗感材料以叶面积损失率为指标的综合抗性相差显著;４种重要食叶性害虫在抗虫品种上的产卵量较少;用抗虫品种叶片饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫,表现为食量减少、体重变小、死亡率增加、历期延长以及蛹重减轻等,而对蛹死亡率和蛹历期的影响不明显。大豆对食叶性害虫具有明显的排趋性和抗生性,尤以后者为重要。     

国家长江中下游稻区品种区域试验籼稻稻瘟病抗性分析

【目的】旨在比较国家长江中下游稻区品种区域试验中籼稻稻瘟病抗性在六个省抗性鉴定点的表现及差异。【方法】试验材料为2013-2017年国家长江中下游稻区水稻品种区域试验的800个籼稻参试品种(其中早籼111个、中籼468个、晚籼221个),在浙江、湖南、湖北、安徽、福建和江西共六个鉴定点进行稻瘟病(苗叶瘟和穗瘟)的抗性鉴定。【结果】800个籼稻品种中有47.5%表现为中感稻瘟病,其次为中抗、感和高感,表现为抗的品种所占比例只有0.2%,没有表现为高抗的品种。早籼、中籼和晚籼稻瘟病综合指数六点平均值分别为4.95、4.85和4.54,均属于中感水平。在六个抗性鉴定点中,浙江点综合指数最低,湖北点苗叶瘟最重、穗瘟损失率最低,安徽点苗叶瘟最轻,福建点穗瘟发病率最低,江西点穗瘟发病率、穗瘟损失率和综合指数均为最高。根据稻瘟病抗性综合指数分析,浙江、湖南、湖北、安徽和江西五个鉴定点均表现为中感的品种所占比例最大;福建点表现为中抗的品种所占比例最大。根据穗瘟损失率病级分析,浙江、湖南和湖北点均表现为中抗的品种所占比例最大;安徽点表现为中感的品种所占比例最大;福建点表现为抗的品种所占比例最大,且抗和高感的品种所占比例均为六点中最高,表现为感的品种所占比例为六点中最低;江西点各抗性类型品种的所占比例差异不大。【结论】国家长江中下游稻区水稻品种区域试验籼稻参试品种的稻瘟病整体抗性水平一般。相同的一套品种在不同的鉴定点表现有所不同,用各点的平均值评价参试品种的抗性可以充分、客观地反应参试品种对稻瘟病的抗性水平。     

北方产区花生品种黑斑病抗性鉴定

为筛选花生黑斑病抗源材料，以50个花生品种为材料，在山东省莱西市田间开展黑斑病抗性调查，并在温室条件下对其中7份材料进一步开展抗性鉴定。结果表明，不同花生品种在田间对黑斑病抗性存在差异，共获得4份中等抗病材料；在温室接种条件下，3份材料鉴定为中等抗病。综合田间自然发病和温室人工接种鉴定结果，获得冀农G94、豫花47号和晋花10号3份中抗黑斑病的材料。     

大豆种质资源对SMV3号株系的抗性鉴定

本研究对３４８份大豆种质资源,包括“七五”、“八五”鉴定出的抗源,各地推广品种及国外引进品种,人工汁液摩擦法接种ＳＭＶ３号株系进行抗性鉴定。鉴定结果表明,１１３份资源表现为高抗ＳＭＶ３,占３２．４７％,１１３份表现为中抗,占３２．４７％,１２２份感病,占３５．０６％。抗源主要来自于东北春作大豆区和黄淮海夏作大豆区,本实验南方大豆产区资源抗性较弱。高抗资源主要来源于辽宁、山东、山西、北京以及美国和韩国。不同品种接种后的症状类型不同,表明症状反应是品种与株系互作的结果。国外引进资源接种后顶枯症状较多,表明症状反应和品种的地理来源有一定关系。本文还分析了美国一些抗源对ＳＭＶ３的抗性反应及抗性基因的关系。     

灰飞虱从冷冻病叶获得水稻黑条矮缩病毒方法的研究初报

  研究出一种利用灰飞虱从冷冻病叶中获得水稻黑条矮缩病毒（rice black streaked dwarf virus, RBSDV）的方法。以-70℃条件下冷冻保存的RBSDV罹病植株叶片对灰飞虱饲毒,随后接种感病水稻品种,结果发现灰飞虱可从冷冻病叶上获得RBSDV,并传播RBSDV,且获毒能力和传毒能力与新鲜病叶没有差异。这表明从冷冻病叶上获得RBSDV的灰飞虱可以应用于品种抗性鉴定,此法可望加快RBSDV抗病品种的选育进程。     

Resistance to foliage feeding aphid in wheat

Experimental trials were conducted at Integrated Pest Management Programme, National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad, to evaluate the resistance of host plants (cereals) against Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). For evaluation of susceptibility, twenty varieties/-advanced lines of National Uniform Wheat Yield Trails (NUWYT) Normal (N) of year 2004-2005 were used. In seedling bulk tests varieties/advanced lines were grouped into three categories resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible. Data from seedling bulk tests showed that DN-47 and PR 87 lines of wheat were resistant to aphid as compared to the other varieties/-advanced lines. In antixenosis tests varieties/-advanced lines were grouped into three categories, least preferred, moderately preferred, highly preferred. Lines V-01180, DN-47 and PR-84 were least preferred, sixteen varieties/-advanced lines were moderately preferred and only one variety V-9021 was found to be highly preferred.