稻-萍-鱼模拟共生体~(35)S-甲胺磷的残留及其动态

研究了35_(S-)甲胺磷农药在稻-萍-鱼模拟共生体系中的残留及其消失动态,结果表明:每亩每次喷洒50g50％甲胺磷乳油(1000倍稀释液),早稻2次,晚稻3次。最后1次喷药时间分别在早稻收割前35天,晚稻收割前30天。甲胺磷在早、晚稻糙米中的残留量都在0.05ppm以下;在尼罗罗非鱼体内检出0.5ppm左右的甲胺磷;晚稻收获时,在水、土和萍中都未检测到甲胺磷。低于FAO/WHO推荐值:大米中的最大残留限量(MRL)0.078ppm,鱼体中的MRL2.3ppm。 ~(35)S-甲胺磷在模拟共生体系中按指数回归消失,它在萍、水、鱼和稻草上的半衰期分别为1.25、2.8、6.2和2.2天。     

多环芳烃芘对小白菜生长和元素吸收及营养品质的影响

通过土培试验测定了不同浓度芘处理下小白菜根和茎叶的生物量、芘及其它矿质元素的含量和一些营养品质指标。结果表明:芘对小白菜根干重的影响显著,对茎叶干重和株高的影响不显著,全株干重由于根干重的下降而呈下降趋势;根中的芘含量和土壤中残留的芘含量随土壤中芘浓度增加而显著增加,茎叶芘含量与对照无显著差异,土壤芘降解率随芘浓度增加表现为先上升再下降的趋势;茎叶有机碳和根粗灰分含量随土壤芘浓度的增加而下降,茎叶粗灰分和根有机碳含量施芘处理显著高于对照,芘促进了根对土壤中N、P、K和S的吸收同化,并加速其向茎叶的转移。茎叶粗蛋白含量较对照有所增加,粗纤维和可溶性糖含量则随芘浓度增加而下降,其中可溶性糖含量各个处理与对照之间的差异达显著水平。     

用~(15)N示踪法研究不同土壤水分条件下小麦对氮的吸收利用

本研究结果表明,同一施氮量处理小麦地上生物量、茎叶产量和籽粒产量随土壤水分含量的增加而提高,在同一土壤含水量下,这３ 种产量则随氮素肥料施用量的增加而增加。小麦成熟后地上部吸收总氮量的方差分析显示出施氮处理和水分处理对小麦吸氮量的影响达到显著水平,同一施氮处理小麦地上部吸氮总量随土壤含水量的增加而增加,在３ 种土壤水分含量条件下,小麦的吸氮量均随施尿素氮肥量的增加而提高。施尿素处理的土壤Ａ 值随土壤含水量的增加而降低;尿素与猪粪配施处理的土壤Ａ 值则随土壤含水量的增加而增加。在相同施肥量下,尿素氮的利用率随土壤含水量的增加而提高,当田间持水量分别为５０ ％ 、７０ ％ 和９０ ％ 时,小麦对土壤中氮素利用率分别为１３３０ ％ 、２７９７ ％ 和３２２６ ％ ,尿素与猪粪配施处理在３ 种土壤水分条件下的氮肥利用率分别为１９９６ ％ 、２９９０ ％ 和３４３９ ％ 。说明在水分缺乏的情况下,尿素氮的利用率受土壤水分条件的制约,土壤水分充足及无机氮肥与有机肥配施可以提高氮肥的利用率。     

三种不同剂型的醚菊酯在稻田中的残留降解研究

将10％TrbonFL,5%Trbon WP和4％ Trebon OL施于水稻田，采用气相色谱分析技术研究了它们在稻田中的残留降解行为。结果表明：（1）3种剂型的醚菊酯施于稻田后，醚菊酯在稻田中的降解符合方程式：Ct=Coe^-kt;(2)醚菊酯在稻田中的残留分布规律为：稻株＞稻田土壤＞稻田水：它在稻株中的分布为：稻草＞谷壳＞糙米，表现出明显的接触性残留；（3）稻田中选择施用4％ Trebon OL最为理想。不仅可以延长醚菊酯在稻田中的残留时间，保持稻田中醚菊酯有较高的残留水平，提高其防治效果，而且还可明显降低醚菊酯在糙米中的残留量，确保人们食用稻米的安全性。     

模拟池塘中锶-89的迁移和积累动力学

采用放射性同位素示踪技术研究了核污染关键核素之一——~(89)Sr在水生生态系中的动力学行为。当示踪剂~(89)Sr一次性引入水系后,即向系统内的动植物及底泥迁移,从而使系统各组分中~(89)Sr-Sr的量均随时间变化。结果表明:1.在试验期间,池水中~(89)Sr-Sr的含量随时间减少,6d后由原来的1.76 ppm降至1.01ppm,11d后已不到原来的一半,第35d时只及原始量的30％。2.池水中的~(89)Sr-Sr向系统各组分中的迁移速率和数量因组分的性质而异。比如底泥,1d后由原始的0增加到7.07 ppm,11d后趋向平衡,以后几乎不再增加;~(89)Sr-Sr在鱼和螺蛳体内的含量在试验期间均随时间增加,35d时分别由原始的0增加到18.73ppm和48.28ppm;在处理当天,金鱼藻中~(89)Sr-Sr虽增加较快,由原始的0增至6.68 ppm,但4h后却几乎不再增加。3.水生动植物对放射性锶都有一定的浓集作用,最大的浓集系数分别为:螺蛳94.7,鱼36.7,金鱼藻只有12.6。可见,贝壳类动物对水系中的放射性锶有较强的去污能力。     

~(14)C-杀草丹从慢释配方剂中的释放及其对稻鱼生态系的影响(英文)

~(14)C-杀草丹能从藻朊酸盐缓释剂释放到去离子水、重组水及稻田土-水中。释放速度受水的类型及缓释配方组成的影响。杀草丹从两种缓释配方的释放速度都依重组水、去离子水、稻田土-水顺序递减;在每种处理中,杀草丹从缓释剂-B中释放的速度都比从缓释剂-S中释放的慢,且从稻田土-水中回收到的~(14)C都最低。释放出的~(14)C杀草丹能有效的防治杂草,并会污染水,被植株和鱼吸收及被土壤吸附,在收获时,水中仅检出0.05ppm杀草丹。在植株中,~(14)C-残留物按根、茎、壳、糙米顺序减少,且大部分呈结合态。在两品种水稻的糙米小,~(14)C-可提态残留物分别为0.13和0.11ppm。在土壤中,大部分~(14)C-杀草丹持留在上层,且呈结合态。在两种鱼体中,~(14)C-残留物都依内脏、鳞、骨、肉顺序递减,吸收的~(14)C-杀草丹量受鱼品种和大小影响。     

紫色土稻田磷素流失潜能及其水分管理研究

通过对紫色土稻田田面水和土壤样品磷素的分析,研究了水稻不同生育期田面水磷素含量和土壤磷素的含量特征。结果表明:田面水磷浓度随着施磷水平的提高而提高,水稻移栽后的2周内应禁止排水,这期间水稻的水分管理应采取浅水灌溉栽秧、浅水返青。田面水TP和DP浓度随时间(x)的变化呈极显著的对数(y=a.ln(x)+b)下降规律,可通过对数方程推算对环境影响小的排水时间。在水稻移栽后第36天和第86天总磷流失负荷分别为124～501g/hm2和40～211g/hm2。稻季施磷肥会造成对地下水体的污染,且田面水中磷浓度较高一直持续40天左右,稻田磷肥大量径流流失也主要发生在这一时期,要加强这期间的田间管理,并收集稻田的排水用于后期灌溉稻田。     

不同植稻年限土壤剖面基本性质与水-氮分布的关系

在江汉平原典型农业区选定不同水稻种植年限(2、18、100a)的稻田,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,量化不同稻田土壤剖面基本性质和水–氮分布特征,以揭示内在原因,探讨适宜不同水稻种植年限稻田的水–氮管理方式,为提高稻田水–氮利用率和减少稻田面源污染提供科学依据。结果表明:对于不同水稻种植年限农田,土壤剖面基本性质差异明显。耕作层和犁底层厚度随水稻种植年限的延长而增加;土壤有机质在耕作层富集,且随水稻种植年限的延长含量增加;耕作层土壤容重随水稻种植年限的延长而减小,犁底层土壤容重则增大;受耕作和淋溶条件的影响,犁底层和心土层的黏粒含量随水稻种植年限的延长而增加;饱和导水率(Ks)随水稻种植年限的延长而降低,犁底层Ks差异较大,2、18、100a稻田犁底层Ks分别为37.02、8.45、3.11cm/d。土壤剖面基本性质的差异影响水–氮的剖面分布特征。土壤水分和硝态氮含量随水稻种植年限的延长而增加,2、18、100 a稻田土壤剖面(0～100 cm)平均含水量分别为0.39、0.46、0.54cm3/cm3,硝态氮含量分别为3.75、6.27、9.85mg/kg。铵态氮储量远低于硝态氮储量,且受水稻种植年限影响较小;2、18、100 a稻田土壤剖面铵态氮与硝态氮储量比值分别为0.61、0.39和0.30。在灌溉和施肥方式上,水稻种植年限短的稻田适合少量多次的管理方式以减少渗漏损失;而年限长的稻田可适当提高单次灌溉量以减少灌溉次数,进而减少劳力消耗。     

秸秆还田对稻田渗漏液DOC含量及土壤Cd活度的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了秸秆还田对稻田渗漏液DOC含量及重金属污染土壤Cd溶出的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田增加了稻田渗漏液的DOC含量,提高了土壤Cd的活度。稻田渗漏水DOC的浓度随秸秆还田量的增加而增大。秸秆还田增加了Cd随稻田渗漏水的流失,使得稻田土壤Cd全量、有效态Cd量均随秸秆还田量的增加而降低,部分处理降低幅度达显著水平。本试验条件下由于较多的秸秆还田影响了水稻生长,使水稻植株Cd浓度、累积量均随秸秆还田量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。秸秆还田0.5%处理的水稻植株Cd浓度、累积量最高,分别为45.10mg·kg-1、1858.1μg·pot-1。     

稻田养鱼对水稻生长发育的效应试验初报

对稻田养鱼(垄稻沟鱼)后的稻田土壤、田水、水稻植株、稻米蛋白质等进行了测定。结果表明:土壤和田水的氮,磷、钾含量均有明显提高,土壤的通透性得到改善;水稻的根系活力增强,分蘖增多,稻株的氮、磷、钾含量,叶片叶绿素含量,叶面积指数和干物质的累积均有明显增加,稻米的蛋白质含量也有所提高;稻田杂草基本根除,同时获得明显的经济效益。     

不同水分状况下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响

选择潮土(砂壤)和土(粘壤)两种质地不同的土壤,进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,施锌显著增加了玉米植株根、茎、叶以及整株干物质重;缺锌条件下玉米植株根冠比、根叶比和根茎比趋向增大。施锌显著提高了玉米植株各器官中锌的浓度和吸收量,并明显促进锌向地上部运移。干旱胁迫抑制了玉米植株生长,根冠比、根茎比、根叶比增大;随着土壤水分供应增加,植株生长加快,各器官生物量以茎和叶增加大于根。水分胁迫下,在潮土上玉米叶片中锌浓度上升;在土上叶片中锌浓度下降。但增施锌后,根和茎锌浓度增加幅度较大,叶片增加幅度较小;施锌和水分胁迫对根和茎锌浓度的交互作用极显著。水分胁迫下,玉米植株对锌的吸收总量减少。水分胁迫和锌肥施用对玉米叶片、茎锌吸收量的交互作用十分显著,但对根锌吸收量的交互影响不显著。     

Use of water-treatment residue containing polysilicate-iron to stabilize arsenic in flooded soils and attenuate arsenic uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants

A pot experiment was conducted to examine how soil amendment with water-treatment residue (WTR) containing polysilicate-iron affected dissolved arsenic (As) in flooded soils and As uptake by rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). The WTR was applied at a rate of 0 (control), 5, 10 or 20 t ha^?1. Simple linear regression analyses showed significant negative relationships between the concentrations of dissolved As in soil solution and WTR application rates at all sampling times, probably due to adsorption of As onto ferrihydrite in the WTR. Compared to As concentrations in rice plants grown on control soil, the concentrations in plants grown on WTR-treated soils decreased by 20.1–41.6% in straw (stems and leaves), 19.8–31.7% in husk and 18.6–21.0% in grain. The regression analyses demonstrated that the concentration and content of As in rice are negatively correlated with WTR application rate. Total As content was 16.5–32.0% lower in rice shoots grown on WTR-treated soils than on control soil. The percentage of each As species in grain decreased in the following order: As(III) » dimethylarsinic acid » As(V). The application of WTR did not change the As speciation in grain. Silicon contents in shoot significantly increased with application of WTR, indicating the potency of WTR as a silicate fertilizer. Taken together, our results indicate that WTR containing polysilicate-iron promises to be a practical amendment for stabilizing As and attenuating As uptake by rice plants.     

种稻配施改良剂对苏打盐碱土-水-作物系统氟迁移的影响

为探讨化学改良剂对苏打盐碱土稻田生态系统中氟迁移的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究硫酸铝、脱硫石膏和有机复合改良剂作用下的土壤各形态氟含量变化,以及土壤氟向水体和地上部植株的迁移情况。结果表明,化学改良剂影响苏打盐碱土—水—作物系统中氟的迁移及生物有效性。种稻后各改良剂处理的土壤水溶态氟变化范围为8.33～20.90 mg/kg,与对照相比,均呈下降趋势,其中硫酸铝处理下降得最多,降低60.15%;可交换态氟和有机束缚态氟呈增加趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理增加得最多,分别为79.54%和86.37%;种稻前后铁锰氧化物结合态氟变化较复杂,其中硫酸铝处理无显著变化,对照处理和有机复合改良剂处理分别增加19.05%和42.03%,而脱硫石膏处理下降22.79%;残余态氟和总氟含量呈下降趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理的残余态氟降低得最多,为35.50%,硫酸铝处理的总氟降低得最少,为10.47%,其余处理降幅为12.50%～12.55%。在水稻种植过程中,土壤中氟向水中累积释放总量为对照>有机复合改良剂>脱硫石膏>硫酸铝,与对照相比,其他3个处理分别降低3.25%,5.13%和5.1...     

土壤pH值与镉含量对水稻产量和不同器官镉累积的影响

为探明水稻产量与镉积累分配对土壤pH值和镉含量的响应,以3个籽粒Cd含量差异明显的晚稻品种(天优华占,TY;星2号,X2;湘晚籼13号,XW)为试验材料,分别于不同pH值稻田研究土壤镉(Cd)含量对水稻产量和不同器官Cd累积的影响,并比较了品种间差异。结果表明,水稻产量因土壤pH值下降而下降,且品种间降幅差异明显,以X2最大(21.72%33.81%),XW最小(3.05%17.71%);添加0.5 mg·kg^-1Cd时水稻减产不显著,但添加1.0 mg·kg^-1Cd时各品种均显著减产,且其降幅与品种和土壤pH值有关,X2和XW在酸化条件下降幅较大,而TY在正常pH条件下降幅较大。植株(整株)Cd含量存在品种间差异,各品种植株Cd含量均随着土壤Cd浓度的提高与土壤pH值的下降而显著提高,且植株Cd含量峰值因土壤酸化而提前。水稻器官间Cd含量依次表现根>茎>穗>叶,各器官Cd含量均随着土壤Cd浓度提高而显著增大,但增大倍数存在器官间差异;品种间器官Cd含量差异明显,营养器官表现为X2>TY>XW,而稻穗表现为TY>X2>XW。水稻各器官及全株Cd累积量均随着土壤Cd浓度提高和土壤pH值降低而显著增大,成熟期累积量表现为茎>穗>根>叶;品种间Cd累积量差异明显,营养器官和整株Cd累积量表现为X2>XW>TY,而穗Cd累积量表现为TY>X2>XW。Cd分配比例一般以茎为最高,叶最低,土壤酸化使茎、叶所占比例增大,根、穗所占比例降低;品种间Cd分配比例存在一定差异,穗Cd所占比例表现为TY>X2>XW。可见,水稻产量与器官间Cd累积分配规律受到土壤Cd含量和pH值的影响显著,同时也具有明显的品种间差异。本研究为不同水稻品种在不同pH值与Cd含量稻田上的应用提供了理论依据。     

不同土培条件下荧蒽在水稻和小麦中的分布特征

通过盆栽试验方法,在荧蒽污染的黄棕壤和潮土上种植水稻和小麦,分别设置空白（CK）、低（L）、中（M）、高（H）4个污染浓度水平,比较荧蒽对作物生长的影响和两种不同土壤中植物体荧蒽的分布情况。结果显示,在试验设置的荧蒽污染浓度下,荧蒽未对两种植物的生长造成抑制,相反还促进了植物某些部位的生长;水稻和小麦各部位的荧蒽含量随土壤荧蒽含量的增加而增大;植物体内荧蒽的传导系数随土壤荧蒽含量的增加而减小,且两种土壤的趋势一致。黄棕壤和潮土有机质、养分、阳离子交换量等性质影响植物体内荧蒽的运移和富集;水稻茎叶对荧蒽的富集能力强于小麦,而小麦籽粒富集荧蒽的能力强于水稻。     

水稻对水稻土中甲磺隆结合残留的响应

Metsulfuron-methyl is one of the widely used sulfonylurea herbicides. However, approximately half of the applied metsulfuron-methyl may remain as bound residues in soil. To characterize the response of rice plants to residual metsulfuron-methyl in soil, the activities of acetolactate synthase （ALS）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD）, and catalase （CAT） were investigated in two rice varieties that differed in susceptibility to the herbicide. Changes in the activity of these enzymes in leaves and roots of Xiushui 63, a sensitive rice variety, were greater than those in a resistant variety Zhenong 952. Irrespective of variety, changes in the enzyme activity were greater in the roots than in the leaves. The activities of ALS and CAT decreased, while the SOD activity increased with the increase in the amounts of bound residues of metsulfuron-methyl （BRM） in soil. The POD activity increased at the BRM level of 0.025 mg kg^-1, but decreased at the BRM level of 0.05 mg kg^-1. The results showed that the bound residues of sulfonylurea herbicides may affect metabolism of rice plants.     

厌氧土壤灭菌法对西瓜连作土壤性质的影响

对旱田和水田西瓜连作土用厌氧土壤灭菌法(ASD)处理,分别设对照(H1和S1,H指旱田土,S指水田土)、淹水对照(H2和S2)、添加1%稻草(H3和S3)、1%稻草+0.1%硫磺(H4和S4)、1%稻草+300 mg/kg氨水(H5和S5),混匀后淹水、密封,户外处理20 d。分别测定土壤pH值、EC值、NO_3~-、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)和土壤可培养微生物等指标。结果表明,ASD法可显著提高土壤pH值(P0.05),淹水对照和各处理土样的pH6.5(除H4和S4的pH6.5外),均显著高于对照(P0.05);有效调节土壤EC值,旱田土的淹水对照和各处理EC值均低于对照H1(除H5高于对照H1外),水田土S2和S3的EC值低于S1,S4和S5高于S1,但淹水对照和各处理EC值与对照相比,差异不显著(P0.05);降低土壤中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)含量,淹水对照和各处理土样中NO_3~-含量较对照降低79.4%~99.9%,除H4和S4中SO_4~(2-)含量较对照分别增加155.7%和58.9%外,淹水对照和其它各处理土样中SO_4~(2-)含量较对照降低38.2%~91.0%;尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp.Niveum,FON)数量显著降低(P0.05),旱田土和水田土中FON含量与对照H1和S1相比,分别由10~5和10~4CFU/g降至10~3CFU/g(其中各旱田土样中FON含量大小依次为H4H3=H5H2H1,各水田土样中FON含量大小依次为S4S3S5S2S1)。可见,ASD法可调节西瓜连作土理化性质,抑制FON,改善退化土壤质量。     

Selenium speciation in soil and rice: influence of water management and Se fertilization

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for half of the world's population, but the selenium (Se) concentrations in rice grain are low in many rice-growing regions. This study investigated the effects of water management on the Se speciation dynamics in the soil solution and Se uptake and speciation in rice in a pot experiment. A control containing no Se or 0.5 mg kg(-1) of soil of selenite or selenate was added to the soil, and plants were grown under aerobic or flooded conditions. Flooding soil increased soluble Se concentration when no Se or selenite was added to the soil, but decreased it markedly when selenate was added. Selenate was the main species in the +selenate treatment, whereas selenite and selenomethionine selenium oxide were detected in the flooded soil solutions of the control and +selenite treatments. Grain Se concentration was 49% higher in the flooded than in the aerobic treatments without Se addition. In contrast, when selenate or selenite was added, the aerobically grown rice contained 25- and 2-fold, respectively, more Se in grain than the anaerobically grown rice. Analysis of Se in rice grain using enzymatic hydrolysis followed by HPLC-ICP-MS and in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) showed selenomethionine to be the predominant Se species. The study showed that selenate addition to aerobic soil was the most effective way to increase Se concentration in rice grain.     

DDT and HCH Residues in Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa) Cultivated in Dehradun (India)

Organochlorine pesticides were used earlier for agricultureproduction. Their residues may still be present in soil and mayaccumulate in food crops, posing potential health problems to consumers. DDT, HCH, their isomers and metabolites were analyzedin samples of soil and rice plants collected from ten differentvillages of a well-known Basmati rice growing area in Dehradun.Residues of both pesticides were found in all samples ofsoil and different parts of rice plants except for a few grainsamples. Maximum residue was observed in husk and minimum ingrains. The average concentration of DDT in soil ranged from0.013 to 0.238 ppm. p,p′-DDE was the major metabolite (>63%). Theaverage concentration of DDT in rice grain varied from 0.002 to 0.040 ppm. o,p′-DDT was the main isomer (>93%). Theaverage concentration of HCH in soil ranged from 0.122 to 0.638 ppm. β-HCH was the predominant (43%) isomerfollowed by α-HCH (21%). The average HCH concentrationin rice grain ranged between 0.013 and 0.113 ppm. All four isomers were present in grains. The levels of DDT and CHCin grains were similar in magnitude as those from differentIndian states, but well below the maximum residue limit of 0.1 ppm for DDT and 0.05 ppm for HCH prescribed by the Government ofIndia and WHO/FAO. As such, the pesticide residue levels in thisexport commodity are not of hazardous nature.