莲子薄层热风干燥特性与水分变化规律

为了解莲子干燥过程中水分传递过程,监控、预测水分变化,该文通过开展莲子薄层热风干燥试验,考察了莲子在不同干燥温度(50、60、70、80、90℃)下干燥特性,建立了莲子热风干燥试验模型;利用低场核磁共振技术(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR),弛豫时间(transverse relaxation time,T2)和成像(nuclear magnetic resonance imaging,MRI),考察了干燥过程中莲子内部水分分布状态与变化规律。结果表明,莲子干燥一直处于降速干燥段;干燥温度显著影响干燥过程(P0.05),干燥温度升高,干燥时间缩短;通过比较4种数学模型,发现莲子干燥过程采用Midilli模型(决定系数R20.998)进行准确模拟(相对误差E10%);有效扩散系数在6.056 7×10-10~1.660 3×10-9 m2/s之间,并随着干燥温度的升高而增大;活化能为24.268 5 k J/mol。核磁共振试验表明,半结合水是莲子的特征水分,占新鲜莲子总水分的85.59%,其脱除过程呈现指数特征(R20.91);干燥过程中,不同状态的水分流动性变差。莲子内部存在水分梯度,表层最先失去水分,莲芯水分最后脱除;干燥终止时,剩余水分主要存在于莲芯部位。MRI为确定莲子干燥终点提供了直观的参考依据。研究结果可为控制莲子热风干燥过程、优化干燥工艺参数提供理论依据。     

回生抗性淀粉种类对米淀粉凝胶形成的影响

为寻找改善普通米淀粉制品的结构及品质的新型食品添加剂,该文以普通米淀粉为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、质构分析仪、全自动X射线衍射仪及示差扫描量热仪等手段,研究添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆回生抗性淀粉(retrograded resistant starch,RSⅢ)对米淀粉凝胶微观结构及理化性质的影响。结果表明:添加锥栗、马铃薯及绿豆RSⅢ对米淀粉凝胶的结构及性质产生显著影响(P0.01),以锥栗RSⅢ的作用最为突出。添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ对米淀粉糊的黏度特性没有影响(P0.05)。未添加RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶存在很多不规则、深浅不一的大洞,而加入RSⅢ使米淀粉凝胶的网状结构变得更为规整、致密,且其胶着性与黏聚性变化不大(P0.05);添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ后能加速米淀粉凝胶的形成,与未添加RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶比,其硬度分别增加了2.38、1.97和1.25倍(P0.01),黏着性分别增加2.56、1.99和1.32倍(P0.01),弹性增加1.07、0.81和0.53倍(P0.01)。米淀粉以A-型晶体占优,锥栗RSⅢ以V-型晶体占优,马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ均以B-型晶体占优;不加或加入RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶粉末都转变为以V-型晶体为主,且总相对结晶度没有改变(P0.05)。加入RSⅢ后的米淀粉糊除有低温吸热峰外还出现高温吸热峰,是否添加RSⅢ对低温吸热峰的温度参数影响不大(P0.05),但吸热焓显著降低(P0.01);而对于高温吸热峰,添加马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ的各项参数没有差别(P0.05),但比添加锥栗RSⅢ的显著增高(P0.01)。可见添加不同来源的RSⅢ可以有效改善米淀粉凝胶的结构与品质。该研究结果为抗性淀粉用于提高米制品品质与营养功能的研究和生产提供了重要参考。     

高含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料热特性及调质温度控制

为探究热敏性饲料原料乳清粉及不同含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料的热物理特性,该文以仔猪料配方中的4种主要饲料原料玉米、豆粕、乳清粉和鱼粉为研究对象,采用混料设计的方法得到33种不同含量(0～30％)乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料,并利用差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)测定了4种单一原料在25～120℃范围内以及33种仔猪配合饲料在25～110℃范围内的比热,分析了乳清粉及高含量乳清粉(质量分数≥14.548％)的仔猪配合饲料的热变性过程.结果显示:玉米、豆粕和鱼粉的比热分别与温度(25～120℃)呈线性、对数和二次关系,而乳清粉的比热与温度(25～110℃)遵循三次多项式的关系;当配合饲料中含有≥6.25％的乳清粉时,其比热与温度遵循三次多项式的关系;配合饲料的比热显著受温度、原料配比以及二者交互作用的影响(P＜0.001),其中,温度的影响最为显著,而乳清粉含量的影响次之.DSC热焓曲线上,乳清粉在109.79℃会出现吸热峰,为乳清蛋白的热变性导致;而随着温度由20℃升高到110℃,乳清粉颗粒由存在许多凸起与微孔的粗糙表面结构逐渐过渡为光滑、粘结的状态.与乳清粉相似,高含量乳清粉的配合饲料也会在77.95～87.69℃出现吸热峰.在仔猪配合颗粒饲料的加工过程中,为降低乳清蛋白的变性程度、减少环模制粒机的堵机现象,应将调质温度降低至70℃以下为宜.研究结果为高含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料的调质、制粒等热处理过程的工艺优化提供理论指导.     

玉米秸秆与油页岩混烧的热重试验

为了充分燃烧利用农业生物质与油页岩,采用热重-差示扫描量热(TG-DSC,thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry)技术对玉米秸秆与油页岩混合燃料进行了热重试验,对其各燃烧特性与燃烧机理进行了分析并计算了燃烧动力学参数。结果表明,混烧试样的微分热重(DTG,differential thermogravimetric)曲线出现4个峰值,主要分别是半纤维素热解、纤维素热解、木质素和油页岩热解,以及油页岩焦炭燃烧和油页岩无机盐热解。在DTG曲线第1至第3峰之间出现DSC曲线放热峰,在DTG曲线第3峰至第4峰之间出现DSC曲线吸热峰,需要强化混合燃料的前期燃烧;玉米秸秆与油页岩的质量比例为4∶1时的混合燃料S2,其混烧的可燃特性、着火特性及综合燃烧特性指数均最大,燃尽时间最短,燃尽特性指数较大;在前3个温度区段,混合试样的活化能及频率因子均随温度区段的升高而降低,体现了活化能与频率因子变化的一致性;低温阶段与高温阶段反应级数分别约为1.5及0.7。研究结果可为生物质和油页岩的混烧利用提供参考。     

苹果片中短波红外干燥过程中水分扩散特性

为了研究苹果片中短波干燥过程中水分扩散特性和玻璃化转变温度的变化规律,进而明确中短波红外干燥过程中的水分扩散特性,采用中短波红外干燥箱在50、70和90℃的条件下对苹果片进行中短波红外干燥处理试验,应用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear resonance,LF-NMR)和差示量热扫描(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)等技术,测定中短波红外干燥过程中水分状态、玻璃化转变温度、水分活度、体积等变化情况,进一步分析中短波红外干燥过程中水分状态与玻璃化转变温度、水分活度等指标之间的相关性及变化规律。结果表明:干燥过程中,中短波红外温度对水分扩散影响较大,50、70、90℃3个温度条件下平均干燥速率之比为1∶1.5∶2.3;苹果片中存在3种状态水分,干燥过程中液泡中的自由水含量大幅度降低的同时,细胞质和细胞外空隙中不易流动水质量分数由7.96%增加至46.82%,干燥继续进行,不易流动水含量逐渐降低;中短波红外干燥过程中,苹果片内不易流动水含量的降低,明显提高了玻璃化转变温度(p0.05),使其由-38℃左右最高上升至13.41℃,并引起水分活度由0.99迅速下降至0.24(p0.01);随干燥过程中水分的散失,苹果片发生皱缩现象,体积与水分含量表现出极显著相关性(R0.99)。该研究为中短波红外干燥中水分扩散特性研究提供了理论依据。     

食盐添加量对预制鲈鱼冷藏保鲜及热加工特性的影响

为研究不同食盐添加量(0~2.0%)对鲈鱼冷藏保鲜及热加工特性的影响,采用差示扫描量热法,研究鲈鱼鱼肉的含水率、冰点、变性温度、热焓和比热容等热特性并进行分析。研究发现,预制鲈鱼的冰点和含水率随食盐添加量的增加而逐渐降低;加热温度50℃附近吸热峰的起始温度、终止温度及变性热焓随食盐添加量的增加均逐渐降低;70℃附近吸热峰仅明显存在于新鲜鲈鱼样品中,其他食盐添加量条件下70℃附近吸热峰消失;鲈鱼鱼肉的比热容随食盐添加量的增加未呈现明显的变化趋势(P0.05),当鱼肉处于冻结状态、肌球蛋白及肌动蛋白处于变性状态时,2.0%食盐添加量鲈鱼的比热容最高,当鱼肉处于未冻结状态时,1.0%食盐添加量鲈鱼的比热容最高。研究表明:在不同食盐添加量(0~2.0%)条件下,随着食盐添加量的增多,鲈鱼冰点和含水率逐渐下降,肌球蛋白变性温度向低温方向移动,峰高逐渐降低,变性热焓逐渐下降,肌动蛋白峰消失;添加食盐的鲈鱼比热容变化皆小于新鲜鲈鱼(除1.0%食盐添加量)(P0.05);在不同食盐添加量(0~2.0%)条件下,未冻结鱼肉的比热容高于冻结鱼肉(P0.05),加工后的鱼肉的比热容高于未加工的鱼肉(P0.05)。研究结果为预制鲈鱼热加工和低温贮藏的品质控制提供参考。     

农业生物质燃烧特性及燃烧动力学

为了充分燃烧利用农业生物质,采用 TG-DTG-DSC ( thermogravimetric-differential thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry)联用技术对玉米杆、玉米芯、稻草、龙眼枝、荔枝条及其混合燃料进行了热重试验,考察了其可燃特性、着火特性、燃尽特性及综合燃烧特性,计算了燃烧动力学参数.结果表明,玉米杆及玉米芯燃烧前期DTG曲线分别出现2、3个峰值,而稻草、龙眼枝及荔枝条燃烧前期DTG曲线均只出现一个峰值;玉米杆及稻草燃烧中后期出现DSC曲线的吸热峰;玉米杆的可燃特性指数及着火特性指数均最大,且着火温度最低,荔枝条的燃尽特性指数最大,玉米芯的综合燃烧特性最好;低温阶段反应级数约为1.0~1.2,高温阶段反应级数约为0.5~0.8,低温阶段活化能大于高温阶段的活化能;生物质燃烧前期属于均相着火,后期属于多相着火.秸秆类生物质纯烧的后期稳定性较差,在木质类生物质中适当加入秸秆类生物质有利于混合燃料的前期燃烧,研究结果可为农业生物质的燃烧利用提供指导.     

热泵干燥北极虾的物理和感观特性研究

对分别在(-2～0)℃和20℃两种温度下热泵干燥北极虾(整虾、去头北极虾、去壳北极虾)的物理和感官特性进行了研究.结果显示,当热泵干燥温度由(-2～0)℃增加到20℃时,干燥虾的收缩率和所需的剪切力增大.干燥温度对干燥虾的色泽影响不显著.所有热泵干燥虾均具有高的复水能力和水分保持能力(WHC).研究结果还显示,虾的处理状态(有壳或无壳、有头或无头、解冻处理)对其物理和感官特性有着显著影响.解冻处理不利于虾色泽的保持并使之收缩增加.在所有的干燥虾样品中,在20℃下干燥的冷冻去头虾(B-2)具有最好的综合表现.与热风干燥相比,利用热泵干燥虾可获得高质量干燥产品.     

工艺参数对苹果变温压差膨化干燥过程中水分扩散的影响

利用非稳态菲克第二定律计算苹果片变温压差膨化干燥过程中水分扩散系数,讨论膨化温度、抽空温度和切片厚度对苹果片干燥过程中水分扩散的影响.采用Page、Henderson&Pabis和Logarithmic3种数学模型对苹果膨化干燥过程中水分的扩散进行了模型拟合,由模型统计参数平均偏差(MBE)、相对平均标准差(RMSE)、卡方(X2)、模型拟合效率(EF)值及决定系数r2评价模型优劣.结果表明:Logarithmic模型能够很好地描述苹果片变温压差膨化干燥中水分扩散的过程(r2≥0.97).试验设定工艺参数下,有效水分扩散系数De.在98.034×10-12 ～274.165×10-12m2 ·s-1之间,并且有效水分扩散系数随膨化温度、抽空温度的升高而升高;随切片厚度的增加而降低.     

亚麻籽粉含水率对其蛋白质变性温度的影响

本文研究亚麻籽粉含水率对其蛋白质变性温度的影响,通过对亚麻籽热变性的研究,为下一步亚麻籽的脱毒试验研究奠定一定的理论基础.应用差示扫描量热(DSC)技术测定不同的亚麻籽含水率下的亚麻籽粉蛋白质变性温度,分析在不同的条件下亚麻籽粉蛋白质变性温度特性.试验表明,亚麻籽粉蛋白质的变性温度较高,在129～143℃之间;随着升温速率的提高,DSC曲线的峰幅增大,峰形尖锐,变性温度升高,吸热焓值变化不大;亚麻籽蛋白质的变性温度与含水率有密切的关系,随含水率升高而降低.研究为亚麻耔深加工和利用提供了一定的理论依据.     

Influence of drying temperature, water content, and heating rate on gelatinization of corn starches

The gelatinization properties of starch extracted from corn and waxy corn dried at different temperatures were determined at various water contents and heating rates by differential scanning calorimetry. All gelatinization transition temperatures increased with drying temperature and heating rate. Onset and peak temperatures remained relatively constant, whereas end temperature decreased in the presence of excess water. The gelatinization enthalpy (deltaH(g)) of corn starch decreased with drying temperature at 50% water; however, it remained constant for waxy corn starch. The effects of water content and heating rate on deltaH(g) were dependent on each other. The minimum water levels required for gelatinization of starch extracted from corn dried at 20 and 100 degrees C are 21 and 29%, respectively. The activation energy (E(a)) was calculated using an Arrhenius-type equation and two first-order models; the degree of conversion (alpha) was predicted using a newly proposed model that produced good results for both E(a) and alpha.     

Thermal Modifications of Starch During High‐Temperature Drying of Pasta

Changes in starch at the molecular level during high‐temperature (HT) drying of pasta were studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pasta was manufactured from durum wheat semolina into the shape of spaghetti on a pilot‐plant installation. The HT phase (100°C) was applied at relatively high (27 g/100 g, wb), intermediate (20 g/100 g), and low (15 g/100 g) product moisture, respectively. Spaghetti dried at 55°C served as reference samples. The changes in the thermal properties of starch during drying were dependent on the drying conditions. The gelatinization enthalpy of pasta dried at 55°C was reduced by 30% during drying, which indicates a partial melting of the starch crystallites. With the beginning of the HT phase, the gelatinization enthalpy increased to final values that were close to or higher than those of freshly extruded pasta. In general, HT drying of pasta induced a broadening of the gelatinization range. Starch crystallinity remained unchanged during extrusion and drying at HT. Based on a state diagram of starch and on DSC measurements of pasta during drying, it is hypothesized that HT drying favors molecular rearrangements of starch polymers at the double helical level.     

莲子间歇式微波分段变功率真空干燥方法

目前莲子干燥仍以传统热风干燥为主,该方式不仅能耗高,耗时长,且莲子品质不佳,严重制约了莲子产业的高质量发展。为了提高莲子干燥品质、缩短干燥时间和降低能耗,该研究比较了间歇式微波恒定功率和微波分段变功率两种微波真空干燥法,分析了微波功率、干燥时间对莲子干燥特性影响。研究结果表明,间歇式微波分段变功率真空干燥较佳工艺参数为:真空度0.1 MPa,微波工作间歇方式为1.5 min-开/1.5 min-关,干燥过程分两个阶段进行,第一阶段在微波功率1 600 W条件下共工作3 min,间歇3 min,第二阶段在微波功率1 200 W条件下共工作3 min,间歇3 min。在此条件下,莲子主要营养成分中淀粉含量43.43 g/100 g,与恒定微波功率真空干燥(40.83～43.80 g/100 g)和传统热风干燥(42.73g/100 g)效果相当;蛋白质含量为19.37 g/100g,高于恒定微波功率真空干燥(18.17～18.67g/100 g)与热风干燥(18.57 g/100 g);膳食纤维含量为14.60 g/100 g,是热风干燥(6.94 g/100 g)的2.10倍,具有显著性差异(P0.05),与恒定微波功率真空干燥(11.03～14.70 g/100 g)无明显差异(P0.05);单位质量干燥能耗为7 848 kJ/kg,相较于传统热风干燥(465 012 kJ/kg)和恒定微波功率真空干燥(10 440～15 012 kJ/kg),干燥时间缩短,能耗降低。研究结果为莲子的加工生产提供理论支持。     

Effect of sucrose on the thermomechanical behavior of concentrated wheat and waxy corn starch-water preparations

The rheological behavior of concentrated starch preparations from two different origins (wheat and waxy corn) was studied in the presence of sucrose by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Moisture contents ranged from 30 to 60% (w/w wsb), and samples contained 0, 10, or 20 g of sucrose for 100 g of the starch-water mixture. The storage modulus (G') changes during heating depended strongly on water content (in the moisture range studied), and the importance of these variations was dependent upon the starch type. Sucrose addition resulted in a shift to higher temperatures of the increase in G' during heating. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron-spin resonance (ESR) analyses were performed in parallel in order to relate the viscoelastic changes to water migrations and to structural disorganization of starch. Sucrose was found to increase the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of both starches, implying a stabilization of the granular structure during heating. The sugar-water interactions do not appear to be the only way by which sucrose delays starch gelatinization. The obtained results suggest that sugar-starch interactions in the amorphous and/or the crystalline regions of the starch granules should be envisaged.     

全自动莲子剥壳去皮机的设计与试验

目前市场上的莲子剥壳去皮一体化机大多采用双边机结构,加工效率较高,但机器质量大、故障率高、调整维修困难。该文针对现有的莲子剥壳去皮一体机的缺陷,参考现有的莲子剥壳、去皮机的原理,设计出一种单边机结构的全自动莲子剥壳去皮机。莲子置于传送带,靠旋转的凹轮与莲壳表面间的摩擦,使莲子短径与传输方向保持一致;采用凸轮装置控制挡针和挡板的开合,使得莲子逐一通过;应用往复运动的刀片对传送带上的莲子进行环切;切壳后的莲子进入脱壳通道继续向前搓滚,使得壳仁分离;脱壳后的莲仁被冲皮装置夹持,绕自身旋转,受高压水枪冲击,使得莲子种皮完全脱去。对比试验表明,该机莲子完整加工率为91.3%,高于双边机;而未剥壳率和损伤率为1.9%和1.8%,低于双边机,单边机加工速度为96个/min,加工效率约为20 kg/h。因此,该文设计的全自动莲子机剥壳去皮性能更加稳定、可靠,调整维修更加简单,可实现莲子高效率低损耗的连续作业,并能加工各种粒度范围的莲子,能满足莲子剥壳去皮的实用需求,具有较好的应用前景。     

Modeling Starch Gelatinization Kinetics of Milled Rice Flour

Milled long‐grain rice samples were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the kinetics of starch gelatinization. The experiments were conducted with milled rice flour with a 10.6% degree of milling. DSC thermograms were obtained from 35 to 110°C using heating rates between 1°C/min and 15°C/min. The rate constants were evaluated, and two activation energies were found for different temperature ranges. At <70.1°C gelatinization was not completed. It was assumed that at <70.1°C gelatinization would only affect the amorphous regions. During the subsequent phase the crystalline regions destabilized by the amorphous component begin to gelatinize. For moisture content of 70%, wet basis, and a heating rate of 12°C/min, the enthalpy of gelatinization reaches a constant value of 7.3 J/g.     

Heat Treatments of Milled Rice and Properties of the Flours

The effects of autoclave and oven treatments on the gelatinization of rice flour and on the rheological characteristics of its pastes were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rapid viscoanalysis (RVA), and rotational viscometry. Flours from autoclave‐treated rice (ATR) and oven‐treated rice (OTR) were prepared, respectively, by heating at 120°C for 60 min and 160°C for 60 min followed by drying (ATR sample), and grinding at 2.2–12.9% moisture content. The rice flour dispersions were adjusted between pH 6.3 and 2.8 using 0.2M citrate buffer. The retort processing of rice flour in water pastes were done at 120°C for 20 min either once or twice. The gelatinization peak temperature (PT and T_o) and the peak temperature corresponding to the amylose‐lipid complexes (T_p3) of ATR increased at pH 6.3 and 2.8 compared with OTR and UTR flour. This indicates that the internal structures of the starch granules in ATR became more stable to heat and acid, even though the damaged starch content of ATR was 23% compared with 16 and 7%, respectively, for untreated rice flour (UTR) and OTR. The OTR flour pastes showed a gel‐like behavior at pH 4.5 after retort processing in water at 120°C for 20 min; however, the ATR mixture behaved more like a liquid paste. Decreases in the reducing sugar content of OTR and ATR pastes suggested that enzymes in the heat‐treated rice were denatured, which retarded the hydrolysis of glucose chains and the rupture of starch granules during pasting.     

~(60)Co γ射线辐照淀粉接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水树脂

利用60Coγ射线辐照引发淀粉接枝丙烯酸合成高吸水树脂,探讨糊化温度、丙烯酸中和度、辐照剂量、丙烯酸用量和交联剂用量等因素对吸水树脂吸水率的影响。正交试验结果表明,制备树脂较好的工艺条件为:淀粉3g,初始加入蒸馏水21ml,90℃下糊化15min,丙烯酸中和度80%,丙烯酸与淀粉的比例(V/W)为3:1,0.9%的N,N,-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺0.5ml,辐照处理3kGy,真空干燥温度60℃。在上述条件下制备的树脂可吸蒸馏水766ml/g,吸自来水278ml/g,吸0.9%NaCl水溶液64ml/g。     

Two- and multi-step annealing of cereal starches in relation to gelatinization

Two- and multi-step annealing experiments were designed to determine how much gelatinization temperature of waxy rice, waxy barley, and wheat starches could be increased without causing a decrease in gelatinization enthalpy or a decline in X-ray crystallinity. A mixture of starch and excess water was heated in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) pan to a specific temperature and maintained there for 0.5-48 h. The experimental approach was first to anneal a starch at a low temperature so that the gelatinization temperature of the starch was increased without causing a decrease in gelatinization enthalpy. The annealing temperature was then raised, but still was kept below the onset gelatinization temperature of the previously annealed starch. When a second- or third-step annealing temperature was high enough, it caused a decrease in crystallinity, even though the holding temperature remained below the onset gelatinization temperature of the previously annealed starch. These results support that gelatinization is a nonequilibrium process and that dissociation of double helices is driven by the swelling of amorphous regions. Small-scale starch slurry annealing was also performed and confirmed the annealing results conducted in DSC pans. A three-phase model of a starch granule, a mobile amorphous phase, a rigid amorphous phase, and a crystalline phase, was used to interpret the annealing results. Annealing seems to be an interplay between a more efficient packing of crystallites in starch granules and swelling of plasticized amorphous regions. There is always a temperature ceiling that can be used to anneal a starch without causing a decrease in crystallinity. That temperature ceiling is starch-specific, dependent on the structure of a starch, and is lower than the original onset gelatinization of a starch.     

高压对玉米淀粉糊化度影响的研究

采用差热扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）研究了不同压力及保压时间对玉米淀粉糊化度的影响。在７００ＭＰａ压力下，保压２ｍｉｎ即可使８６．８％玉米淀粉糊化，达到一般食品加工要求；保压５ｍｉｎ，可使玉米淀粉１００％糊化，这是高压食品加工的一大优点