聚丙烯二氧化钛负载膜固定化农药降解酶的研究

利用聚丙烯负载二氧化钛膜固定农药降解酶(EC3.1. 8. 2)，研究了酶固定化的条件，选择农药甲基对硫磷进行了降解试验。结果表明，酶固定化最佳时间为1.5 h，最适固定温度为20℃，最佳固定化酶液浓度为1.6 mg/mL。吸附农药降解酶的聚丙烯负载二氧化钛酶膜，通过与游离酶的比较，固定化酶最适反应温度有所偏移，提高了5℃，酶降解农药的最适pH值为8.5，对农药甲基对硫磷的降解率30 min内达到70%以上，并且固定后的二氧化钛酶膜具有良好的稳定性。     

碱性脂肪酶固定化条件及其催化生物柴油的研究

该文以改性的硅胶为载体,通过戊二醛交联固定化碱性脂肪酶,得到较佳固定化条件：当戊二醛浓度为0.8 g/L,给酶量为30 U/g时,酶活回收率效率达到90%以上。通过改变溶剂的种类、给酶量、含水率、底物摩尔比、甲醇的流加方式等参数,考察了脂肪酸和甲醇在固定化碱性脂肪酶催化下合成生物柴油的工艺条件,试验结果表明在20 mL正己烷,给酶量7.5 g（12 U/g）,脂肪酸10 g,酸醇摩尔比为1︰1.2,含水率4%条件下,分3次加入甲醇,40℃反应8 h,反应体系酯化率达到了82%。     

绿色木霉T206产纤维素酶特性与酶促动力学研究

对分离自霉变玉米穗的产纤维素酶绿色木霉(Trichoderma Viride)T206进行产酶条件、酶学性质及酶促动力学特性研究.结果表明:T206菌株在1%羧甲基纤维素钠为碳源、0.3%蛋白胨和0.2%NH4NO3为氮源,起始pH值为5.0、接种量为6%,28℃培养4 d的条件下产酶量最高.该酶热稳定性强,热变温度为60～80℃,反应的最适温度为50℃,最适pH值为4.5.     

芹菜黄酮在LSA-10树脂上的吸附特性

为了分离、纯化芹菜黄酮,比较了8种大孔树脂的静态吸附过程,筛选出了适合吸附芹菜黄酮的树脂;研究了芹菜黄酮在大孔吸附树脂上的动态吸附特性,并确定分离芹菜黄酮的适宜工艺条件.结果表明:LSA-10大孔吸附树脂对芹菜黄酮有较好的吸附分离性能,其对芹菜黄酮的静态吸附平衡时间为4 h;20℃时LSA-10树脂的吸附过程可用Langmuir吸附等温式来描述,吸附溶液适宜的pH值为5.0.操作流速、芹菜黄酮浓度、温度等工艺条件对LSA-10树脂的动态吸附动力学曲线都有影响:确定树脂柱的较佳操作条件为:流速1.0 mL/min,芹菜黄酮浓度0.4 mg/mL,温度20℃.     

病死猪酶解及超声波预处理工艺优化

病死畜禽资源化利用是解决病死畜禽污染的一条重要途径。为探索病死猪肉酶解工艺条件,该文以猪肉为原料,以胰蛋白酶为试验用酶,以水解度为指标,选取加酶量、底物浓度、pH值、温度作为试验因素,通过单因素试验初步确定了胰蛋白酶的水解条件,并分析了各因素对酶解反应的影响规律。应用Box-Behnken中心组合设计建立数学模型,以水解度为响应值,进行了四因素三水平的响应面优化试验,确定了最佳酶解工艺条件,并通过响应面模型的曲面图直观地分析了各影响因素之间的交互作用。在此基础上,探索频率为20 k Hz,功率为500 W的超声波预处理猪肉20 min对酶解效果的影响,并应用扫描电子显微镜在微观结构上对其原因进行了分析。结果表明,各因素对酶解反应的影响大小依次为:加酶量温度pH值底物浓度,在试验范围内得到的酶解最佳工艺条件为:加酶量为1.15%(质量分数)、底物质量浓度为80.5 g/L、pH值为7.96、温度为40.6℃,酶解1 h的预测水解度可达16.74%,验证试验水解度为16.77%,表明试验结果与软件分析结果相符,最佳水解时间为6 h,此时的水解度为28.91%。超声波预处理后,最佳水解时间为4 h,水解度达到32.86%,因此超声波预处理能缩短水解周期2 h,提高水解度4个百分点。由此可见,应用超声波预处理可以提高酶解效率,缩短工作时间。     

柑桔保健果醋酿制工艺的研究

为开发利用我国的柑桔资源,对柑桔果醋的酿制工艺进行了研究.通过拟水平均匀试验优选出最佳工艺条件:果胶酶水解的最佳条件为:加酶量0.037%,温度40℃,时间4 h;酒精发酵的最优条件为:接菌种量0.037%,温度30℃,表观糖度11%;醋酸发酵的最优条件为:接菌种量0.85%,温度37℃,酒精度(v/v)6.0%.通过营养分析和对比表明,生产出的果醋具有良好的营养价值,适合于作为调味品或者生产保健饮料.     

灰棕紫泥土脲酶动力学及反应条件研究

以底物浓度、pH、温度、培养时间作为处理,采用靛酚蓝比色法测定灰棕紫泥土脲酶动力学参数和反应条件。结果表明,灰棕紫泥土脲酶酶促反应V0与[S]的关系呈二次线性关系,[S]为11.67%时,V0达极大值;Km值在中性、35℃环境下较小,Vmax值在中性环境下较大,与温度呈二次正相关;脲酶酶促反应最适pH值为6.9、最适培养时间为24h、最适底物浓度为10%、最适温度为45℃。     

双酶水解制备黑莓澄清汁的工艺优化

为提高黑莓汁的出汁率和澄清度,保持黑莓特有的营养成分,选用黑莓为试验材料,采用果胶酶和果浆复合酶进行处理,探讨两酶联合使用对黑莓汁的澄清效果。以出汁率为指标,通过响应面分析,对其酶解工艺进行优化。结论：结果表明：加酶量（0.05%～0.15%）对黑莓出汁率的影响极显著（P＜0.01）,酶解温度（40～50℃）和酶解时间（2.0～3.0 h）影响不显著（P＞0.05）;最佳酶解工艺条件为：果胶酶与果浆复合酶酶活比为1︰1,加酶量0.13%、酶解温度42.6℃、酶解时间2.5 h。在此条件下,出汁率为79.5     

家蚕丝素固定化过氧化氢酶的制备及其理化特性的研究

脱胶丝素于ＣａＣＩ２：ＣＨ２ＯＨ：Ｈ２Ｏ＝１：２：８（摩尔浓度比）溶液中溶解、透析除盐后,加入过氧化氢酶溶液,摇匀,用硫酸铵盐析,用包埋法制成粉状固定化酶采用磺量法测定酶活力。实验结果表明：固定化制备过程中,硫酸铵浓度以４５％为好,酶量达到１５０Ｕ／ｍＬ时,固定化酶的酶活力达到最大值。实验比较了游离酶和豁达一化酶的最适ＰＨ值和最适温度后显示,因经酶的最适ＰＨ降低了０．８,最适温度提高了约１０℃,另     

玉米挤压淀粉酶法改性制膜的工艺优化

为了提高可降解性玉米淀粉膜的力学性能,并获得玉米挤压淀粉酶法改性制膜的最适工艺参数,该研究以普鲁兰酶为酶制剂来改善玉米挤压淀粉膜,以酶作用温度、pH值、酶添加量、酶解时间及玉米挤压淀粉浓度为试验因子,膜的抗拉强度为响应值,采用中心旋转组合试验设计进行试验。结果表明：5个因素对酶改性挤压淀粉膜抗拉强度的影响大小依次为玉米挤压淀粉浓度＞酶添加量＞酶解时间＞pH值＞酶作用温度;最佳酶解制膜工艺条件为：酶作用温度46.57℃,pH值4.44,酶添加量6.63 u/g,酶解时间9.31 h,玉米挤压淀粉浓度7.00%,在此条件下,膜抗拉强度的预测值为24.3654 MPa,验证试验所得膜抗拉强度为24.2539 MPa,比未改性膜的抗拉强度提高了338.01%。回归方程的预测值和试验值差异不显著,所得回归模型拟合情况良好,达到设计要求。膜的抗拉强度与酶解挤压淀粉中直链淀粉含量之间存在极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.863。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.