厚朴中重金属元素镉、铜的含量分析

采用火焰原子吸收方法对4个产区厚朴(浙江、四川、湖南湘西和道县)中的镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)含量进行了测定和分析。测定结果为:铜的平均回收率为96.2%,镉的平均回收率为93.1%。测得结果都符合目前国内外对食品及植物制剂等中重金属含量的规定,并以此对制定厚朴质量相关的控制指标提出了镉含量控制标准由原来的≤0.3μg/g提高到<0.2μg/g,铜的含量控制标准不变的建议。     

硅凝胶固着铜防霉剂处理竹材的固着性能分析

以溶胶凝胶法制备硅凝胶固着铜防霉剂,研究了该防霉剂处理毛竹竹材的抗流失性能,并采用扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)以及X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析测定了防霉剂在竹材中的固着性能。结果表明,硅凝胶固着铜防霉剂处理竹材的流失率为9.68%,约为氨溶烷基胺铜(ACQ)、铜铬砷(CCA)处理材的1/5、1/3,硅凝胶提高了铜的抗流失性;硅凝胶固着铜防霉剂进入竹材后主要沉积在导管中,主要元素也通过与纤维素羟基形成了氢键结合、与木质素和纤维素之间的范德华力发生物理吸附等方式进行固着;另外,硅凝胶固着铜与竹材纤维素上活性较强的伯醇羟基发生反应生成羧酸铜,形成Si-O、Si-O-Cu键,硅凝胶改善了铜在竹材中的固着性。这将为毛竹竹材及其制品的防护提供更多选择。     

土壤中铅铬铜锌镍含量的等效测定方法研究

采用硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸体系消化土壤,用电感耦合等离子光谱法(ICP-AES法)同时测定了消解液中铅、铬、铜、锌、镍等元素的含量,其测定结果与用国家标准方法测定结果一致。实验结果表明:采用该方法测定土壤中铅、铬、铜、锌、镍等元素的含量具有快速、准确等优点,可作为土壤中铅、铬、铜、锌、镍等元素含量测定的国家推荐标准方法的等效测定方法。     

紫外-可见分光光度法测定木材防腐剂中有效成分含量

Cu(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)、As(Ⅴ)、季铵盐在一定条件下加入显色剂后生成的物质可对光选择性吸收,通过紫外-可见分光光度法测定络合物的吸光度实现对有效成分含量的测定。采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定木材防腐剂CCA(加铬砷酸铜)和ACQ(氨/胺溶季铵铜)木材防腐剂中铜、铬、砷和季铵盐的含量。结果表明:此法重复性和准确性良好,相对标准偏差均在2%之内,加标回收率为95%~105%,与化学分析法比较,相对偏差在-5%~5%之内,准确度高,简便易行,可用于大批试样的分析。     

后干燥处理对防腐木材性能的影响初步研究

试验初步研究了后干燥处理对加铬砷酸铜(CCA-C)、季铵铜(ACQ-C和ACQ-D)三种防腐处理木材中铜的流失影响。结果表明:随着流失次数的增加,CCA-C、ACQ-C、ACQ-D三种防腐处理木材的铜流失量都呈降低趋势,最终降至非常低。随着处理温度的升高,3种防腐材的铜流失量都有所增大。CCA-C型木材防腐剂的抗流失性优于ACQ型木材防腐剂。在同等条件下,ACQ-D防腐材的铜流失率高于ACQ-C防腐材。     

季铵铜防腐木中有效成分的流失性试验

以季铵铜防腐剂处理南方松为原材料,参照美国AWPA E11-06标准,分析不同pH值、不同温度的水环境对季铵铜防腐木中有效成分流失率的影响。结果表明:铜和DDAC的总流失率在pH 9时的碱性环境明显小于其在酸性环境下的流失率,在pH 3时,分别达到最大值40.80%和44.43%;随着温度从室温(10℃)升高到30、50℃,铜和DDAC的流失率均明显增大;在14 d的流失时间里,铜和DDAC的流失率呈现出随时间递减的规律,并且DDAC比铜更容易流失到环境中。     

铜锌对华北落叶松多酚氧化酶活性的影响

以华北落叶松3年生幼苗为试验材料,对不同生育期4种处理(对照、锌、铜、铜 锌)下各器官(叶、枝、干、主根、侧根)多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性进行测定分析,结果表明:华北落叶松幼苗各器官内多酚氧化酶活性差异极为显著,干中PPO活性在3月达225.2 U·g-1,而叶中PPO活性在5月仅为57.3 U·g-1.叶子中PPO活性呈递增变化趋势,10月最高,枝、干、主根、侧根的PPO活性在年循环周期内呈规律性变化,7月均达高峰期.铜、锌对各器官内PPO活性有明显的影响,而且与生育期有关.铜对PPO活性的增强作用达显著水平,尤以枝最为突出,10月份铜处理后枝中PPO活性比对照提高95.1%;锌对主根PPO活性的提高也有较明显影响,对其他器官PPO活性有不同程度的抑制作用.10月份锌处理后干中PPO活性比对照下降35.5%;铜、锌互作对干和主根PPO活性的提高表现出较大的协同作用.华北落叶松幼苗体内铜元素含量与PPO活性呈显著的正相关,铜、锌元素通过影响PPO活性而影响幼苗的生长及抗寒性.     

胡颓子属8种植物果实中的微量元素分析

胡颓子属植物果实里富含多种微量元素,作为第三代水果具有极大的食用价值和广阔的加工利用前景。为了解胡颓子属植物果实中微量元素的分布水平,从而为胡颓子属植物果实的综合开发与利用提供参考依据,利用微波消解-原子吸收光谱法,对胡颓子属8种植物果实中铜、锌、铁、锰、镁元素的含量进行了测定,并对各种微量元素间的相关性进行了分析。测定结果表明:胡颓子属不同植物果实中各种微量元素的含量水平间存在一定的差异性,其中铁(1.70~9.16 mg/kg),镁(3.25~7.76 mg/kg)的含量最为丰富,锰含量(0.14~5.20mg/kg)次之,铜(0.20~1.26 mg/kg)、锌(0.31~1.00 mg/kg)的含量最低。相关性分析结果表明:铁和铜含量间存在显著的相关性(r=0.644)。     

金属改性13x分子筛在木材阻燃中的抑烟减毒作用

抑烟、减毒是减少火灾中人员伤亡的重要途径。采用锥形量热法、热分析法和扫描电镜研究了铁和铜改性13x分子筛和聚磷酸铵复合阻燃木材的燃烧、烟气释放和成炭特性。结果表明:铁、铜改性分子筛与聚磷酸铵复合处理木材的总热释放量(THR)与空白样相比分别降低了36.8%、39.8%,总烟释放量(TSP)降低了69.3%、72.8%,CO平均产率(YCO)降低了40.2%、44.5%,均具有优异的阻燃、抑烟和减毒效果;热分析和电镜实验表明,APP的催化脱水作用有利于炭层形成,铁、铜改性分子筛与聚磷酸铵的协同作用使炭层结构紧密。APP对木材具有高效阻燃作用,但产生大量有毒气体,铁、铜改性分子筛与聚磷酸铵复合阻燃剂在高效阻燃的同时具有少烟低毒的特性。     

铜离子对N2a细胞生长分化的影响

在小鼠的神经母瘤细胞(N2a细胞)中观察了铜离子对细胞生长分化的影响。在N2a细胞生长发育的过程中,于培养基中加入不同浓度的铜离子,对细胞进行了成像。采集不同生长时期的细胞分化率、分支数和分支长三个指标进行了测算、分析。结果表明:在N2a细胞加入梯度浓度的铜离子后,除在加入24h对细胞的分支长略有抑制作用外,铜离子对神经细胞的生长和分化并无显著影响。     

Leaching characteristics of homologues of benzalkonium chloride from wood treated with ammoniacal copper quaternary wood preservative

In Japan, ammoniacal copper quaternary wood preservatives type-1 (ACQ-1), which contains copper and benzalkonium chloride as its active ingredients, is among the most widely used wood preservatives in the pressure treatment of wood. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) in commercial ACQ-1 products mainly comprises C12 and C14 homologues. In the present study, the leaching characteristics of these BAC homologues were investigated using the heartwood and sapwood portions of Japanese cedar, Japanese larch, and Sakhalin fir treated with ACQ-1 and 1% monoethanolamine (MEA) solution containing equimolar amounts of homologues. Distilled water (DW) and artificial seawater (SW) were used as leaching media. Consequently, it was observed that the leaching rate of the C12 homologue tended to be higher than that of the C14 homologue in DW. The leaching of C12 homologues was accelerated by using SW, resulting in a significantly higher leaching rate than the C14 homologue using SW. It was thought that the difference in the hydrophobicities based on alkyl chain lengths resulted in these phenomena. However, when the heartwood portion of Japanese larch was treated with the homologues in MEA, the leaching rate of the C14 homologue was significantly higher than that of the C12 homologue.     

GA3喷施对川黄柏密植幼林生长及药用成分含量的影响

【目的】为给川黄柏药用资源早期利用提供理论依据。【方法】以1年生及2年生川黄柏密植幼林个体不同组织为试材,采用不同GA3喷施周期和质量浓度处理,研究各处理在1年生快速生长阶段的生长生理情况,并筛选出最优喷施处理,然后以最优喷施处理,监测分析GA3喷施对2年生川黄柏生长及小檗碱、黄柏碱等药用成分的影响。【结果】1)与CK相比,GA3喷施处理明显促进了1年生川黄柏株高、地径生长以及叶片可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白的积累。其可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量与喷施质量浓度呈正相关,与喷施周期呈负相关。最优处理为10 d间隔喷施,质量浓度为100 mg/L的GA3,其株高地径分别为156.76 cm和14.33 mm,较CK分别高了40.44%和20.65%。2)对于2年生密植幼林,与CK相比,GA3喷施处理显著促进枝、叶生长,提高地径、生物量及药用成分含量,且药用成分含量与主干茎的直径大小呈正相关。3)2年生川黄柏各部位药用成分含量高低顺序依次为:主根皮>基部茎皮>侧根皮>中部茎皮>上部茎皮>顶部茎皮,主干110 cm以下部位茎皮药用成分含量完全符合入药规范。【结论】在川黄柏早期栽培中,适当地喷施GA3可明显促进植株的生长和药用成分的积累。在试验喷施周期和喷施质量浓度组合中,表现为短周期、高质量浓度效果明显,且有交互效应,表明了通过经营措施的改进可以提高川黄柏药材品质,增加小檗碱、黄柏碱等药用成分的含量。     

升高气温对旱柳光合和生长的影响

工业革命以来 ,大气ＣＯ2 含量增加了 30 % ,预计到 2 1世纪中叶大气ＣＯ2 含量将增加 1倍。与此同时 ,ＣＨ4、Ｎ2 Ｏ、ＣＦＣｓ等温室气体的排放也不断增加 (Ｖｉｔｏｕｓｅｋ ,1 994)。这些温室气体含量的增加必将导致全球性气候变化 (Ｖｉｔｏｕｓｅｋ ,1 994;Ｍｃｌｅｏｄｅｔａｌ.,1 999)。根据大气环流模型 (ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｓ,ＧＣＭｓ)的预测 ,2 1世纪全球气温将可能平均升高 1 5～ 4 5℃ (Ｈｏｕｇｈｔｏｎｅｔａｌ.,1 996)。在 1 95 1～ 1 989年的约 40ａ间 ,中国半干旱区的平均气温升高了 0 5…     

Measurements of the bioelectrical potential of a Japanese oak (Quercus crispula Blume) sapling: Effect of the radial distribution of inorganic ingredients within a tree stem on the diurnal change in resting potential

This study investigated the relation between the resting potential of a 2-year-old Japanese oak (Quercus crispula Blume) sapling and its physiology, especially the radial transport of water containing inorganic ingredients in the stem using the scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (SEM-EDXA) method. The resting potential of a sapling could be monitored continuously with our measuring apparatus. Changes in resting potential were due to the light. The hyperpolarization and depolarization peaks of the resting potential, whose absolute voltage was about 10mV, occurred right after lights-off and lights-on, respectively. The resting potential was found to show periodic responses for each day unit. At night (lights-off), the resting potential tended to depolarize with an increase in tangential strain. On the other hand, during the daytime (lights-on) the resting potential tended to hyperpolarize, depolarize, or show a nearly constant value for the tangential strain. The water containing inorganic ingredients was transported, via transpiration, in both directions between the mature xylem zone and the phloem zone through differentiating xylem cells. This water transport within a tree stem had a significant effect on the diurnal changes in resting potential.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 3–5, 1997     

-乳酸-乙基纤维素可生物降解材料的研究

聚L-乳酸（PLLA）和乙基纤维素（EC）的三氯甲烷溶液以不同比例混合均匀后．浇膜制备PLLA-EC可降解材料，并采用红外光谱（FT-IR）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）和X射线衍射等方法表征所得共混物。共混物的PLLA组分可能形成结晶，且其熔点随着EC含量的增加而略微降低，结晶度和晶体完整度均显著下降。同时，共混物的亲水性随着EC含量的增加而增大。这些因素影响着PLLA-EC共混物的降解性能，当EC含量高于30％时，PLLA-EC共混物在磷酸缓冲液中的降解速率迅速增大，并在EC为80％时最大。     

新型水基防腐剂在木材中的固着机理研究进展

对几种主要的水基木材防腐在木材中的固着机理进行了介绍。其中,在胺/氨铜防腐剂体系中,防腐剂中有效成分与木材实质间的反应主要为木质素及半纤维素中的羧基及羟基发生离子交换反应;在微化铜木材防腐剂体系(MCQ/MCA)中,防腐剂中有效成分通过高分子分散剂与木材纤维间较强的附着力固着在处理材中;而在硼类防腐剂体系中,防腐剂中有效成分的固着机理与铜比较相似,但硼酸盐无法直接固着在羧基及羟基中,因此有效成分的固着研究主要涉及以下两个方面:1)增加硼类防腐处理材的疏水性;2)与有机化学物质复合生成稳定的化合物固着在木材中。     

Spectroscopic analysis of the role of extractives on heat-induced discoloration of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)

Abstract

To investigate the role of extractives on heat-induced discoloration of wood, samples of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) wood flour were extracted with various solvents prior to heat-treatment. Analysis of their color parameters and chromophoric structures showed that the chroma value of the unextracted sample decreased while that of the extracted sample increased after heat-treatment. Both samples showed broad diffuse reflectance UV-Vis (DRUV) absorption bands with maxima around 360–380 nm after heat-treatment due to the formation of conjugated double bonds, carbonyl functionalities, and quinoid structures. Compared with the unextracted sample, the dominant chromaticity of the extracted samples hypochromatically shifted and the peak became narrower. This result showed that extractives contribute mostly to the reduction in the light reflection on heat-treated wood. In addition to extractives, lignin and hemicellulose also contributed to the formation of color substances upon heat-treatment. The increase in C₃/C₂ ratio in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra signified the oxidation reactions in the heating process. The increase in O₁/O₂ for extracted sample after heat-treatment and changes in DRUV and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra support the hypothesis that discoloration can also arise from the degradation of hemicellulose and the condensation reactions of lignin.     

重金属胁迫下白骨壤数字基因表达谱分析

[目的]从转录组水平研究重金属污水胁迫处理下白骨壤的基因表达变化,以揭示白骨壤响应重金属污染胁迫的机制。[方法]采用基于高通量测序的数字基因表达谱(DGE)技术对重金属污水胁迫处理组和对照组白骨壤材料进行转录组测序分析。[结果]与对照组相比,重金属处理下白骨壤共有10 459个差异表达基因,其中,8 685个表达量上升,1 774个表达量下降。Me V聚类表明:大部分基因在重金属处理样本中的表达量受到极大的诱导。GO功能注释发现,差异表达基因主要定位于叶绿体以及细胞内各种膜结构,参与"细胞代谢"、"细胞组分的组合和生物合成"、"对刺激的响应"等过程。KEGG代谢通路分析显示,差异表达基因分布于126条Pathways,涉及"核糖体"、"光合作用"、"乙醛酸盐代谢"、"丙酮酸代谢"等途径。重金属胁迫还促进萜类、黄酮类化合物生物合成的关键酶基因(牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶(0009238)、黄酮醇合成酶(0001833))的表达,进而促进白骨壤有效成分的积累;显著诱导细胞分裂素水解酶编码基因CKX7(0057124)、油菜素内脂信号转导组分基因BSK(0043741)等的表达,进而提高白骨壤对重金属胁迫的适应能力。此外,转录因子分析发现,b HLH、NAC、MYB-related和WRKY在重金属胁迫中发挥重要作用。实验选取8个与环境刺激响应密切相关的基因,通过qRT-PCR验证了它们在重金属污水胁迫处理下的表达差异,结果与数字基因表达谱分析的结果较一致,证实了差异表达基因数据的有效性。[结论]重金属处理影响了白骨壤大量的新陈代谢、光合作用、小分子酸合成、激素合成与信号转导及次生代谢产物合成相关基因的表达。     

聚乳酸与麦草纤维共混物的研究

以N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物为溶剂,制备聚L-乳酸(PLLA)与麦草纤维(WSF)的共混溶液,并制备PLLA与WSF的共混物。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热法和X射线衍射等方法对PLLA/WSF共混物进行表征,探讨PLLA/WSF共混物中两组分的相容性和结晶性。结果表明,聚乳酸和麦草纤维的N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物溶液可以均匀混合形成共混溶液。在PLLA/WSF共混物中,PLLA与WSF两组分之间的相互作用较强,具有较好的相容性。PLLA/WSF共混物的组成对其形态与性能具有显著影响。随着PLLA用量的增加,共混物的玻璃化温度逐步降低。当PLLA与WSF的质量比小于6∶4时,共混物为非晶态物质,而当PLLA与WSF的质量比大于6∶4时,共混物则具有结晶结构,且结晶熔点随着PLLA质量分数的增加而增加。因此,通过改变PLLA和WSF组分的配比,可以制备不同性能的可生物降解高分子材料。     

Rapid prediction of wood crystallinity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus elliotii</Emphasis> plantation wood by near-infrared spectroscopy

Crystallinity is an important property of woody materials; it responds to tree growth traits, structure, and chemical composition, and has a significant effect on Young’s modulus, dimensional stability, density, and hardness, etc. The ability of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis to rapidly predict the crystallinity of slash pine (Pinus elliotii) plantation wood was investigated. The results showed that the NIR data could be correlated with the X-ray diffraction (XRD)-determined crystallinity of slash pine wood by use of partial least squares (PLS) regression, producing excellent coefficients of determination, r ², and root mean square error of calibration, RMSEC. The use of either reduced spectral ranges or the selection of certain wavelengths consistent with known chemical absorptions did not have any detrimental effect on the quality of PLS models allowing the use of inexpensive, small, and portable spectrometers. These studies show that NIR spectroscopy can be used to rapidly predict the crystallinity of slash pine wood.