蜡样芽孢杆菌M22锰超氧化物歧化酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

实验成功地构建了毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）表达质粒pPICZA—Mn—sod,质粒线性化后通过电激法导入毕赤酵母GSl15，抗生素zeocin抗性梯度筛选得到高拷贝重组菌株。PCR鉴定及Mut^＋表型分析表明，目标基因已经重组到宿主基因组染色体上；0．5％甲醇诱导表达后，SDS—PAGE结果显示，表达蛋白的相对分子量约为23kD，活性电泳出现明显活性条带；酶活性测定显示，重组菌株SOD活性比对照提高5倍左右；氯仿-乙醇（3：5／V：V）和KCN（5mmol／L）抑制反应进一步证明，所表达的SOD为锰超氧化物歧化酶C。来源于蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）M22的Mn—sod基因在毕赤酵母中得到正确表达。为研究该酶的生理功能提供了必要的物质条件。     

产L-乳酸的大肠杆菌基因工程菌的构建

含有质粒pKD46的菌株BW25113．在L-阿拉伯糖诱导后，表达λ噬菌体的3个重组蛋白Exo、Bet和Gain，宿主菌就具有了同源重组的能力。利用λ噬菌体的Red重组系统构建了D-（＋）-乳酸脱氢酶基因（1dhA）、乙醇脱氢酶基因（adhE）双突变的大肠杆菌BW25113C工程菌株和乙酸激酶基因（ackA）单突变的大肠杆菌BW25113工程菌株。将表达牛链球菌L-乳酸脱氢酶基因（1dhL）的pSE380质粒转化到BW25113C菌株中发酵培养35h，用HLPC检测产物，尚未发现L-乳酸。     

用基因组改组技术改良发酵木糖酵母Candida tropicalis XY-19的耐乙醇性能

Candida tropicalis XY-19是一株具有优良乙醇发酵性能的发酵木糖酵母,其发酵葡萄糖产乙醇性能与目前酒精工业生产菌种--安琪酒精酵母相近,但XY-19的耐乙醇性能远比安琪酒精酵母差,XY-19在含有超过7%（v/v）乙醇的培养基中不能生长。以XY-19为出发菌株,经紫外线诱变获得了5株能在7.5%（v/v）乙醇的培养基中旺盛生长的突变株,经Co-60诱变获得了8株能在含8%（v/v）乙醇的培养基中旺盛生长的突变株。然后,以紫外线诱变得到的5株菌和Co-60诱变得到的8株菌及耐乙醇性能较好的酿酒酵母（S.cerevisae Angel,S.cerevisae4608和S.cerevisae172）为出发菌株,经过4轮Genome shuffling结合木糖乙醇梯度平板的筛选,获得了4株（G3-13,G3-18,G3-57和G3-60）能够在12%乙醇平板上生长的菌株,其乙醇耐受性比野生菌株XY-19提高了71%,为将XY-19进一步开发成纤维质乙醇发酵的生产菌种奠定基础。本研究结果进一步体现了Genome shuffling技术在改良如乙醇耐受性等多基因控制性状上的突出优势,为工业生产菌种的快速有效改良提供了一种有效的方法。     

orfX基因整合表达在阿维链霉菌工业育种中的应用

阿维链霉菌（Streptomyces avermitilis）基因组中含有orfX基因，通过增加orfX基因剂量可以提高阿维菌素的产量。本研究以pIJ8600为出发质粒，构建了含红霉素启动子（ermEp*）和orfX结构基因DNA片段的整合型表达载体pWJ827。通过接合转移将pWJ827导入阿维菌素的工业菌株BIB9903中，得到稳定高产的重组菌株BIB0827。高效液相（HPLC）分析结果表明，与出发菌株BIB9903相比，BIB0827发酵产物阿维菌素产量提高了1.5倍，达到3350μg/mL。传代稳定性实验证明，BIB0827传代10代后依然稳定，在工业生产上有较大的应用价值。     

番茄内生链霉菌S5的分离及其除草活性

采用植物内生放线菌分离方法从健康番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）根中分离纯化出58株内生放线菌，从中挑选部分代表性菌株进行代谢产物除草活性检测，发现编号为S5的菌株的代谢产物对小麦（Triticum aesfivum L．）和绿豆（Phaseolus radiatus L．）种子的发芽有强烈的抑制作用，但对发芽后的幼苗生长无明显影响。以百喜草（Paspalum notatum）和狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）为实验对象，证明S5菌株的代谢产物的确能抑制草籽的发芽，该活性具有潜在的除草效能。经初步鉴定，S5菌株为淡紫灰链霉菌淡青变种（Streptomyces lavendulaevar．glaucescens）。发酵条件实验结果表明，S5菌株在1％葡萄糖和0．3％牛肉膏的S培养基中，以2％接种量在pH7．0和25℃摇床培养，可得到最强的抑制种子发芽的生物活性。     

里氏木霉RUT-C30内切β-甘露聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

摘要：以里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）RNA为模板，采用RT-PCR扩增的方法获得不带自身信号肽man1基因的cDNA片段。构建了重组表达载体pPIC9K-man1，重组质粒SacⅠ线性化后用PEG（聚乙二醇）法导入毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris菌株GS115中，通过PCR和表型鉴定表明man1基因已经整合到毕赤酵母染色体上。经大量筛选，获得高效分泌表达甘露聚糖酶的毕赤酵母工程菌株RMAN23。将此菌株在5L发酵罐中进行高密度发酵，测定酶活最高达470IU /mL，同时对重组甘露聚糖酶的性质进行了初步研究。     

番茄乙烯信号转导相关基因剧EIN3（Le-EIL）的克隆和表达

根据拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana)、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)EIN3基因保守区序列设计简并引物，采用RT—PCR扩增从番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)果实中得到一个486bp的同源片段。以此片段作为探针，从番茄果实cDNA文库中分离到一个拟南芥EIN3的同源基因的cDNA克隆，命名为Le-EIL。该克隆含有一个1845bp的开放阅读框，编码615个氨基酸。经同源分析，它与烟草TEIL基因的同源性为79％，与拟南芥EIN3,EIL2和EIL3的同源性分别为59％、56％、52％、46％。Le-EIL基因表达与番茄果实的成熟及乙烯生成情况具有较强的相关性。在普通番茄果实的不同成熟时期Le—EIL基因都有表达，并且随着成熟度的增加基因表达有明显的增强，在转色期和粉红期Le-EIL基因的表达最强，在全红期后减弱。在转反义ACS基因的转基因番茄果实中，只有开花后60d的果实中Le-EIL基因有微弱的表达，在其它成熟时期均没有表达。     

木质纤维素乙醇研究进展（英）

木质纤维原料制取乙醇在实际应用中具有较大的发展前景。该文主要综述了纤维素乙醇的预处理、水解和发酵三个过程。此外,比较了不同预处理方法的效率,还概括了当前纤维素乙醇的研究进展,包括发酵菌株、基因工程、发酵过程（SHF和CBP）和发酵过程与分离过程的整合。最后,还对纤维素乙醇在今后的发展提出一些建议。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry2Aa基因的克隆、表达与活性

B-8-G和Ly30是我国自行分离的对多种重要农业害虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）菌株,经PCR-RFLP鉴定均含有cry2Aa基因.根据cry2Aa全长基因序列设计特异引物,以B-8-G总DNA为模板扩增其中的cry2Aa全长基因,与大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）表达载体pET-21b相连接,获得含有cry2Aa全长基因的重组质粒pET2Aa,该基因在大肠杆菌BL21菌株能够正常表达65 kD蛋白.通过构建Ly30总DNA文库方法从中筛选获得cry2Aa基因,将其连接至Bt-E.coli穿梭表达载体pHT315上,转化Bt无晶体突变株HD-73中,该基因能正常表达65 kD蛋白,并形成立方体状晶体.这两种基因序列已被国际Bt基因命名委员会分别正式命名为cry2Aa9和cry2Aa10.杀虫生物活性测定结果表明cry2Aa基因表达产物对黄胫小车蝗（Oedaleusinfernlis）、尖音库蚊（Culex pipiens）、黑翅伊蚊（Aedes melanopterus）、水稻二化螟（Chilo suppressalis）和小菜蛾（Plutellaxylostella）幼虫均具有显著的毒杀作用.首次报道cry2Aa10基因表达蛋白对蝗虫、库蚊具有杀虫活性.这些基因的获得,将为高效工程菌和抗虫转基因植物的研制提供了新的基因资源.     

部分蜘蛛牵丝Ⅰ型蛋白基因的合成及其聚合体在大肠杆菌中的表达

已知蜘蛛牵丝Ⅰ型蛋白N端序列不完整，有大量多聚丙氨酸基序组成的重复区。根据已报道的金纺者（Nephila clavipes）相应基因序列，合成若干寡核苷酸链，通过PCR获得编码涵盖三组多聚丙氨酸基序的基因片断。并以此为单体，经过酶切和连接获得重复区分别为2、4、8拷贝的聚合体。序列及RNA二级结构比对显示：所获8聚体与已报道基因编码的氨基酸同源性高达84％，但8聚体基因mRNA具有较低能级。将上述3种聚合体基因分别克隆大肠杆菌（Escherichia coh）表达载体pET-30a（＋），经IPTG诱导、利福平阻断菌体基因表达及在培养基中添加^35S-Met，通过放射自显影可见由T7启动子引发的特异目的基因表达带。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.