传染性造血器官坏死病核酸疫苗的构建及其抗性基因对环境细菌抗性的影响

本研究以传染性造血器官坏死病毒(infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHNV)分离株XJ-13为研究对象,克隆其糖蛋白(glycoprotein,G)基因并连接到商业化载体pcDNA3.1(+),成功构建了真核表达载体pIHNxj-G。为了检测该载体作为核酸疫苗的可能性,本研究以2μg/尾的剂量采用背鳍基部注射免疫虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)鱼苗[(5±0.5)g]。在免疫后第4天及第30天,以100 TCID_(50)的剂量利用IHNV-XJ-13对虹鳟进行腹腔注射攻毒;在免疫后第4天及第7天,利用Real-time PCR技术检测虹鳟头肾及接种部位肌肉组织Mx-1基因表达情况;在免疫后第4天及30天检测虹鳟血清IHNV中和抗体效价;在免疫后65 d内,分别于不同时间点采集循环水池里的粪便、水以及虹鳟的肠内容物,进行氨苄青霉素抗性菌的分离鉴定。攻毒试验结果显示,核酸疫苗在免疫后第4天和第30天的相对保护率均高于90%;Mx-1基因检测结果显示,Mx-1基因在头肾和接种部位肌肉中均显著上调表达;中和抗体效价测定结果显示,在免疫后第4天,所有血清中均不存在中和抗体(效价均20);而在免疫后第30天,10尾虹鳟中有8尾血清中存在中和抗体,最高效价为160;抗性菌分离结果显示,分离到的氨苄青霉素抗性菌均是天然具有氨苄青霉素抗性的气单胞菌(Aeromonas sp.)和柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter sp.),并未分离到包括大肠杆菌在内的任何具有氨苄青霉素抗性的指示菌,且实验组和对照组的氨苄青霉素抗性菌的种类和数量均没有发生统计学意义的改变。本研究提供了具有良好保护效果的IHN核酸疫苗,并为IHN核酸疫苗的安全评价提供了基础数据。     

传染性造血器官坏死病灭活疫苗的制备及免疫保护效果

为了研发用于预防传染性造血器官坏死病(infectious hematopoietic necrosis,IHN)灭活疫苗,实验以不同感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)在胖头鱥上皮细胞(Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid,EPC)上对传染性造血器官坏死病毒(infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHNV)进行连续传代培养,通过测定各代病毒滴度,结合病毒收获时间确定最佳增殖方案;采用不同浓度的β-丙内酯(β-propanolactone,BPL)在24℃下灭活,经安全性实验验证后确定最佳灭活条件。以不同剂量腹腔注射免疫虹鳟,以磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)为阴性对照组,通过检测攻毒后相对免疫保护率(relative percent survival,RPS)、免疫相关因子表达量及血清中和抗体效价来分析该疫苗的保护效果。结果显示,最佳增殖方案为以MOI为0.000 1接种,15℃培养3 d;最佳灭活条件为以终浓度3.0 mmol/L的BPL将IHNV在24℃下灭活24 h;以最佳免疫剂量10μL/尾腹腔注射免疫虹鳟,免疫后7、21、45和60 d的相对免疫保护率分别为91.37%、84.28%、84.15%和47.5%,免疫后60 d时RPS显著低于其他时间点免疫组;免疫相关基因的实时荧光定量PCR(realtime quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)结果显示,与阴性对照组相比,Mx-1和IFN-γ表达量在免疫后7、15和30 d脾脏和头肾中均显著上调,在第7天时达到最大值(5倍);CD4和IgM表达量在免疫后15 d脾脏和头肾中均显著上调;在免疫后第30、45和60天虹鳟血清IHNV中和抗体效价依次为67.25、43.40和29.78,呈下降趋势且各组间差异显著。研究表明,该灭活疫苗可诱导虹鳟产生特异性免疫和非特异性免疫反应,对虹鳟具有显著的免疫保护作用。本研究为IHNV灭活疫苗研发提供参考。     

黑龙江所研制的“虹鳟IHN核酸疫苗”获得农业转基因生物安全证书

<正>传染性造血器官坏死病(infectious hematopoietic necrosis,IHN)是多年来造成我国虹鳟养殖业重大损失的主要疾病，严重影响产业的可持续发展。中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所冷水性鱼类病害防控创新团队潜心研究10余年，研制出实验室保护率高达90%以上、田间相对保护率高达88%以上的、具有自主知识产权的虹鳟IHN核酸疫苗，并于2019—2022年顺利完成农业转基因生物安全评价的中间试验、环境释放实验和生产性实验，     

传染性造血器官坏死病毒表面糖蛋白基因核酸疫苗的构建及对虹鳟血液生化指标的影响

为研究传染性造血器官坏死病毒(infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, IHNV)表面糖蛋白(glycoprotein, G)基因核酸疫苗对虹鳟免疫保护效果及血液生化指标的影响,将IHNV G基因克隆至pMD19-T载体中,连接产物在DH5α中进行转化,获取重组质粒pMD19-TG后回收G基因片段。将鉴定正确的G基因片段利用Bam H I和Xho I酶切位点克隆在真核表达载体pVAX1上,构建核酸疫苗pVAX1-G。重组质粒pVAX1-G按照8μg/尾的剂量注射虹鳟设为pVAX1-G组,同时设8μg/尾空质粒组、PBS对照组和空白组,于免疫后21 d,以100倍半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infective dose, TCID50)通过腹腔注射的方式进行攻毒实验,计算核酸疫苗相对保护率(relative percent survival, RPS),攻毒后收集免疫虹鳟血清进行血液指标检测。结果显示,攻毒后虹鳟血清中16项指标中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TBIL)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素(Urea)、肌酐(CREA)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLO)与正常虹鳟相比有显著变化,空载组11项指标较pVAX1-G组变化显著;攻毒后14 d pVAX1-G组累积死亡率为19%(19/100),而空载组和PBS对照组分别为62%(62/100)和85%(85/100)。pVAX1-G核酸疫苗对虹鳟免疫保护率为78%。病理学观察发现,免疫pVAX1-G组虹鳟的肝脏、脾脏、肾脏组织未见明显损伤。综上表明,pVAX1-G作为核酸疫苗有助于减轻IHNV对虹鳟的损伤,对IHNV有较好的免疫保护效果。     

虹鳟传染性造血器官坏死病核酸疫苗工程菌发酵工艺研究

急性传染性造血器官坏死病(infectious hematopoietic necrosis,IHN)严重威胁虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss养殖业,造成严重的经济损失,核酸疫苗已成为虹鳟IHN疾病预防的研究热点。本研究首先检测虹鳟IHN核酸疫苗工程菌的遗传稳定性,结果显示工程菌在连续培养30代后,仍能保持稳定的质粒拷贝数。质粒酶切结果表明:连续培养30代后的质粒依然保持良好的完整性。在筛选高拷贝工程菌的基础上,又研究核酸疫苗的高密度发酵培养基、补料及发酵时间。结果表明:最优的发酵培养基配方为:1.2%胰蛋白胨(Tryptone)、2.4%酵母提取物(Yeast Extract)、0.5%甘油、0.017 mol·L~(-1)KH_2PO_4、0.072 mol·L~(-1)K_2HPO_4;补料配方为:3%胰蛋白胨、1.5%酵母提取物、50%甘油,最佳发酵时间为16h。本研究可为虹鳟IHN核酸疫苗的规模化生产提供参考。     

我国虹鳟传染性造血器官坏死病防控研究现状

虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss是我国主要冷水鱼养殖种类之一。传染性造血器官坏死病(infectious hematopoietic necrosis, IHN)是世界性的鲑科鱼类传染性疾病和制约我国冷水鱼产业发展的瓶颈之一。我国对IHN陆续开展了流行病学、病原学及防控技术等研究,取得了较大进展。本文简要综述了我国虹鳟IHN病害防控研究现状,主要包括IHN病毒基因型、分布、流行规律及疫苗研制等研究进展,以期为相关研究和我国虹鳟养殖业健康发展提供参考。     

传染性造血器官坏死病疫苗的研究进展

传染性造血器官坏死病(infectious hematopoietic necrosis,IHN)是引起鲑鳟鱼暴发性死亡的急性传染性病毒疾病。IHN分布广、传播快,每年给全球鲑鳟养殖业造成重大的经济损失。疫苗免疫是防控该病的最有效手段。本文总结了IHN疫苗的研究进展,主要包括灭活疫苗、减毒疫苗、亚单位疫苗、合成肽疫苗及DNA疫苗等,以期为水生动物疫苗的研制提供参考。     

重组虹鳟IFN-γ2的原核表达及抗IHNV活性分析

为获得虹鳟IFN-γ2(rt IFN-γ2)抗传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV)活性的相关数据,实验根据NCBI已发表序列设计引物,提取经植物血凝素刺激后的虹鳟头肾细胞总RNA,采用RT-PCR方法扩增471 bp的该基因完整开放阅读框。将该基因重组至原核表达载体p ET32a中,并转化大肠杆菌Rosetta,进行诱导表达,SDS-PAGE结果显示,目的蛋白以包涵体形式表达,大小约为38.4 ku。重组蛋白经复性、纯化后在CHSE-214细胞上进行抗IHNV活性分析,结果显示,rt IFN-γ2在CHSE-214细胞上抗IHNV活性为6.63×106U/mg。Real-time PCR结果显示,rt IFN-γ2免疫后,虹鳟头肾、脾、肝中IRF-1、IRF-2、IFN-I、IFN-γ和Mx表达水平均显著提高,总体而言免疫后2天机体抗病毒状态弱于免疫后1天。攻毒保护实验结果显示,免疫后1天进行IHNV攻击时,鱼死亡率为40%,而免疫后2天进行IHNV攻击时,鱼死亡率达到80%。研究表明,原核表达系统制备的重组虹鳟IFN-γ2不仅具有体外抗IHNV活性,更能激发虹鳟的抗病毒状态,从而为虹鳟抵抗IHNV感染提供一定的保护力。     

无乳链球菌Sip-GAPDH嵌合核酸疫苗的制备及免疫效果评价

为了研究无乳链球菌Sip-GAPDH嵌合核酸疫苗对罗非鱼链球菌病的免疫保护作用,本研究通过PCR和重叠延伸拼接技术(SOEing)获得融合基因Sip-GAPDH,连接至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)制备DNA疫苗,通过背鳍肌肉注射方式免疫吉富罗非鱼,免疫后第7、28天取样,采用PCR及RT-PCR方法检测pcDNA-Sip-GAPDH在各个组织(包括肌肉、脑、头肾、脾脏、鳃和肝脏)中的表达情况。采用ELISA、Real-time PCR法和体外攻毒法分别分析各实验组不同时间血清抗体效价、免疫基因(IgM、IL-1β和CD8)表达变化规律和相对保护率,研究该嵌合性疫苗对吉富罗非鱼的保护效果。结果显示,实验组在免疫接种第7和第28天时,注射点周围的肌肉、脑、头肾、脾脏、鳃和肝脏均能检测到嵌合性质粒,实验组罗非鱼血清抗体效价均高于对照组并于21 d时达到峰值(1∶4 096);qPCR数据表明,实验组鱼体胸腺、头肾和脾脏的IgM、IL-1β和CD8基因的mRNA表达量均出现了上调,并且在胸腺、头肾和脾脏中的表达量分别在免疫后第12和第48 h达到峰值;免疫后42 d进行人工攻毒后计算免疫保护率为93.3%。以上研究结果表明,本研究构建的无乳链球菌Sip-GAPDH嵌合核酸疫苗在罗非鱼链球菌病防治中具有潜在的应用价值。     

传染性造血器官坏死病毒微型基因组表达干扰素对病毒的抑制效应

为构建传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV HLJ-09)微型基因组并表达虹鳟IFN,采用RT-PCR扩增IHNV HLJ-09株的N、P、L、G和NV蛋白基因并亚克隆入真核表达载体pCI中,构建辅助质粒pCI-N、pCI-P、pCI-L、pCI-G和pCI-NV;将扩增获得的IHNV基因组两末端序列、增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)报告基因、虹鳟I型干扰素(IFN)基因克隆到真核表达载体pCI中构建出表达EGFP的IHNV微型基因组pCI-LFGT和表达IFN的IHNV微型基因组pCI-LFIT;将pCI-LFIT质粒转染已接种IHNV HLJ-09毒株的EPC细胞,实时荧光定量PCR法测定细胞中IHNV G基因RNA。结果显示:构建的微型基因组不论与辅助病毒还是与5个辅助质粒共转染,外源基因均能正确表达;pCI-LFIT质粒转染已接种病毒的EPC细胞组与对照组相比其中的病毒核酸显著减少。     

Inactivated infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) vaccines

The inactivation dynamics of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) by b-propiolactone (BPL), binary ethylenimine (BEI), formaldehyde or heat and the antigenic and immunogenic properties of the inactivated vaccines were evaluated. Chemical treatment of IHNV with 2.7 mm BPL, 1.5 mm BEI or 50 mm formaldehyde abolished virus infectivity within 48 h whereas heat treatment at 50 or 100 degrees C rendered the virus innocuous within 30 min. The inactivated IHNV vaccines were recognized by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, IHNV-specific antibodies and were differentially recognized by antigenic site I or antigenic site II IHNV glycoprotein-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. The BPL inactivated whole virus vaccine was highly efficacious in vaccinated rainbow trout challenged by waterborne exposure to IHNV 7, 28, 42 or 56 days (15 degrees C) after immunization. The formaldehyde inactivated whole virus vaccine was efficacious 7 or 11 days after vaccination of rainbow trout but performed inconsistently when tested at later time points. The other vaccines tested were not efficacious.     

Passive immunization of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against Flavobacterium psychrophilum,the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome

Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (CWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), causes high mortality in cultured salmonids. The present study was designed to determine the role antibody plays in conferring protection to rainbow trout fry, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), by passive immunization with convalescent serum or serum from adult rainbow trout immunized with F. psychrophilum, and goat anti-F. psychrophilum serum. In each experiment, rainbow trout fry were injected intraperitoneally with antiserum and challenged by subcutaneous injection with a virulent strain (CSF-259-93) of F. psychrophilum 24-h post-immunization. Relative percentage survival (RPS) ranged from 9-42% when rainbow trout fry (mean weight 1.3 g) were injected with a 1:2 dilution of 25 microL of convalescent serum ranging in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titres from 1600-102400. Rainbow trout fry (mean weight 1.0 g) passively immunized with 25 microL of serum from immunized adult fish exhibited RPS values of up to 57%. In each of these experiments, RPS increased with increasing antibody titres against F. psychrophilum. Passive immunization with 25 or 50 microL goat anti-F. psychrophilum serum, however, did not confer protection to fry (mean weight 1.3 g). These results suggest that trout antibody plays a role in conferring protection to F. psychrophilum, but antibody alone is unable to provide complete protection.     

Comparison of passive and active immunization of fish against streptococcosis (enterococcosis)

Passive immunization of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), was carried out to determine the persistence of anti-Streptococcus sp. antibodies (ASA) raised in sheep, rabbits or rainbow trout. The protection afforded by passive immunization was compared with the protection obtained from active immunization by immersion in or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with formalin-killed cells. Assessments were undertaken concurrently for up to 3 months post-immunization (PI) to evaluate the practical potential of passive immunization. Passively administered sheep and rabbit antibodies were detected in fish sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbcnt assay for more than 60 days after i.p. injection. Fish responded immunologically to these antibodies and the highest humoral responses to sheep and rabbit ASA occurred at 2 months PI. The relative per cent survival (RPS) of rainbow trout challenged with virulent Streptococcus sp. after an i.p. injection (0.1 ml 100 g^?1 fish body weight) of sheep, rabbit or fish ASA was: 88.8, 50 and 0% after 1 month; 33.3, 6.8 and 6.8% after 2 months; and 13.3, 0 and 6.6% after 3 months PI, respectively. Fish immunized actively had an RPS of 88.8 and 11.1% after 1 month, 38.1 and 4.7% after 2 months, and 36 and 0% after 3 months PI for the i.p. injection and immersion routes, respectively.     

Oral DNA vaccination of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus using PLGA [Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)] nanoparticles

A DNA vaccine against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is effective at protecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, against disease, but intramuscular injection is required and makes the vaccine impractical for use in the freshwater rainbow trout farming industry. Poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved polymer that can be used to deliver DNA vaccines. We evaluated the in vivo absorption of PLGA nanoparticles containing coumarin-6 when added to a fish food pellet. We demonstrated that rainbow trout will eat PLGA nanoparticle coated feed and that these nanoparticles can be detected in the epithelial cells of the lower intestine within 96 h after feeding. We also detected low levels of gene expression and anti-IHNV neutralizing antibodies when fish were fed or intubated with PLGA nanoparticles containing IHNV G gene plasmid. A virus challenge evaluation suggested a slight increase in survival at 6 weeks post-vaccination in fish that received a high dose of the oral vaccine, but there was no difference when additional fish were challenged at 10 weeks post-vaccination. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to induce an immune response using an orally delivered DNA vaccine, but the current system needs improvement.     

First evidence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in the Netherlands

In spring 2008, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was detected for the first time in the Netherlands. The virus was isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from a put‐and‐take fishery with angling ponds. IHNV is the causative agent of a serious fish disease, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). From 2008 to 2011, we diagnosed eight IHNV infections in rainbow trout originating from six put‐and‐take fisheries (symptomatic and asymptomatic fish), and four IHNV infections from three rainbow trout farms (of which two were co‐infected by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, IPNV), at water temperatures between 5 and 15 °C. At least one farm delivered trout to four of these eight IHNV‐positive farms. Mortalities related to IHNV were mostly <40%, but increased to nearly 100% in case of IHNV and IPNV co‐infection. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 12 isolates clustered into two different monophyletic groups within the European IHNV genogroup E. One of these two groups indicates a virus‐introduction event by a German trout import, whereas the second group indicates that IHNV was already (several years) in the Netherlands before its discovery in 2008.     

Vaccine development for winter ulcer disease, Vibrio viscosus, in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Coldwater Vibrio species isolated from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during winter ulcer disease outbreaks at saltwater sites in Norway and Iceland were characterized phenotypically, tested for virulence, and used to evaluate the efficacy of multivalent, oil-adjuvanted vaccines. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in fresh water with one bacteria species isolated during winter ulcer outbreaks, V. ‘viscosus’, produced rapid mortality and disease signs which resembled those observed during natural outbreaks [10⁵ colony-forming units (cfu) fish^??1]. Another species, V. ‘wodanis’, was not virulent to rainbow trout (10³–10⁶ cfu fish^??1). Although vaccination of rainbow trout with a mineral-oil-adjuvanted, injectable vaccine containing V. anguillarum (serotypes 01 and 02), V. salmonicida and Aeromonas salmonicida did not provide protection against injection challenge with V. viscosus, vaccines which included V. viscosus produced significant protection in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. Atlantic salmon vaccinated with an oil-adjuvanted vaccine containing V. viscosus, V. wodanis and atypical A. salmonicida produced a relative percentage survival (RPS) of 97% when challenged i.p. with V. viscosus, demonstrating cross-protection between strains from Iceland and Norway. Short-term efficacy was demonstrated in rainbow trout by injection challenge at 21 and 43 days post-vaccination with an oil-adjuvanted vaccine containing V. viscosus, V. anguillarum (01/02), V. salmonicida and A. salmonicida, which produced an RPS of 96–99%. Rainbow trout challenged with V. viscosus at 52 and 362 days post-vaccination produced an RPS of 93% and 79%, indicating that vaccination provided long-term protection. In a similar manner, rainbow trout injected i.p. with 0.2 mL of a vaccine containing the five bacteria species and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus produced a 90% RPS when challenged with V. viscosus 66 days later. The high RPS under a severe challenge burden, along with disease signs in experimental freshwater challenges which resembled the saltwater disease condition, indicated that V. viscosus is a contributing factor to winter ulcer and that vaccination will protect against the disease.     

Efficacy of furunculosis vaccines in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.): evaluation of immersion, oral and injection delivery

The commercial furunculosis vaccine Aquavac Furovac 5 and an autogenous vaccine, based on the challenge strain, induced immune protection in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), as shown in challenge tests 120 days post-immunization by injection (relative percentage of survival, RPS = 72-99%). This protective effect lasted for at least 6 months post-immunization at appreciable levels (RPS = 50-52%). Neither the autogenous vaccine nor the commercial vaccine was able to induce significant levels of protection against Aeromonas salmonicida in turbot when administered by immersion. Antibody levels were high or moderate in fish vaccinated by injection with the different vaccines and very low in fish vaccinated by immersion. The field results show that delivering an oral boost after the primary vaccination by injection did not enhance protection of turbot against furunculosis and that water-based (autogenous vaccine) and oil adjuvanted (Alpha Ject 1200) vaccines administered by injection conferred similar levels of protection (RPS > 80%) in turbot.     

东北地区虹鳟IHN和IPN流行病学的初步研究

本文报道了虹鳟鱼病毒性疾病IHN和IPN的流行与危害情况，对这二种病毒性疾病的症状和病理变化作了初步的研究，并进行了病原学鉴定。文中建议严格地把住进口鱼卵或鱼苗的检疫工作，采取更严格的防疫措施，多层次地防止疫病的传播和蔓延。     

QTL for IHNV resistance and growth identified in a rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) × Yellowstone cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) trout cross

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a major constraint to rainbow trout culture. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) have greater resistance to this virus than do rainbow trout (O. mykiss), but the genetic mechanism of this resistance is not understood. We conducted a genome scan using a backcross of cutthroat trout into a rainbow trout background to estimate the number and locations of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with IHNV resistance and growth in trout. IHNV resistance was considered in terms of both survival (binary trait) and days to death (quantitative trait). The genetic map was scanned using interval mapping via two different approaches: one model considered survival alone and a second two-part model combined both survival and days to death. Three QTL were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with virus resistance genome-wide, explaining 32.5% of the phenotypic variation. Cutthroat alleles at two of these QTL resulted in increased resistance to the pathogen, as expected. No growth QTL were detected in this cross. We suggest that these traits are genetically independent.