蝇蛹金小蜂的交配行为及雄蜂交配次数对雌蜂繁殖的影响

多数昆虫能够进行多次交配,随寄生蜂雄蜂交配次数的增加,雄蜂体内精子减少,雌蜂获得的精子数量减少,产下更多的单倍体卵,发育为雄性后代;一些单寄生性的寄生蜂雌蜂一生仅能够交配1次。描述了蝇蛹金小蜂雌雄蜂的交配行为,探讨了雄蜂交配次数对雌蜂后代产量等的影响以及雌蜂的可交配次数。结果表明,交配过程包括求偶、交尾前期、交尾和交尾后期;雄蜂已交配的次数并不能够显著影响其配偶的寿命、产卵期和后代总数量,但显著影响到其配偶的雌、雄后代数量和性比。随雄蜂交配次数的增加,与之交配的雌蜂的后代雄性百分比显著增大,雌蜂在产卵期内更早地出现较多雄性后代,体内精子不足的现象更加明显。无论已交配的蝇蛹金小蜂雌蜂在产卵期中是否出现精子不足,均不能再次完成交配。     

麦蛾气味受体OrCo基因的克隆及其表达模式分析

为提高麦蛾茧蜂种群的室内扩繁效率,采用人为控制种蜂婚配条件,研究麦蛾茧蜂交配经历和种蜂性比对交配行为及子代性别分化的影响。结果表明:麦蛾茧蜂种蜂交配经历对雌雄交配行为具有显著影响。交配经历较少的雄蜂再行配对时,求偶次数和交配次数较多、求偶强度较强且单次交配时间较长。没有交配经历的雄蜂比有5~6次交配经历的雄蜂交配时间显著要长。麦蛾茧蜂雄蜂交配经历对子代雌雄性比具有一定影响,但对子代总蜂数量的影响不明显。较少交配经历的雄蜂与处女雌蜂交配繁育所获子代雌蜂数量较多,雌雄性比较高。室内人工繁殖时,适当提高麦蛾茧蜂种蜂中雄蜂的比例有助于提高子代雌蜂数,当种蜂性比为1雌3雄,益害比为2(雌蜂数)10时繁殖效率最佳。     

寄主大小及寄生顺序对蝇蛹佣小蜂寄生策略的影响

寄主大小模型认为寄生蜂后代性比与寄主大小相关,寄生蜂倾向于在大寄主上产出更多雌性后代,在小寄主上产出更多雄性后代。探讨了以家蝇蛹为寄主时,蝇蛹佣小蜂后代产量和性比变化;单次寄生情况下,寄主大小及寄生顺序对寄生蜂后代性比等影响。结果表明,蝇蛹佣小蜂的产卵期为(8.93±3.34) d,单头雌蜂能产雌性后代(34.11±16.34)头和雄性后代(11.04±8.87)头,且雄性百分比为0.24±0.11。随成蜂日龄的增大,寄生蜂产生雄性后代的比率显著增加。蝇蛹佣小蜂在寄生家蝇蛹时,会优先选择寄生个体较大的蛹;在单次寄生的情况下,蝇蛹佣小蜂倾向于在较大的家蝇蛹内产出更多的雌性后代。     

二点委夜蛾的交配行为与产卵量

为了对二点委夜蛾性信息素田间应用的可能性提供理论依据,在温度（26±1）℃、相对湿度50%±10%、光周期14 h∶10 h（L∶D）条件下对二点委夜蛾的交配行为和能力进行了研究,并对性信息素应用以及二点委夜蛾暴发为害性及其成虫防控技术进行了综合分析。结果表明：成虫一般在羽化后1 d进行交配和产卵。雄蛾和雌蛾均可以多次交配,交配能力和产卵量均受性比影响。雌蛾交配能力与产卵量呈显著正相关,雌雄比为1∶5时单雌平均产卵量为501头;雄蛾交配能力则与雌蛾产卵量呈显著负相关,雌雄比为5∶1时单雌平均产卵量降低为227头。应用性诱剂诱杀二点委夜蛾雄蛾可以降低雌蛾的产卵量,但由于雌蛾产卵量大,因此仍需结合其他措施同时降低雌雄蛾数量才能达到更好的防治效果。     

Emergence,Mating and Oviposition Behavior of the Chinese Population in Pink Bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most serious lepidopteran pests of cotton in the world. This pest invaded China at the onset of the 20th century, possibly through repeated introductions from several different locations worldwide. In this paper, we describe different behavioral parameters of this Hubei P. gossypiella strain under laboratory and field conditions. Using an infra-red video recorder, we observed (nocturnal) emergence, flight and mating activities, and oviposition patterns. Moth emergence started from 13:00 and continued up till 23:00. Under laboratory and field conditions, 2-7-d-old moths initiated flight around sunset, peaked 50 min later and gradually declined until 04:00. Although mating started immediately after darkness (i.e., 20:00), mating behavior was most intense from 23:00 to 03:40. Oviposition also showed distinct time-related patterns, with approx. 70% eggs laid between 20:00 and 22:00. In the studies of the relationship between flight and oviposition, the duration of flight had an effect on oviposition. The 1-d-old moths flown for 6 and 12 h began oviposition earlier than the unflown ones, and the 6-h flight had no effect on the egg production. However, the longevity of the flown moths was shortened after flight. In addition, the peaks of oviposition for the flown moths were advanced 2–3 d. The age when the moths flied affected the oviposition of adult moths. The earlier the moths started to fly after emergence, the greater the fecundity they had. The average egg production of moths flown for 24 h was less than that of non-flown moths which were of the same age. Both flight and delay in mating could advance the oviposition peak. Our study provides detailed insights in nocturnal activities and the reproductive biology of local P. gossypiella populations, which could be employed to fine-tune current pest management programs in China.     

棉铃虫精子在雌蛾生殖道内的转移动态

通过显微镜观察、孚尔根涂片和显微镜计数法研究了棉铃虫精子在雌蛾生殖道内的转移、分布及转移的动力。结果表明：（1）交配结束后1．5h，雌蛾精包内的真核精子和无核精子开始向受精囊转移，2h时近2／3的精子已转入受精囊，其中受精囊内精子的数量逐渐下降；（2）精子转移至受精囊后只分布于主囊，成团聚集，副囊中没有精子；（3）雌虫生殖道肌肉和节律性收缩推动精子转移，同时无核精子的运动也有助于真核精子的移动。     

普通大蓟马子代性比对同种成虫气味的响应

为了探究同种成虫的气味对普通大蓟马(Megalurothrips usitatus)交配期间性比调节的影响,设置对照（无气味）、已交配雌虫、未交配雌虫和已交配雄虫等4种气味源,分别处理单对刚羽化成虫24 h,然后用幼嫩豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)豆荚单头饲养被测雌虫,观测每日所产子代的性别和数量,计算子代性比。结果表明:已交配雌虫气味处理的子代雌虫数（22.80头）最少,跟其他处理差异显著。同对照的子代性比（0.31）相比,已交配雌虫和未交配雌虫的气味分别导致子代性比显著提高和降低,子代性比分别为0.48和0.22,而已交配雄虫气味对子代性比无显著影响。4个处理中,仅已交配雌虫气味处理的雌虫在产卵最后1天的日性比达到1.00,即雌虫体内的精子已消耗殆尽。成虫气味源对雌虫产卵天数没有明显影响。实验结果说明,普通大蓟马在交配期间能依靠嗅觉判别周边雌虫的交配状况,然后通过调控雌虫的获精数量,实现对子代性比的自调节。     

Sub-lethal effects of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) on field populations of the potato tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella Zeller in China

The potato tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, is one of the most important potato pests worldwide including China. Several reports indicate that P. operculella could be controlled biologically by the use of beneficial fungus such as Beauveria bassiana(Bals.-Criv) Vuill. However, limited information is available under growing conditions in China. Thus, this study evaluated the sub-lethal effects of B. bassiana on the offspring of P. operculella by the age-stage, two-sex life table. First instar larva of P. operculella were treated with 1×107 conidia m L–1 of the fungus, and several biological parameters were evaluated. The fecundity, duration of the egg stage, all larval stages, pre-adult stage, and total pre-oviposition period, were significantly shorter than the control treatment. Offspring of treated parents, presented a net reproductive rate and mean generation time of 17.43 per day and 24.98 days, respectively, compared to 65.79 per day and 26.51 days for the untreated ones. This study provides basic information to help understanding the potential long-term effects of entomopathogenic fungi on P. operculella.     

千岛湖岛屿社鼠的种群年龄结构和性比

2009年7月至11月以及2010年3月至11月在千岛湖地区2个岛屿上对社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)种群进行标志重捕,通过对社鼠种群年龄结构和性比的研究,探讨陆桥岛屿环境下生境片段化对社鼠种群结构的影响。结果显示:社鼠种群年龄结构整体上均表现为由上半年幼年组和亚成年组占优势逐渐过渡到下半年成年组和老年组占绝对优势,岛屿环境对社鼠年龄结构变化的影响与陆地环境有所不同;两岛社鼠种群数量与性比(♀:♂)之间均存在显著的负相关性(B岛2010年7-11月除外),当种群数量处于高峰期时,雌性少于雄性,而种群数量处于低潮期时,雌性多于雄性,这可能是社鼠种群数量变动内部调节机制的一种表现;由于9-10月和2-3月的繁殖高峰以及高的胎仔数,翌年上半年种群数量就能恢复并达到全年最高峰。     

Effects of Maternal Dietary Energy Restriction on Fat Deposition of Offspring

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on growth performance, serum indices and fat deposition of offspring. A total of 400 female Arbor Acres （AA） broiler breeders were studied. These female birds involved three experimental treatments and a control group with normal dietary energy diets （ND, 11.7 MJ of ME. kgt during the laying）. In treatments 2, 3 and 4, the energies of diets were 20%, 30% and 50% （LD20, LD30 and LD50） lower than those of the control, respectively. The study commenced at the beginning of the laying period when the total egg production reached 5% of the flock. All the broiler offspring were fed the same diets. The results showed that in low energy diets, offspring showed decreased 1-day-old weight, but 49-day-old weight was higher in LD20 diet （P〈0.05）. For offspring during days 1-49, the average daily gain （ADG） in LD20 group and the feed conversion ratio in LD50 group were improved as compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. Compared with the control, abdominal fat percentage increased in 49-day-old offspring from LD30 diet （P〈0.05）; the fat content of breast muscle in offspring increased in broilers fed low energy diets （P〈0.05）. In 28-day-old offspring from breeders given LD20 and LD50 diets, liver fat percentages were higher compared with ND （P〈0.05）. The subcutaneous fat thickness in 28-day-old offspring from LD50 group and 49-day-old offspring from LD30 group was higher （P〈0.05）. On day 49, the serum cholesterol （CHO） of offspring from breeders fed LD20 diet and serum high-density lipoprotein （HDL） of offspring from breeders fed LD50 diet reduced compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. In addition, a higher triiodothyronine （T3） content in serum was found in offspring from broiler breeders given LD20 and LD30 diets （P〈0.05）. Serum thyroxine （T4） in offspring significantly decreased with the decrease of diet energy （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, to a certain extent, dietary energy restriction in breeders could improve growth performance and promote lipid metabolism of offspring.     

不同生殖方式下西花蓟马的繁殖力研究

为了进一步了解和掌握西花蓟马不同雌雄比例及配对时间对种群的影响,研究了西花蓟马在不同雌雄比例的两性生殖、孤雌生殖以及雌雄不同配对时间等处理下,西花蓟马的生殖力及子代的性比。结果表明,西花蓟马可进行两性生殖和产雄孤雌生殖。不同处理下雌成虫的寿命、产卵量和性比有显著差异,两性生殖中雌雄比1∶1处理下的雌成虫寿命最长,产卵量最大,两性生殖中雌雄比4∶1及孤雌生殖二种处理下,雌成虫寿命和产卵量较低。西花蓟马雌雄不同配对时间的处理表明,雌虫在进行一段时间的孤雌生殖后,再放入雄虫,雌虫仍能与雄虫交配进行两性生殖,雄虫可以进行多次交配。     

多次交配对昆虫适应性的影响

多次交配行为广泛存在于各种昆虫种类中.然而,目前对于昆虫多次交配行为的维持与进化的理解仍然存在疑惑.从物质利益和基因利益两方面综述昆虫多次交配发生的机制,并从亲代的产卵量、寿命、生殖力、子代的存活力与基因多样性等方面论述多次交配对昆虫适应性的影响.     

蚕豆叶正反面对朱砂叶螨生物学特性的影响

试验采用蚕豆叶饲养朱砂叶螨,观察蚕豆叶正反面对朱砂叶螨的发育历期、单雌产卵量、雌雄性比、世代死亡率的影响,试验结果表明,朱砂叶螨在叶正面的产卵量为单雌5.86粒,极显著低于叶反面的单雌15.22粒;叶正面和叶反面卵到成螨历期分别为11 d和10.38 d,差异不显著,性比是1∶1,没有差异。叶正面和叶反面的世代死亡率分别是0.83和0.79,差异不显著。蚕豆叶正面和反面的产卵动态表明,产卵量曲线在前期就呈现下降趋势,在叶正面的产卵期(4 d)明显低于叶反面(8 d)。     

性迷向素防治桃园梨小食心虫效果初探

为了引进推广果园害虫绿色防控技术,2014年4月至7月在上海市浦东新区桃园对240mg/根梨小食心虫性信息迷向素防治梨小食心虫效果进行试验。结果表明,从花期到采收期,迷向处理园梨小食心虫成虫数量明显低于对照园。在495根/hm2和720根/hm2密度处理区,越冬代、第1代、第2代梨小食心虫雄虫迷向率均可达90%以上,种群数量减退率达78.23%~85.15%;迷向丝处理区蛀梢防效达72.73%~95.32%,蛀果防效达78.26%~95.65%,果实品质和产值高于常规对照区,经济效益显著。     

管侧沟茧蜂雌蜂日龄和寄生经历对寄生率及子代的影响

室内研究了不同日龄管侧沟茧蜂雌虫及寄生经历对寄主粘虫的寄生率和后代性比等的影响。结果表明：管侧沟茧蜂对寄主的寄生率随着雌蜂日龄的不同而变化,无寄生经历和有寄生经历雌蜂对寄主的寄生率在3日龄时达到最大,分别为52.38%和54.61%;之后随着雌蜂日龄的增加,寄生率逐渐降低。无寄生经历和有寄生经历的2日龄雌蜂寄生寄主所产子代的茧重最大,分别为2.96mg和2.85mg,子代茧重随着雌蜂日龄增加而逐渐降低。子代雌蜂体重有随母代雌蜂日龄增加呈先高后低的变化趋势,子代雄蜂体重在低日龄（0～2d）和高日龄（7d）处理时较轻,在中间日龄（3～6d）处理较重而且恒定。1～3日龄雌蜂所产子代雌雄比较高,3日龄时最高,而后随着母代雌蜂日龄的增加呈下降趋势,新羽化未交配雌蜂寄生得到的后代均为雄性。管侧沟茧蜂的寄生经历对寄生率、子代茧重、子代性比和子代成蜂重量影响差异不显著。     

中西印度洋的黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖生物学研究

根据我国国家金枪鱼渔业观察员2012年10月-2013年1月和2013年10月-2014年2月两个阶段在印度洋中西部采集1233尾黄鳍金枪鱼的样本,对其进行了繁殖生物学的研究,主要分析黄鳍金枪鱼纯重、叉长、性比、性成熟率和性腺指数等繁殖生物学参数。结果表明:(1)雌性雄性叉长-纯重关系式分别是W=7×10-6L3.244和W=6×10-6L3.197;(2)雌雄之比为0.74∶1,达到性成熟的雌雄个体性别比为0.69∶1;(3)雌性性腺指数为0.39~5.92,在雌性个体中性腺指数大于2的占52.03%;雄性性腺指数为0.44~3.37,在雄性个体中性腺指数大于2的占31.43%。(4)雌、雄性成熟叉长的Logistic曲线分别是P=1/[1+e0.08276×(122.991-FLm)]和P=1/[1+e0.03767×(118.618-FLm)];(5)采样期间(10月至翌年2月)雌、雄性个体分别在12月和1月的性成熟率达到最高,在2月份性成熟率最低;(6)根据体长分布推算,叉长为115 cm可以作为黄鳍金枪鱼个体分为大小两个群体的基准,雌雄样本中大个体所占比例分别是63.13%和75.40%,两个群体中,雌雄个体大小存在显著性差异(P0.05)。本文的研究结果有助于更好地了解印度洋西部黄鳍金枪鱼的生物学特征,为我国进一步开发该种渔业资源提供基础资料。     

Performance of Three Adelphocoris spp.（Hemiptera： Miridae） on Flowering and Non-flowering Cotton and Alfalfa

The genus Adelphocoris（Hemiptera： Miridae） is a group of key insect pests in cotton fields in China that includes three dominant species： A. suturalis（Jakovlev）, A. lineolatus（Goeze） and A. fasciaticollis（Reuter）. Previous field surveys have found that adults of these Adelphocoris species usually move onto specific host plants when the plants enter the flowering stage. To determine the potential trade-offs for this host-plant preference behavior, the performance of these three Adelphocoris spp. on flowering and non-flowering cotton and alfalfa were compared in the laboratory. The results showed that Adelphocoris spp. had significantly higher nymphal developmental and survival rates, along with increased adult longevity and fecundity on flowering cotton and alfalfa than on non-flowering plants of either species. In addition, compared with cotton plants, alfalfa generally promoted better performance of these three Adelphocoris species, especially for A. lineolatus. Simple correlation analysis indicated that female adult longevity was positively correlated to male adult longevity and female fecundity, and female fecundity was positively correlated to nymphal development and survival rates. This study demonstrated a positive correlation between adult preference and offspring/adult performance for all three Adelphocoris species, with no evidence of any trade-offs for this preference for flowering host plants. These findings support the hypothesis that hemimetabolous insects such as mirid bugs have positive adult preference-adult/nymphal performance relationships, which is likely due to the similar feeding habits and nutritional requirements of adults and nymphs.     

Relationship between copulation and cold hardiness in Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the ragweed leaf beetle, is a biological control agent of the invasive common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asterales: Asteraceae). Adults can survive cold conditions that occur during winter. The adults mate before entering overwintering. Understanding the connection between copulation and overwintering will be useful for determining O. communa seasonality. Determining the relationship between overwintering and copulation required comparison of mated and unmated beetles at mean lethal temperature (LTemp₅₀) exposures for 2 h. Cold-related physiological indices, including the water ratio, super cooling point (SCP), cryoprotectant levels, and energy reserve levels, were also measured. Mating treatment decreased the LTemp₅₀ of both sexes by reducing their mean SCP and water ratios. Although the changes of cryoprotectant levels in mated adults were not precisely consistent in between the genders, they increased greatly in both males and females. Body sugar may play a role in copulation and may also elevate cold hardiness in O. communa.     

延迟交配对蛾类生殖适合度影响的Meta分析

延迟交配被认为是交配干扰技术间接控制害虫种群的一种方法。近年来延迟交配行为对蛾类昆虫生殖适合度的影响得到了广泛的研究,然而,延迟交配行为与蛾类生殖适合度之间的关系相当复杂且存在很大疑惑。本文通过对搜集到的38篇实例研究性文献进行Meta分析,探讨了蛾类的延迟交配行为对雌蛾的生殖产量的影响并确定这种差异是否受科属、性别和交配策略的影响。结果表明延迟交配明显降低雌蛾的产卵量和卵的孵化率,而雌蛾寿命相应地延长。这种负相关性在不同科、性别和交配策略的蛾类之间有所差异,表现为延迟交配对夜蛾科、螟蛾科、卷蛾科、尺蛾科等的负作用高于草螟科、菜蛾科、巢蛾科和蛀果蛾科等蛾类;对雌蛾的影响比雄蛾更明显;而对多配制蛾类的影响比单配制蛾类更显著。笔者的结果支持成虫日龄与雌蛾生殖产量之间存在明显的相关性,每种蛾类均存在一个最佳的交配日龄,从而提出交配干扰技术在实际生产中只有在蛾类最佳交配日龄之前应用合成信息素来阻止或干扰其交配行为才能取得最佳的防治效果。     

Larval diet affects development and reproduction of East Asian strain of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

In December 11, 2018, the fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda invaded China and has since impacted local maize, sorghum and other crops. Here, we draw on laboratory experiments to show how different host crops(i.e., maize, sorghum, wheat and rice) and artificial diet affect larval growth and adult reproduction of one local FAW strain. Larval diet affected development duration, pupation rate, survival and emergence rate of pupae, and S. frugiperda adult fecundity. FAW attained the slowest larval development(19.4 days) on sorghum and the fastest(14.1 days) on artificial diet, with larvae attaining 99.6% survival on the latter food item. On rice, FAW larvae attained survival rate of 0.4% and were unable to pupate successfully. Pupation rate and pupal survival varied substantially between artificial diet and live plantlets at different phenological stages. Pupal weight was the highest(0.26 g) on artificial diet and the lowest(0.14 g) on sorghum, while FAW females reached the highest fecundity(699.7 eggs/female) on 2-leaf stage maize. Egg hatching rate equaled 93.6% on 4-or 5-leaf stage maize and 36.6% on artificial diet. FAW intrinsic rate of natural increase and the finite rate of increase varied between larval diets, reflecting how young maize leaves are the most suitable diet. Our findings can help to refine laboratory rearing protocols, devise population forecasting models or guide the deployment of ‘area-wide' integrated pest management(IPM) modules in FAW-invaded areas of China and other Asian countries.