稳定表达草鱼LamR鱼类细胞的建立及对基因Ⅱ型GCRV增殖的影响

通过构建草鱼LamR(Ctenopharyngodon idella LamR,CiLamR)真核表达质粒,转染GCRV非敏感细胞系鲤鱼上皮细胞(EPC)和敏感细胞系草鱼肾细胞(CIK),利用G418筛选获得稳定表达CiLamR的细胞,经Western Blot验证CiLamR稳定表达细胞系的构建。采用Ⅱ型GCRV分别接毒CiLamR稳定表达EPC和CIK,检测接毒后Ⅱ型GCRV拷贝数差异,研究草鱼37 kDa/67 kDa层粘连蛋白受体(37 kDa/67 kDa laminin receptor, LamR)对Ⅱ型GCRV增殖的影响。结果显示:经PCR扩增获得927 bp CiLamR完整开放阅读框(ORF),并成功克隆进入真核表达质粒pEYFP-Mem,获得pEYFP-Mem-CiLamR重组质粒,转染并经过G418筛选后获得约80%阳性荧光的细胞。Western Blot证实稳定表达CiLamR的EPC和CIK细胞系构建成功。以不同初始浓度接种EPC-pEYFP-Mem、EPC-pEYFP-Mem-CiLamR细胞均未检测到Ⅱ型GCRV增殖,CIK-pEYFP-Mem、CIK-pEYFP-Mem-CiLamR可检测到病毒增殖,但是增殖量无明显差异。结果表明:CiLamR蛋白对基因Ⅱ型GCRV增殖无明显影响。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒衣壳蛋白VP7基因真核表达载体pCI-VP7的构建及鉴定

将编码草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus,GCRV)主要衣壳蛋白VP70.9kb的基因片段连接至克隆载体pMD19-T中,筛选阳性克隆并测序,经检测为正确序列后,再将目的片段克隆入真核表达载体pCI,筛选得到阳性重组质粒pCI-VP7。然后构建pCI-VP-GFP重组表达质粒(即GFP基因与VP7的一段上游基因融合表达),用PCR及酶切方法鉴定克隆的正确性。并用脂质体法将其转染入真核细胞COS-1和CIK进行瞬时表达,荧光显微镜观察及RT-PCR特异性检测。结果表明,GFP基因与VP7的一段上游基因被成功转染到COS-1和CIK细胞,并得到了很好的表达。进而证明pCI-VP7可以成功的表达,为GCRV基因疫苗的研制提供了实验资料。     

牙鲆SRF基因的克隆及真核表达载体的构建

采用RACE-PCR技术,从牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)组织中克隆了血清应答因子(SRF)基因全长序列,该序列全长2 477 bp,开放阅读框1 503 bp,编码500个氨基酸。通过氨基酸同源序列比对,牙鲆SRF与其它物种的同源性较高,在氨基酸序列的N端具有NLS结构域和高度保守的MADS结构域。用PCR方法扩增SRF基因的编码区片段,克隆到p EGFP-N1载体中,构建真核表达载体p EGFP-N1-SRF,将重组质粒转染牙鲆胚胎细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察转染细胞有绿色荧光蛋白表达。荧光定量PCR和Western blot实验进一步证实,SRF在转染细胞中高表达。说明真核表达载体p EGFP-N1-SRF构建成功,为进一步研究SRF在牙鲆变态发育中的作用奠定了实验基础。     

虹鳟fabp10基因真核表达载体构建、生物信息学及组织表达分析

为探究虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)脂肪酸结合蛋白10(fatty acid binding protein 10,fabp10)基因序列信息及其所编码蛋白的结构和功能等，本试验根据Gen Bank数据库公布的河鳟(Salmo trutta)fabp10基因的CDS序列信息设计引物，通过RT-PCR获得fabp10基因片段，将目的片段与p MD-18-T载体连接转化DH5α感受态细胞，构建p MD-18-T-fabp10克隆载体，双酶切回收基因片段，构建pc DNA3.1-fabp10真核表达载体，分析fabp10基因在虹鳟不同组织中的表达，经双酶切、测序鉴定构建成功。将表达载体转染至EPC细胞，分别于24h、36 h、48 h后收集细胞进行荧光定量PCR检测。结果显示：虹鳟fabp10基因CDS区与Gen Bank数据库中Salmo trutta fabp10基因CDS区同源性高达100%。生物信息学分析发现，fabp10基因编码区全长378 bp，编码126个氨基酸。Fabp10蛋白主要分布在细胞质中，存在23个潜在磷酸化位点。转染pc DNA3.1-fabp10可...     

VP35蛋白对Ⅱ型草鱼呼肠孤病毒增殖的影响

Ⅱ型草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)基因片段S11编码外衣壳蛋白VP35。为深入探究VP35蛋白在病毒增殖中发挥的作用，实验扩增了S11基因并插入载体pCMV-3×flag中，构建pCMV-3×flag-S11真核表达质粒，转染草鱼肾细胞(CIK)后感染Ⅱ型GCRV，收集感染后的上清液与细胞。首先利用实时荧光定量PCR中相对定量的方法检测细胞样品中Ⅱ型GCRV-S6基因的mRNA。结果显示，过表达VP35在病毒mRNA水平促进Ⅱ型GCRV的增殖；然后扩增S6基因并插入到载体pET-32a(+)中，构建重组原核表达质粒，纯化Ⅱ型GCRV-VP4蛋白并制备多克隆抗体，用Western blot检测收集的细胞样品中的VP4蛋白，结果表明过表达VP35在病毒蛋白水平促进Ⅱ型GCRV的增殖；最后使用pET-32a-S6质粒作为阳性标准质粒并制作标准曲线，建立Ⅱ型GCRV病毒基因拷贝数的绝对定量检测方法，利用该方法检测细胞上清液中的病毒颗粒，结果表明过表达VP35增加Ⅱ型GCRV病毒拷贝数。本研究从3个维度证明过表达VP35蛋白促进Ⅱ型GCRV增殖，有助于深入解析VP35蛋白功能，也为进一步探究Ⅱ型GC...     

传染性造血器官坏死病核酸疫苗的构建及其在虹鳟接种部位的消长规律

本研究将传染性造血器官坏死病病毒(infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHNV)分离株SD-12糖蛋白(glycoprotein,G)基因克隆进商业化载体pc DNA3.1(+),构建了IHNV G的表达载体,即传染性造血器官坏死病(infectious hematopoietic necrosis,IHN)核酸疫苗,命名为p IHNsd-G。采用背鳍基部肌肉注射的方式,以2μg/尾的剂量免疫虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)鱼苗(5.0±0.5)g。于免疫后第4天及第7天,利用real-time PCR技术检测免疫虹鳟头肾及接种部位肌肉组织Mx-1基因表达情况;于免疫后第21天,以100倍半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infective dose,TCID50)采取腹腔注射的方式进行攻毒实验,计算核酸疫苗相对保护率(relative percent survival,RPS);于免疫后第60天及150天检测免疫虹鳟血清IHNV中和抗体效价;最后,以p IHNsd-G的启动子序列和氨苄青霉素抗性基因序列为目标基因,利用PCR方法监测p IHNsd-G在免疫虹鳟接种部位的动态分布情况。结果显示:Mx-1基因在头肾和接种部位肌肉中均显著上调表达,并且在接种部位肌肉组织中明显高于同一时间点的头肾组织;攻毒实验中p IHNsd-G对虹鳟的相对保护率高达94.4%;而在免疫后第60天,所有免疫虹鳟血清中均存在中和抗体,其最高效价高达320,在免疫后第150天,最高抗体效价为80,自此,说明已成功获得有效的IHN核酸疫苗。p IHNsd-G在虹鳟接种部位的PCR监测结果显示:在免疫后的第1天即可在注射部位的肌肉中检测到全部p IHNsd-G目标片段,在第84天时已经无法从注射部位肌肉中扩增出全长氨苄青霉素抗性基因,而所有目标基因在第150天时均消失不见。本研究在成功构建IHN核酸疫苗并系统地验证了其有效性的基础上,开展了该疫苗在接种部位的动态分析研究,为IHN核酸疫苗的研发和安全性评价研究提供了基础数据。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6蛋白基因植物表达载体的构建

以据草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)VP6蛋白的全基因序列(GeneBank AF403394)为模板,采用RT-PCR构建了草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6蛋白基因植物表达载体的构建。结果显示:实验构建的pCR 2.1-VP6重组质粒含有NcoⅠ和BglⅡ酶切位点;pCR 2.1-VP6重组质粒经PCR扩增和测序显示含有1.3 Kbp的草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6基因读码框片段。将目的片段VP6酶切、克隆到携带有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA1302中,再经酶切、PCR扩增和序列测定显示,pCAMBIA1302-VP6含有1.3 Kbp的草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6基因片段,说明已插入植物表达载体pCAMBIA1302绿色荧光蛋白基因前,成功构建了融合表达草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP6蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白的植物表达载体pCAMBIA1302-VP6。     

尼罗罗非鱼β-actin基因启动子的分离及其在真核细胞中的活性验证

采用高保真PCR方法从尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)基因组DNA中分离出β-actin基因启动子序列,将β-actin基因启动子插入pN1-EGFP构建成真核细胞表达载体pEGFP-β-actin,并通过脂质体转染法将重组载体导入人胚肾上皮细胞HEK 293T,荧光显微镜下观察外源基因EGFP...     

传染性造血器官坏死病毒表面糖蛋白基因核酸疫苗的构建及对虹鳟血液生化指标的影响

为研究传染性造血器官坏死病毒(infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, IHNV)表面糖蛋白(glycoprotein, G)基因核酸疫苗对虹鳟免疫保护效果及血液生化指标的影响,将IHNV G基因克隆至pMD19-T载体中,连接产物在DH5α中进行转化,获取重组质粒pMD19-TG后回收G基因片段。将鉴定正确的G基因片段利用Bam H I和Xho I酶切位点克隆在真核表达载体pVAX1上,构建核酸疫苗pVAX1-G。重组质粒pVAX1-G按照8μg/尾的剂量注射虹鳟设为pVAX1-G组,同时设8μg/尾空质粒组、PBS对照组和空白组,于免疫后21 d,以100倍半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infective dose, TCID50)通过腹腔注射的方式进行攻毒实验,计算核酸疫苗相对保护率(relative percent survival, RPS),攻毒后收集免疫虹鳟血清进行血液指标检测。结果显示,攻毒后虹鳟血清中16项指标中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TBIL)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素(Urea)、肌酐(CREA)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLO)与正常虹鳟相比有显著变化,空载组11项指标较pVAX1-G组变化显著;攻毒后14 d pVAX1-G组累积死亡率为19%(19/100),而空载组和PBS对照组分别为62%(62/100)和85%(85/100)。pVAX1-G核酸疫苗对虹鳟免疫保护率为78%。病理学观察发现,免疫pVAX1-G组虹鳟的肝脏、脾脏、肾脏组织未见明显损伤。综上表明,pVAX1-G作为核酸疫苗有助于减轻IHNV对虹鳟的损伤,对IHNV有较好的免疫保护效果。     

四川彭州地区养殖虹鳟传染性造血器官坏死病病毒的分离、鉴定及病理学观察

近期,四川省成都彭州市某虹鳟养殖场暴发流行疾病,导致养殖虹鳟死亡率高达90%。现场采样观察发现患病鱼主要症状为背部发黑,鳔壁、腹膜严重出血,心包积液,空肠、空胃和显著肠炎。同时对病鱼进行细菌学与组织病理学检测,细菌学检查结果为阴性,病理学观察发现脾脏有典型凝固性坏死,肝脏组织广泛变性、坏死,肠道黏膜下层水肿,肠上皮充血及上皮细胞脱落坏死,脑膜和心外膜水肿。将病鱼的脾组织研磨过滤除菌后,腹腔注射60尾健康虹鳟,注射组均表现为急性死亡(累计死亡率达85%),试验鱼出现与自然发病鱼相同的症状而对照组无异常。取病鱼的脾脏组织研磨过滤后接种胖头鲤细胞(fathead minnow cell,FHM),细胞感染3 d后出现典型的细胞病变效应(CPE)。针对编码IHNV糖蛋白(Glycoprotein,G)基因进行逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RTPCR)检测显示,患病鱼、人工感染病鱼和病变细胞均为IHNV阳性,扩增序列与IHNV糖蛋白基因同源性为98.2%。对该病毒分离株的G基因进行系统发育分析,结果显示,该分离株与亚洲分离株聚为一簇,属于JRt基因型。     

First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County,Kenya

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of infectious haematopoietic necrosis, a disease of salmonid responsible for great economic losses. The disease occurs in most parts of the world where rainbow trout is reared but has not been previously reported in Kenya. In this study, rainbow trout fry and growers from two farms in Nyeri County were screened for IHNV. Whole fry (n = 4 from each farm) and kidney samples from growers (n = 15 and n = 6 from the two farms, respectively) were collected and preserved for cell culture examination or PCR analysis. Screening of samples was done by PCR followed by sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of the virus. Demonstration of the virus was done by propagation in EPC cells followed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed the presence of IHNV at low prevalence of 0.1 and 0.4 for the two farms. The virus was confirmed both by IFAT and by partial sequencing of the G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan isolates were identical to those of the J genogroup found mostly in Asia. The findings have implications for biosecurity measures and import regulations for the Kenyan rainbow trout industry.     

First evidence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in the Netherlands

In spring 2008, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was detected for the first time in the Netherlands. The virus was isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from a put‐and‐take fishery with angling ponds. IHNV is the causative agent of a serious fish disease, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). From 2008 to 2011, we diagnosed eight IHNV infections in rainbow trout originating from six put‐and‐take fisheries (symptomatic and asymptomatic fish), and four IHNV infections from three rainbow trout farms (of which two were co‐infected by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, IPNV), at water temperatures between 5 and 15 °C. At least one farm delivered trout to four of these eight IHNV‐positive farms. Mortalities related to IHNV were mostly <40%, but increased to nearly 100% in case of IHNV and IPNV co‐infection. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 12 isolates clustered into two different monophyletic groups within the European IHNV genogroup E. One of these two groups indicates a virus‐introduction event by a German trout import, whereas the second group indicates that IHNV was already (several years) in the Netherlands before its discovery in 2008.     

Inactivated infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) vaccines

The inactivation dynamics of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) by b-propiolactone (BPL), binary ethylenimine (BEI), formaldehyde or heat and the antigenic and immunogenic properties of the inactivated vaccines were evaluated. Chemical treatment of IHNV with 2.7 mm BPL, 1.5 mm BEI or 50 mm formaldehyde abolished virus infectivity within 48 h whereas heat treatment at 50 or 100 degrees C rendered the virus innocuous within 30 min. The inactivated IHNV vaccines were recognized by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, IHNV-specific antibodies and were differentially recognized by antigenic site I or antigenic site II IHNV glycoprotein-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. The BPL inactivated whole virus vaccine was highly efficacious in vaccinated rainbow trout challenged by waterborne exposure to IHNV 7, 28, 42 or 56 days (15 degrees C) after immunization. The formaldehyde inactivated whole virus vaccine was efficacious 7 or 11 days after vaccination of rainbow trout but performed inconsistently when tested at later time points. The other vaccines tested were not efficacious.     

Virulence of a chimeric recombinant infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus expressing the spring viraemia of carp virus glycoprotein in salmonid and cyprinid fish

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) are both rhabdoviruses of fish, listed as notifiable disease agents by the World Organization for Animal Health. Recombinant rhabdoviruses with heterologous gene substitutions have been engineered to study genetic determinants and assess the potential of these recombinant viruses for vaccine development. A recombinant IHNV (rIHNV), containing the full‐length genome of a European IHNV strain, was modified by deleting the glycoprotein (G) gene and replacing it with a European SVCV G‐gene to make the rIHNV‐Gsvcv. The chimeric rIHNV‐Gsvcv level of virulence in rainbow trout, common carp and koi was assessed, and its ability to induce a protective immune response in surviving koi against wild‐type SVCV infection was tested. The rIHNV‐Gsvcv infection of trout led to high mortality, ranging from 78% to 92.5%, after immersion. In contrast, no deaths occurred in juvenile common carp after infection with rIHNV‐Gsvcv by either immersion or intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Similarly, koi infected with rIHNV‐Gsvcv via IP injection had little to no mortality (≤9%). Koi that survived initial infection with a high dose of recombinant virus rIHNV‐Gsvcv were protected against a virulent SVCV challenge resulting in a high relative per cent survival of 82.5%.     

Oral transmission as a route of infection for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Surveys among wild marine fish have revealed occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infections in a high number of diverse fish species. In marine aquaculture of rainbow trout, preying on invading wild fish might thus be a risk factor for introduction and adaptation of VHSV and subsequent disease outbreaks. Our objective was to determine whether an oral transmission route for VHSV in rainbow trout exists. Juvenile trout were infected through oral, waterborne and cohabitation transmission routes, using a recombinant virus strain harbouring Renilla luciferase as reporter gene. Viral replication in stomach and kidney tissue was detected through bioluminescence activity of luciferase and qRT-PCR. Replication was detected in both tissues, irrespective of transmission route. Replication patterns, however, differed among transmission routes. In trout infected through oral transmission, replication was detected in the stomach prior to kidney tissue. In trout infected through waterborne or cohabitation transmission, replication was detected in kidney prior to stomach or in both tissues simultaneously. We demonstrate the existence of an oral transmission route for VHSV in rainbow trout. This implies that preying on invading infected wild fish is a risk factor for introduction of VHSV into marine cultures of rainbow trout.     

四川地区一株传染性造血器官坏死病毒的分离鉴定及系统发育分析

2014年5月,四川省都江堰市某虹鳟养殖场暴发一种传染性疾病,幼鱼和鱼苗死亡率分别高达40％和80％.为探究此次疾病病因和流行规律,将病料进行解剖及细菌学检查、病理组织观察、人工感染实验、病毒分离、多重RT-PCR鉴定和系统发育分析.结果显示,病鱼主要临床症状表现为腹部膨大,体表发黑,肛门拖淡黄色黏液便,解剖见鳔壁、腹膜出血,胃胀气膨大和明显肠炎;细菌学检查为阴性;组织病理学上,头肾、肾脏和脾脏造血组织广泛性变性、坏死,肠黏膜下层嗜酸性颗粒细胞浸润与坏死,肝细胞变性、坏死形成局灶性的坏死灶,并在一些肝细胞胞浆内见嗜酸性包涵体.将病鱼的肝脏、脾组织研磨过滤灭菌后,腹腔注射20尾健康虹鳟,注射组均表现为急性死亡(累积死亡率=75％),并出现与自然发病鱼相同的症状.取病鱼组织匀浆滤菌液接种到鲤上皮瘤细胞(epithelioma papulosum cyprini,EPC),盲传3代出现典型的细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects,CPE).针对IHNV、IPNV与VHSV的多重RT-PCR检测显示自然发病鱼、人工感染病鱼和病变细胞均为IHNV阳性,扩增序列与IHNV核蛋白(nucleoprotein,N)基因同源性为99.9％.对分离株的糖蛋白基因“Mid-G”区域进行系统发育分析,结果显示该分离株与亚洲分离株聚为一支,属于JRt基因型.本研究首次报道我国西南地区养殖虹鳟中IHNV感染引起的疾病.     

Inhibition of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in cell cultures with peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers

Delivery of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO) into fish cells in vitro and tissues in vivo was examined. Uptake was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after treating cultured cells or live rainbow trout with 3' fluorescein-tagged PMO. Arginine-rich peptide conjugated to the 5' end of the PMO markedly enhanced cellular uptake in culture by 8- to 20-fold compared with non-peptide-conjugated PMO as determined by flow cytometry. Enhanced uptake of PMO conjugated to peptide was also observed in tissues of fish treated by immersion. The efficacy of PMO as inhibitors of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) replication was determined in vitro. Peptide-conjugated PMOs targeting sequences within the IHNV genomic RNA (negative polarity) or antigenomic RNA (positive polarity) significantly inhibited replication in a dose-dependent and sequence-specific manner. A PMO complementary to sequence near the 5' end of IHNV genomic RNA was the most effective, diminishing titre by 97%, as measured by plaque assay and Western blot. These data demonstrate that replication of a negative-stranded non-segmented RNA virus can be inhibited by antisense compounds that target positive polarity viral RNA, or by a compound that targets negative polarity viral RNA.