Phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from China

Between 2006 and 2009, seven strains of infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) were isolated from vaccinated chicken flocks on different chicken farms in China. The pathogenic characters of seven IBV strains were assessed. Each of the seven strains was infective to the test chickens and could induce an immune response. The results from chicken embryo cross-neutralization assays showed that these strains were antigenically distinct from classic IBV strains of H120, M41, Conn, and Gray. Compared to H120 vaccine strain, point mutation, short insertion, and deletion occurred at many positions in the S1 protein of the seven strains. Five of the seven strains had the motif (HRRRR), which was identical to that of the epidemic IBV strains in China. Two new motifs (HRLRR and RRIRR) emerged in the isolated strains. The homology of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the S1 gene among the seven isolates was 81.7%-99.7% and 79.0%-99.4%, respectively. These seven strains were also genetically different from the vaccine strains and non-China IBV strains but closely related to large numbers of Chinese strains. The seven isolates and 36 reference IBV strains were clustered into six distinct groups (I-VI). The seven strains were categorized into groups I, II, and III, forming a big phylogenetic branch, which is closely related to Chinese IBVs, whereas the vaccine strains belonging to group VI are genetically distant from groups I, II, and III. The results from this study indicate that different IBV strains cocirculate in the chicken population in China.     

Genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus in recent years in China

Fifty-six isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were obtained from different field outbreaks in China in 2010, and they were genotyped by comparison with 19 reference strains in the present study. The results showed that LX4-type isolates are still the predominant IBVs circulating in chicken flocks in China, and these isolates could be grouped further into two clusters. Viruses in each cluster had favored amino acid residues at different positions in the S1 subunit of the spike protein. In addition, a recombination event was observed to have occurred between LX4- and tl/CH/LDT3/03I-type strains, which contributed to the emergence of a new strain. The most important finding of the study is the isolation and identification of Taiwan II-type (TW II-type) strains of IBV in mainland China in recent years. The genome of TW II-type IBV strains isolated in mainland China has experienced mutations and deletions, as demonstrated by comparison of the entire genome sequence with those of IBV strains isolated in Taiwan. Pathogenicity testing and sequence analysis of the 3' terminal untranslated region revealed that TW II-type IBV strains isolated in mainland China have a close relationship with the embryo-passaged, attenuated TW2296/95.     

Detection and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from recent outbreaks in broiler flocks in Thailand

Thirteen field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were isolated from broiler flocks in Thailand between January and June 2008. The 878-bp of the S1 gene covering a hypervariable region was amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on that region revealed that these viruses were separated into two groups (I and II). IBV isolates in group I were not related to other IBV strains published in the GenBank database. Group 1 nucleotide sequence identities were less than 85% and amino acid sequence identities less than 84% in common with IBVs published in the GenBank database. This group likely represents the strains indigenous to Thailand. The isolates in group II showed a close relationship with Chinese IBVs. They had nucleotide sequence identities of 97-98% and amino acid sequence identities 96-98% in common with Chinese IBVs (strain A2, SH and QXIBV). This finding indicated that the recent Thai IBVs evolved separately and at least two groups of viruses are circulating in Thailand.     

Identification of a novel avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus variant with three-nucleotide-deletion in nucleocapsid gene in China

A novel avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variant, designated as GX-NN160421, was isolated from vaccinated chicken in Guangxi, China, in 2016. Based on analysis of the S1 gene sequence, GX-NN160421 belonged to the New-type 1 (GVI-1) strain. More importantly, three consecutive nucleotides (AAC) deletions were found in the highly conserved structure gene N. The serotype of GX-NN160421 was different from those of the commonly used vaccine strains. The mortality of the GX-NN160421 strain was 3.33%, which contrasted with 50% mortality in the clinical case, but high levels of virus shedding lasted at least 21 days. In conclusion, the first novel IBV variant with three-nucleotide-deletion in the N gene was identified, and this unique variant is low virulent but with a long time of virus shedding, indicating the continuing evolution of IBV and emphasizing the importance of limiting exposure to novel IBV strains as well as extensive monitoring of new IBVs.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒沈阳分离株生物学特性及其免疫原S1基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究对分离自沈阳地区的一株传染性支气管炎病毒（ＳＹ毒株）进行了生物学特性的研究,同时成功地对其免疫原Ｓ１基因进行了ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增、克隆与序列分析。 通过电镜观察、动物回归试验、血凝特性研究等试验验证分离自沈阳地区的ＳＹ毒株确实为一株传染性支气管炎病毒。气管环组织培养交叉中和试验结果表明,分离株ＳＹ株不同于参考毒株澳大利亚Ｔ、Ｈ５２、Ｍ４１,且不同于国内其它流行株ＨＤ、ＨＢ、ＸＢ、ＤＢ等,是一个新的变异株。 利用ＩＢＶ Ｓ１基因特异性寡聚核苷酸引物,经ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增ＳＹ毒株的Ｓ１基因,得到预期的约１．７Ｋｂ片段;并将扩增所得ｃＤＮＡ插入克隆质粒ｐＵＣ１９的ＥｃｏＲⅠ／ＢａｍＨⅠ位点,在大肠杆菌ＤＨ５ａ中实现目的基因的克隆。经限制性核酸内切酶分析及ＰＣＲ鉴定,证实为阳性重组质粒,利用末端双脱氧链终止法对其测序,得到Ｓ１基因全长１６４０ｂｐ,包括整个开放阅读框。通过序列分析软件ＤＮＡＳＩＳ、ＰＲＯＳＩＳ、ＭＥＧＡ等软件对Ｓ１基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行分析,结果表明：分离株ＳＹ与７株参考株和国内流行株ＨＤ株相比,无论是核苷酸序列同源百分率还是氨基酸序列同源百分离都较低,均未达到８０％,这就提示我们ＳＹ毒     

Characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolates by slot blot hybridization

We used slot blot hybridization of the hypervariable regions of the S1 subunit of spike peplomer gene to identify and characterize infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains. Template DNA was created from six reference strain IBVs of different serotypes and immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane. We synthesized digoxigenin-labeled probes from reference and unknown field viruses and hybridized them to template DNA. All reference strains could be distinguished and isolates identified by serotype if they were at least 95% identical to a reference strain. This slot blot hybridization procedure was specific and reproducible, and strain typing was consistent with the S1 sequencing of the IBV genome. This study thus provides a simple and rapid method for typing of IBV.     

河南省肉鸡4株禽传染性支气管炎病毒的分离鉴定及S1基因序列分析

通过病料接种SPF鸡胚和鸡胚尿囊液的RT-PCR鉴定,于2017至2018年从河南省不同发病鸡场分离到4株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV),分别命名为HB/L1/201711、ZMD/L2/201704、SQ/L3/201803、LY/L4/201710,并对4株毒株S1基因进行克隆和序列分析。结果:HB/L1/201711、SQ/L3/201803 S1基因全长1 620 nt,编码540 aa,其裂解位点分别为HRRRR,分属于基因型V、Ⅰ分支;ZMD/L2/201704、LY/L4/201710株S1基因全长1 617 nt,编码539 aa,其裂解位点为RRSRR,属于基因型Ⅱ分支。ZMD/L2/201704与LY/L4/201710分离株核苷酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列同源性较高,分别为97.6%、95.4%,与另外2株分离株之间核苷酸序列同源性为76.5%、76.8%。4株分离株与国内外参考毒株及疫苗株的氨基酸序列同源性在58.5%~98%之间,具有较大的差异性。其中:ZMD/L2/201704、LY/L4/201710与491型传支疫苗氨基酸同源性较高,可达95.4%、95.9%;SQ/L3/201803与CHI分支参考毒株氨基酸同源性在94.6%~98.9%之间;HB/L1/201711与TWⅠ型毒株2575/98、3468/07有较高同源性,分别为94.8%和93.5%。本研究表明河南省肉鸡鸡群鸡传染性支气管炎病毒基因型相对复杂,推测存在重组与突变。     

Genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolates in Korea between 2003 and 2006

Thirty-three field isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were recovered from commercial chicken flocks in Korea between 2003 and 2006 and were characterized phylogenetically by nucleotide sequence analysis of the IBV S1 gene hyper-variable region. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that recent field isolates of IBV formed at least three distinct phylogenetic types, including K-I, K-II, and K-III. K-I type IBV consisted of indigenous, 13 IBV isolates which evolved from the Kr-EJ/95 strain and then separated into the lineages of type K-Ia and type K-Ib. K-II type IBV isolates (n = 19) were closely related to nephropathogenic IBV variants from China and Japan. The K-III type isolate (Kr/D064/05), first identified by this study, was closely related to enteric IBV variants from the Chinese strains that cause proventriculitis. Sequence comparisons showed amino acid differences of >27.5% between IBV types. The molecular epidemiologic characteristics of IBV field isolates are briefly discussed.     

Evaluation of the protection conferred by commercial vaccines and attenuated heterologous isolates in China against the CK/CH/LDL/97I strain of infectious bronchitis coronavirus

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Different serotypes of this virus show little cross-protection. The present study investigated the genotypic relationship between CK/CH/LDL/97I-type strains and reference IBVs based on S1 gene comparisons and the protection provided by vaccination with commercial vaccines and attenuated homologous and heterologous strains. Phylogenetic analysis and the comparison of S1 showed that CK/CH/LDL/97I-type virus might be a new serotype compared to vaccine strains and other types of IBV isolates in China. Protection efficacy was evaluated by morbidity, mortality, and virus re-isolation from the challenged chicks. Complete protection by IBV vaccination was provided by the homologous strain but sufficient respiratory protection was not provided by the commercial vaccines. Heterologous strains against CK/CH/LDL/97I challenge and the development of a vaccine against CK/CH/LDL/97I-type IBV will be necessary to control infectious bronchitis disease in poultry. Further development of the attenuated CK/CH/LDL/97I strain may provide a valuable contribution towards this goal.     

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎病毒QD株S1基因的克隆与序列分析

One nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus （IBV） strain was isolated from Qingdao city, named as QD isolate.S1 gene of the strain was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The S1 gene of QD isolate was composed of 1620 nucleotides, and a spike glycoprotein cleavage recognition site was Arg-Arg-Phe-Arg-Arg. The nucleotide acid similarities among the nine IBV vaccine strains and the QD strain were 78.8% to 82.2%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 genes showed that QD strain and the vaccine strains belonged to different clusters, and showed larger evolutionary distances, but showed the smaller evolutionary distances with the field nephropathogenic IBV strains in China. The result showed that nephropathogenic IBV strains were widely popular in China, and the QD strain could be used as the infectious bronchitis vaccine candidate strain.     

鸡传染性支气管炎强毒分离株遗传进化分析和免疫保护试验

从山东省发病鸡群中分离鉴定了一株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV）强毒株SDIB821/2012,对其进行S1基因序列测定分析和免疫保护试验。S1基因遗传进化分析结果显示,SDIB821/2012属于以QXIBV为代表的基因型,与同属一个基因型的IBV参考株氨基酸同源性为91.6%～98.5%,与疫苗株491同源性为77.6%,与H120和MA5同源性均为74.8%。免疫保护试验结果显示,根据试验鸡临床症状和发病死亡情况,弱毒活疫苗491对SDIB821/2012的保护率为90%,而H120和MA5对SDIB821/2012的保护率分别仅为40%和33%。攻毒后各免疫组喉头、泄殖腔棉拭样品以及气管、肺脏和肾脏组织均可检测到病毒,表明3种IB疫苗均不能对SDIB821/2012提供完全的免疫保护。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒中国地方分离株M基因的分子特征

本实验根据已经发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）M基因序列设计并合成一对引物，利用RT－PCR扩增得到了IBM新疆分离株LX4株（HA价为2^7)M基因678bp的片段，将该片段克隆到PUC18载体上，通过对所得到的重组质粒进行酶切分析，PCR鉴定，证明得到了含有目的基因片段的阳性重组质粒。采用Sanger's双脱氧末端终止法对插入片段进行核苷酸序列测定，获得了IBV－LX4株M基因的核苷酸序列，利用DNASIS分析软件，将它与GENBANK中发表的15株国外参考毒株相比较，发现核苷酸的同源性（除D1466和DE072外）为85％－92％，氨基酸的同源性为83％－92％，与国内参考株（H52－GD）相比分别为90％和92％，确证我们得到的克隆片段为IBV－LX4株的M基因，且含有两个糖基化位点，9个高度保守的半胱氨酸，三个跨膜区域，与国外的报道一致。     

我国部分地区1996-2008年传染性支气管炎病毒分离株膜蛋白基因的遗传变异与系统进化分析

1996-2008年从我国不同地区分离30株传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious Bronchitis Viruses,IBV）野毒株的M基因,采用RT-PCR方法克隆测定所分离的野毒株和澳大利亚T株的M基因序列,利用生物信息学软件与GenBank中公布的部分国内外IBV毒株的M基因序列进行比较分析,研究我国IBV的分子流行学特点和分子遗传变异规律。结果发现所测毒株M基因具有4种不同长度的开放阅读框：669bp、672bp、678bp和681bp,分别编码222、223、225和226个氨基酸的多肽,这些长度的差异是由5′端的核苷酸插入或缺失造成的。30个IBV分离株间的同源性在89．5％～100％之间。以疫苗株H120氨基酸位置为参照,在被比较的73株IBVM蛋白中发现62个位点存在变异,其中以2～5、10～16、44～46、217～222等4个区域氨基酸取代率较高。系统进化分析显示,被比较的73个IBV毒株分为5个进化群,我国的IBV分属于其中的4个群,其中第一群和第四群与我国所使用的疫苗病毒株相距较远。同时发现部分近年的分离株与10多年前分离株具有很近遗传进化关系。从M基因看,在我国出现了多种基因型IBV共存的现象,分离株与疫苗株的遗传差异提示我们需要对疫苗的选用做出重新评估。     

1994—2009年我国部分地区37株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S蛋白基因序列分析

对自1994—2009年从我国5省区免疫鸡群中分离到的37株传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的S蛋白基因序列进行分析,发现S1基因序列存在广泛的氨基酸替换、缺失和插入现象,大部分IBV分离株S1基因的推导氨基酸序列变异主要集中在60～63、73～74、97、128、282～299位等。S2基因较为保守,主要在裂解位点后的2～47、122～152位发生氨基酸的替换,可见IBV S基因的不断变异可能是造成本试验所调查的5省区免疫鸡群IB频发的重要原因。遗传进化分析发现本试验所调查地区近十多年来肾型毒株仍是主要流行株,没有或少有4/91型毒株流行。所调研地区鸡的腺胃炎持续广泛地发生,但是从临床腺胃病料中很少分离到IBV,可见IBV不太可能是引起腺胃炎的主要病原。     

4株鸡肾型IBV陕西分离株3种主要结构蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

采用RT—PCR方法对近年来本实验室分离的4株肾型IBV陕西分离株的纤突蛋白S1基因、膜蛋白基因（M）和核蛋白基因（N）分别进行扩增,测序后进行遗传变异分析。结果显示：与肾型疫苗株w93相比,各分离株S1基因均存在广泛的点突变,并且都存在基因插入现象,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为75．8％～99．4％;M基因除了存在点突变外,W09和WNl2在其5’端还存在9个核苷酸的缺失,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为91．0％～99．6％;N基N无插入和缺失,但存在基因点突变,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为99．3％～99．5％。4株IBV分离株在S1、M和N基因氨基酸系统进化树上分属于不同的进化群,且都与较早的肾型IBV陕西分离株w118遗传距离较远。结果表明,4株鸡肾型IBV流行毒株的s1、M和N基因均存在不同程度变异,这可能是免疫鸡群肾型鸡传染性支气管炎长期流行的主要原因．     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒CQ/01/2004株的分离与鉴定

2004年从重庆某肉用鸡场疑似鸡传染性支气管炎的病鸡中采集病料，按常规处理后接种9～10日龄鸡胚，通过鸡胚连续传代培养3代，并对该分离毒株的鸡胚致病性、血凝性和NDV的干扰特性进行检测．同时进行了动物回归试验。结果表明，该分离株具有IBV感染特征，可使鸡胚胚体出血、蜷缩、矮化；该分离毒株无直接血凝性，对NDV有明显的干扰作用；动物回归试验中有75％的感染鸡在10d内发病或死亡。剖检病死鸡可见肾苍白、肿胀，肾小管内充塞大量尿酸盐，支气管有出血点、有大量粘液。采用反转录．聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）技术对CQ／01／2004的纤突蛋白S1基因进行扩增、克隆和序列测定，结果表明该基因具有IBVSl基因的共有分子特征，将测序结果提交GenBank进行同源性检索，发现分离株CQ／01／2004和J株S1的同源性最高，核苷酸同源性为94％，氨基酸同源性为89．4％，与M41的核苷酸同源性为80．6％，氨基酸同源性为78．0％。试验结果表明，分离的病毒株CQ／01／2004为鸡传染性支气管炎病毒。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒中国地方分离株S1基因5′端的变异

对自海南省、广西省发生鸡传染性支气管炎 (IB)鸡群分离的 4株 IBV分离株 (Ha N- 1/95、Ha N- 2 /95、GX- 1/98、GX- 2 /98)的主要免疫原纤突蛋白 S1基因经 RT- PCR扩增其 5′端约 1.2 kb的目的片段 ,将其插入载体 p MD 18- T中 ,在大肠杆菌中实现目的基因的克隆。对克隆的目的基因经限制性酶切分析及 PCR鉴定后 ,以双脱氧链终止法测定其核苷酸序列 ,并与 Gen Bank中的参考毒株 (H12 0、SD- 1/97和 Holte)相应序列作比较 ,分析其同源性。结果表明 ,Ha N- 1/95、Ha N- 2 /95、GX- 1/98及 SD- 1/97与疫苗株 H12 0的核苷酸序列同源性分别为 99.5 %、99.2 %、97.9%和99.5 % ,其推导氨基酸序列同源性分别为 99.1%、98.9%、96 .9%和 99.2 %。 GX- 2 /98与 Holte株的核苷酸序列同源率为 99.0 % ,其推导的氨基酸序列同源性为 98.6 % ,而与其他中国分离株的核苷酸序列的同源性仅为 70 %左右 ,氨基酸序列的同源性仅为 6 8%左右。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒HN99株S1基因的克隆与序列测定

根据基因库中收录的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒 (IBV)S1基因的序列 ,设计了一对引物并采用RT -PCR扩增了鸡传染性支气管炎病毒HN99株的S1基因 ,扩增产物进行了克隆、测序 ,获得了IBVHN99株S1基因片段 ,其大小为1 739bp(含前导序列 ) ,其核苷酸序列与H1 2 0、H52、M41、Gray、Holte的S1基因核苷酸序列同源性较低 ,分别为 79.1 %,79.2 %,77.3%,77.8%,79 .4%,有大量的点突变并伴有基因插入和缺失 ;IBVHN99株的S1基因推导的氨基酸与H1 2 0、H52、M41、Gray、Holte株氨基酸的同源性分别为80 .1 %,79.9%,79.5%,78.5%,78.5%,经S1基因系统进化分析 ,提示IBVHN99株与其它各毒株的亲缘关系较远 ,初步证实IBVHN99株为一新的IBV毒株