大豆凝集素处理对肉仔鸡生长性能及小肠发育的影响

选用1日龄健康艾维茵肉仔鸡,从7日龄开始,分别进行饲喂基础日粮(对照组)和基础日粮添加大豆凝集素处理,以研究不同大豆凝集素添加水平对肉仔鸡生长性能、小肠发育的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加不同水平的大豆凝集素显著降低了肉仔鸡的平均日采食量(P0.05);0.05%和0.10%大豆凝集素添加组肉仔鸡的平均日增重、绝对增重和相对增重无显著影响(P0.05);肉仔鸡小肠长度和重量随着日粮中大豆凝集素添加水平的升高而呈线性增加,日粮中添加0.10%大豆凝集素显著增加了肉仔鸡的小肠长度及重量。研究结果提示,日粮中添加不同水平大豆凝集素,影响了肉仔鸡生长性能和小肠发育,对动物产生了抗营养作用。     

大豆凝集素抗营养的研究进展

大豆凝集素是一种糖蛋白质,具有凝集和促分裂的生物学活性,可以通过小肠上皮刷状缘进入循环系统而诱发免疫反应,能够引起动物的小肠黏膜损伤,绒毛萎缩、腺窝增生,胰腺增生,体蛋白分解加强,内源氮的损失增加.本文对大豆凝集素及其抗营养作用和检测方法进行了综述.     

茶多酚对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子诱导氧化应激的抑制作用

为研究茶多酚对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子(STI)诱导的小鼠氧化应激的抑制作用,设3个处理,每组12只清洁级雄性小鼠,第1组为正常对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第2组为模型组(STI组),饲喂添加STI的日粮,第3组为茶多酚组(TP组),饲喂添加STI和茶多酚的日粮。21 d后处死小鼠,测定其氧化及抗氧化指标的变化。结果表明:STI组小鼠由于STI诱导了氧化应激,造成胰腺和血清中的MDA含量均显著升高(P0.05);而添加茶多酚的TP组,其胰腺中MDA含量较STI组显著降低(P0.05),胰腺和血清中T-SOD、T-AOC、CAT、GSH和GSH-Px值较STI组均有不同程度的升高。研究表明,茶多酚有效抑制了STI诱导的氧化应激,削弱了自由基的氧化作用,并有效增强了机体的抗氧化能力。     

大豆主要抗营养因子猪的影响

大豆具有蛋白质含量丰富、氨基酸比例平衡等特点,营养价值非常高,作为一种优质的植物蛋白源,被广泛应用于猪饲料中。但是大豆中含有相当高水平的大豆抗原、大豆凝集素、蛋白酶抑制因子等抗营养因子,能使猪特别是仔猪出现过敏,小肠正常结构和功能被破坏,内源氮损失增加等一系列不良现象。危害了猪正常的生长发育和健康,给养猪生产造成了相当大的影响,限制了大豆加工产品在猪日粮中的应用。文章概述了大豆抗原、大豆凝集素、蛋白酶抑制因子这三种主要的大豆抗营养因子的含义、分类、生物学功能及对猪健康的影响,为大豆加工制品在猪日粮中的合理开发利用提供一定的参考依据。     

用BDI-GS体系综合评价进口转基因大豆的功效与安全

以低营养玉米饲料建立动物模型,通过已建立的食品BDI-GS评价新体系对进口抗草苷膦(RR)转基因(GM)大豆的功效安全进行评价。以处于生长期健康的ICR小鼠为研究对象,以单纯玉米饲料喂食小鼠作空白对照组,15%天然大豆及15%转基因大豆制成玉米掺和饲料为受试物实验组,通过13 d喂养,取得小鼠体重、9项脏器组织重量、系数及其BDI和GS等指标,并进行血清生化分析测试作为辅助评价指标。结果显示抗草苷膦转基因大豆喂养条件下,小鼠部分指标的BDI及累计GS明显降低;脏器指标主要表现在胸腺、胰腺和性腺的营养和健康效应上存在显著差异。表明进口GM大豆的营养价值及健康效应方面均明显不如国产天然大豆,存在一定的免疫及内分泌低下等健康隐患。     

大豆凝集素在兔消化道不同部位内的免疫活性残留

为揭示大豆凝集素在兔消化道小同部位的食糜中免疫活十串的残留规律,用经N-乙酰基-D-半乳糖胺-epoxy-sepharose6B亲和层析体系纯化的大豆凝集素制备兔抗大豆凝集素多克隆抗体,建立大豆凝集素间接抑制ELISA定量检测方法,检测下限低于10 ng·mL-1.以含质量分数为20%生大豆和1%Cr2O3(外源指示剂)的日粮饲喂未接触过大豆制品的兔(75日龄)14 d,最后一次进食后2 h,检测其胃、十二指肠、空肠前段、空肠中段、空肠后段、回肠、盲肠和结肠食糜中具免疫活性的大豆凝集素残留率分别为(74.33±2.57)%、(37.68±1.91)%、(12.15±1.97)%、(8.94±1.17)%、(7.34±1.45)%、(3.72±1.21)%、(2.04±1.19)%和(1.47±0.42)%.结果表明:在兔的消化道不同部位内均能检测纠具有免疫活性的大豆凝集素,且由前向后总地呈下降的趋势,其中由胃到十二指肠和由十二指肠到空肠前段的残留率变化均达到了极显著水平(P＜0.01).     

不同节位大豆籽粒中脂肪酸与11S、7S球蛋白含量变化

为了研究不同节位上大豆籽粒中5种脂肪酸与11S、7S球蛋白的含量变化规律,以吉林38和吉农19为试验材料测定不同节位籽粒中棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量与11S、7S球蛋白含量。结果表明,吉林38和吉农19各节位籽粒中所含脂肪酸及11S、7S球蛋白含量不同。棕榈酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量表现为随节位的上升而逐渐下降,而硬脂酸和油酸含量则表现为随节位的上升而上升。11S球蛋白含量随节位上升呈现为先下降后上升的趋势,11S球蛋白含量在中下部(4~9节位)含量偏低,上部(13~17节位)含量达到最高;7S球蛋白与11S球蛋白含量在节位中的变化规律相反。相关分析表明,吉林38和吉农19的11S球蛋白与7S球蛋白呈负相关关系。11S/7S比值与棕榈酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸呈负相关关系,与硬脂酸和油酸呈正相关关系。     

L-茶氨酸对小鼠肠道形态结构及游离氨基酸的影响

将50只KM雄性小鼠按每组10只随机分为正常组、谷氨酰胺组及L-茶氨酸低、中、高剂量组,连续灌喂28 d,探究L-茶氨酸对小鼠肠道形态结构及游离氨基酸的影响。结果表明,与正常组相比,小鼠肠道绒毛高度随L-茶氨酸剂量的增大而增加,各剂量组的十二指肠绒毛高度和中、高剂量组的空肠绒毛高度及其绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值均达显著水平(P<0.05),血清游离氨基酸含量及中、高剂量组的尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05),高剂量组的碱性磷酸酶、总蛋白含量显著升高(P<0.05);L-茶氨酸对不同肠道游离氨基酸含量的影响随剂量的增大而升高,其中,十二指肠中的各茶氨酸剂量组的全部必需氨基酸和大部分非必需氨基酸显著升高(P<0.05),且高剂量组的必需氨基酸含量显著高于低剂量组(P<0.05);空肠中的低剂量组的必需氨基酸Thr、Lys、Ile及中、高剂量组的全部必需氨基酸含量显著升高,且中、高剂量组中除Cit外的其他氨基酸含量均显著高于低剂量组(P<0.05);回肠中的低、中、高剂量组的全部必需氨基酸及大部分非必需氨基酸含量显著降低,且中、高剂量组中除GABA外的其他氨基酸含量显著高于低剂量组(P<0.05)。结果表明,L-茶氨酸可通过增加肠道绒毛高度、提高绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值来改善小鼠肠道形态结构,同时可促进十二指肠、空肠对氨基酸的吸收利用。     

茶叶中EGCG改善肥胖大鼠肠黏膜屏障损伤的作用研究

为探究EGCG对高脂诱导肥胖大鼠肠黏膜屏障损伤的保护作用,将雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、肥胖组、EGCG低剂量及高剂量干预组,每组8只.通过分析大鼠的体重、血清指标、脏器指数及脂肪组织病理切片评估肥胖大鼠脂质聚集与炎症状况及EGCG的干预作用.通过分析肠道病理切片、绒毛长度/隐窝深度值(V/C值)以及血清中脂多糖(LPS)水平和二胺氧化酶(DAO)活力评估肠道的通透性和完整性;通过分析血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)活力及空肠上皮间淋巴细胞(JIL)数量评估肠道的炎症状况.实验结果表明,EGCG能有效降低肥胖大鼠体重,调节高脂饮食诱导的脂质代谢紊乱,并降低大鼠体脂率和脂肪细胞大小,改善脂肪聚集及炎症现象.同时,EGCG可降低血清LPS、DAO、TNF-α水平和空肠上皮间淋巴细胞数量,减少空肠绒毛的稀疏与断裂,增加空肠绒毛V/C值,抑制空肠绒毛中的炎细胞浸润,缓解结肠水肿现象,减少肠道通透性及炎症状况.表明EGCG能有效修复肥胖大鼠的肠黏膜屏障损伤,调节"肠-脂肪"信号轴,这可能也是其改善肥胖大鼠脂肪聚集及相关炎症的作用机制.     

茶多糖和茶多酚的降血糖作用研究

目的:研究茶多糖、茶多酚对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病SD大鼠的降血糖作用和机制。方法:饲喂SD大鼠茶多糖、茶多酚3周后,观察大鼠血糖、葡萄糖耐量、血胰岛素以及小肠糖降解酶(淀粉酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶)变化。结果:茶多糖、茶多酚都有显著抑制糖尿病大鼠血糖升高的作用;与对照组比较,茶多糖组大鼠血胰岛素水平有显著提高(P<0.05),蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);茶多酚组的血胰岛素水平有升高趋势,小肠各降解酶活力也有下降趋势,但与对照组比较均未达到显著水平。结论:茶多糖对高血糖大鼠有显著的抑制血糖升高的作用,茶多糖的作用机制可能是抑制小肠糖降解酶活性。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.