肉鸡饲粮能量水平对植酸酶作用效果的影响

试验选用324只1日龄AA肉鸡(公鸡),采用3×2因子设计,研究在不同能量水平的饲粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能和养分利用率的影响。试验设3个能量水平(12.33、12.13、12.03MJ/kg)和2个酶水平(0、500FTU/kg),共计6个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复9只鸡,试验期42d。结果表明:饲粮添加植酸酶显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高了肉鸡日增重、采食量,改善了饲料利用率,提高了干物质、粗蛋白、钙、磷的利用率,但对能量利用率没有明显影响(P>0.05);降低饲粮能量水平极显著降低了肉鸡对干物质、能量、钙的利用率(P<0.01),显著降低了其对磷的利用率(P<0.05),但对生产性能和粗蛋白利用率没有显著影响(P>0.05);植酸酶和能量对肉鸡饲料利用率、干物质和钙的利用率存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05),表现为处理2组能量水平条件下添加植酸酶在生长性能和养分利用率上改善幅度最大,表明植酸酶在适宜降低能量水平的饲粮中的作用效果更好。试验中,以能量水平为12.13MJ/kg的肉公鸡饲粮中添加500FTU/kg植酸酶(处理5组)为最佳组合。     

复合乳化剂替代部分米糠油对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数和血清生化指标的影响

为研究复合乳化剂替代部分米糠油对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数和血清生化指标的影响,试验选用108只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复12只肉鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验A组饲喂降能饲粮（基础饲粮代谢能降低0.23 MJ/kg）+复合乳化剂150 g/t,试验B组饲喂降能饲粮（基础饲粮代谢能降低0.43 MJ/kg）+复合乳化剂150 g/t。试验周期为42 d。结果表明：（1）与对照组相比,试验B组肉鸡1～21 d平均日增重显著提高（P <0.05）,提高比例为14.00%。在饲粮代谢能降低的情况下,添加复合乳化剂后肉鸡其他各阶段生长性能、肉鸡屠宰率、腹脂率、肝脏指数、脾脏指数和血清生化指标与对照组无显著差异（P> 0.05）;(2)在饲粮代谢能降低0.23 MJ/kg和0.43 MJ/kg的情况下,试验A组和试验B组每只肉鸡净利润分别提高0.89元和0.11元,投入产出比分别为1:14.83和1:1.57。综上所述,在肉鸡饲粮代谢能降低的情况下,添加复合乳化剂能够弥补饲粮代谢能的降低,改善肉鸡前期生长性能,提高肉鸡经济效益。     

饲粮添加乳化剂与L-肉碱对肉鸡生长性能和血脂指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加乳化剂与L-肉碱对肉鸡生长性能和血脂指标的影响。试验采用2×2因子完全随机设计,选用960只1日龄科宝白羽肉公鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复40只鸡。试验分为前期(1～21日龄)、后期(22～49日龄)和全期(1～49日龄)。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加乳化剂极显著或显著降低了1～21和1～49日龄料重比(P<0.01,P<0.05),提高了21、49日龄血清游离脂肪酸含量(P<0.01);添加L-肉碱或乳化剂与L-肉碱合用均极显著或显著降低了各期料重比(P<0.01,P<0.05),显著降低了21日龄血清甘油三酯和极低密度脂蛋白含量(P<0.05);添加L-肉碱极显著提高了49日龄血清游离脂肪酸含量(P<0.01)。2)主效应分析表明,添加乳化剂显著提高了21日龄血清总胆汁酸、游离脂肪酸含量(P<0.05);添加L-肉碱极显著降低了各期料重比(P<0.01),提高了胸肌率(P<0.01),降低了21、49日龄血清甘油三酯、极低密度脂蛋白含量(P<0.01,P<0.05),降低了21日龄血清总胆固醇和游离脂肪酸含量(P<0.05);乳化剂与L-肉碱的交互作用显著或极显著影响1～21和1～49日龄料重比、21和49日龄血清游离脂肪酸含量(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结果提示,饲粮单独添加乳化剂、L-肉碱或二者合用均可改善肉鸡的饲料利用率,提高胸肌率,降低血清甘油三酯、极低密度脂蛋白含量。单独添加乳化剂或L-肉碱均可提高血清游离脂肪酸含量,二者合用较单独添加降低了血清游离脂肪酸含量。高温(30～35℃)饲养环境下,建议在肉鸡饲粮中单独添加乳化剂或L-肉碱。     

1α-羟基维生素D3对肉鸡生长性能及钙磷利用率的影响

试验通过日粮中添加1α-羟基维生素D3(1α-OH D3)研究其对肉鸡生长性能、胫骨质量、血浆钙磷含量、钙磷利用率等指标的影响.将1日龄120只罗斯308肉鸡公雏随机分为3个处理,每处理4个重复,每重复10只.1～21日龄肉鸡3个处理分别采食不同种饲粮:①基础饲粮;②基础饲粮+5 μg/kg 1α OH D3;③基础饲粮+10 μg/kg 1α-OH D3.在22～42日龄,3组肉鸡采食相同饲粮,Ca、非植酸磷和维生素D3分别为0.90％、0.35％和1 000 IU/kg.结果显示:①饲粮中添加1α-OH D3改善1～21日龄、22～42日龄和1～42日龄肉鸡体增重和采食量;②1α-OH D3增加21日龄和42日龄肉鸡胫骨重量、强度、长度、直径和灰分含量;1α-OH D3提高21日龄胫骨钙、磷含量;③1α-OH D3提高1～21日龄肉鸡钙、磷利用率,降低21日龄血浆磷浓度;④1α-OH D3没有显著改善21日龄和42日龄肉鸡皮肤和肌肉色泽;⑤1α-OH D3增加肉鸡小肠长度和重量.在低钙、低磷饲粮中,1α-OH D3改善肉鸡生长性能,增强胫骨质量,促进小肠生长,增加钙磷利用率.     

脂肪酶体外消化评定技术研究

试验旨在研究脂肪酶酶学性质、不同水平脂肪酶与能量组合及其互作效应对肉鸡体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)的影响。试验在不同温度和p H的条件下,测定脂肪酶的活力。采用双因素4×2析因设计,做体外试验。在1~21日龄的肉鸡基础日粮(玉米-豆粕型)中添加不同水平的脂肪酶和能量,设4个脂肪酶水平(0、1、2和3 U/g)和2个能量水平(12.29和12.07 MJ/kg)。在22~42日龄的肉鸡基础日粮中添加不同水平的脂肪酶和能量,设4个脂肪酶水平(0、1、2和3 U/g)和2个能量水平(13.07和12.82 MJ/kg)。试验结果表明:脂肪酶最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0,50℃时热稳定最好;1~21日龄肉鸡日粮中,0脂肪酶与12.29 MJ/kg能量组合,体外干物质消化率最高;22~42日龄肉鸡日粮中,添加0脂肪酶与13.07 MJ/kg能量组合,体外干物质消化率最高。     

光照优化对黄羽肉鸡能量需求和生产性能的影响

试验研究了光照优化管理对半开放式垫料平养黄羽肉鸡生产性能、鸡冠发育和免疫能力的影响。将900只1日龄黄羽肉鸡随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每重复60只。对照组采用持续光照模式,试验组(试验1～4组)采用白天自然光照,夜间补光18L∶6D、强度10 lx的光照优化模式。试验组(试验1～4组)的饲粮能量水平与对照组分别相差-0.42 MJ/kg、-0.21 MJ/kg、0 MJ/kg、0.21 MJ/kg。试验期50 d,分为1～21日龄和22～50日龄两阶段。结果显示,①在光照优化条件下降低日粮能量水平,生长性能差异不显著,但有提高日增重的趋势;②在光照优化条件下,能量水平在标准日粮的基础上提高0.21 MJ/kg,肉鸡的全期日增重提高5.25%;③两种光照模式对鸡冠发育无显著影响。④与对照组相比,光照优化组的褪黑激素水平提高了27.59%(P<0.05),免疫球蛋白水平有升高的趋势。试验表明:在本试验条件下,光照优化管理可促进肉鸡褪黑激素的分泌,降低肉鸡能量需求,而继续提高饲粮能量水平,在一定程度上还可进一步改善肉鸡生长性能。     

肉鸡采食玉米饲粮和高麸皮饲粮对生产性能及血清生化指标的影响

选用270羽AA雏鸡,进行了为期49d(前期1~21日龄,后期22~49日龄)的饲养试验,研究肉鸡采食玉米饲粮和高麸皮饲粮生产性能及血清生化指标的差异。试验表明,采食玉米饲粮、高麸饲粮及高麸加酶饲粮肉鸡日增重、料重比及采食量体现不同的效果;胸肌率、腹脂率、腺胃重率和肝重率等指标也有不同的变化;血清磷、尿酸、碱性磷酸酶、甘油三酯、血清胆固醇、T3、胰岛素和IGF-I水平等项指标有不同的结果。     

乳化剂替代部分油脂对肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加乳化剂替代部分油脂对爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响.将640只1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复20只鸡.4个试验组中,正对照日粮为正常油脂水平,负对照日粮中的油脂添加量降低0.5％,乳化剂组为负对照日粮中分别添加0.05％乳化剂1和乳化剂2.结果显示:在肉鸡生长前期和后期,乳化剂组的采食量、增重分别比负对照提高了1％～4％和4％～12％(P＜0.05),且达到了正对照水平(P≥0.05),但只有乳化剂2组在22～42日龄期间对料重比有改善作用(P＜0.05),两个乳化剂组之间采食量和增重无差异(P≥0.05);肉鸡生长前期,乳化剂将粗脂肪消化率提高了5％～6％,能量消化率提高了2％～3％(P＜0.05);但在肉鸡生长后期,乳化剂仅对能量的消化率有提高作用(P＜0.05),粗蛋白、钙、磷的消化率无差异(P≥0.05);两个乳化剂组之间养分消化率也无差异(P≥0.05).由此可见,肉鸡低油脂日粮中添加乳化剂能显著提高采食量和增重,降低料重比,有效提高生产性能.     

代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对科宝肉鸡生产性能、屠宰性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验通过二因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究1～21日龄肉鸡代谢能和粗蛋白质水平的最佳组合效应.试验选取1日龄健康、体重接近的科宝肉鸡480只,随机分为12个组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,公母各占1/2,其中1～8组为试验组,9～ 12组为中心组(即0水平组),试验期为21 d.分别以代谢能和粗蛋白质水平为自变量,以生产性能和屠宰性能等各项指标作为因变量拟合回归方程.结果表明:饲粮中的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对1～21日龄肉鸡的平均日增重、料重比、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率有显著影响(P＜0.05).从响应面图和回归分析显示,当饲粮代谢能水平为10.05～ 12.40 MJ/kg时,随着粗蛋白质水平的上升,平均日增重逐渐增大,粗蛋白质水平进一步增加对于平均日增重影响逐渐变小,代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为11.80 MJ/kg和22.85％时,可达到最大平均日采食量;代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为12.15 MJ/kg和20.65％时,料重比最小为1.65;当代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别在12.05 ～12.15 MJ/kg和20.85％ ～21.25％时,可以获得较高的胸肌率和腿肌率,同时腹脂率较低.综上所述,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为12.05～ 12.45 MJ/kg和20.65％ ～21.25％,l～21日龄肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能均达到较好的水平.     

22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮代谢能需求参数的研究

为研究不同性别22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮代谢能需求参数,用1600只21日龄岭南黄鸡进行了试验。采用2(性别)×5(代谢能水平)因子试验设计,通过向玉米—豆粕型基础日粮中添加不同剂量植物油、沸石粉和玉米芯粉,配制成5种含不同代谢能水平的试验饲粮,代谢能水平分别设置为:11.715、12.134、12.552、12.970、13.389MJ/kg。试验期21天,通过观测饲粮代谢能水平对试鸡生长性能、胴体品质、空体成分、能量和粗蛋白质沉积率、肌肉脂肪含量以及部分血液生化指标的影响,确定不同性别22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮代谢能需求参数。试验结果表明:在本试验条件下,根据不同评价指标确定的22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮代谢能需求参数略有不同,雌、雄黄羽肉鸡的最适饲粮代谢能水平基本一致。以生长性能为评价指标时,雌、雄试鸡结果一致,为12.958MJ/kg;以胴体品质和能量、粗蛋白质沉积率为评价指标时,得到的结果一致,为12.122MJ/kg;根据试鸡血清胆固醇、甘油三酯和尿素氮浓度确定的结果一致,为12.540MJ/kg;以空体成分为评价指标时,得到的雌、雄试鸡最适饲粮代谢能水平分别为12.540和12.958MJ/kg;以肌肉脂肪含量为评价指标,确定雌、雄试鸡饲粮代谢能最适需要量分别为12.540和12.122MJ/kg。综合考虑本试验根据不同判据指标得到的结果,确定     

低蛋白质饲粮添加载锌蒙脱石对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育和肠道组织形态的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮添加载锌蒙脱石(Zn-MMT)对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育和肠道组织形态的影响。随机选择1日龄健康科宝公雏288只,按体重一致原则随机分成6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型低蛋白质基础饲粮,正对照组[硫酸锌(ZnSO 4)组]饲喂低蛋白质基础饲粮+40 mg/kg ZnSO 4,4个试验组分别在低蛋白质基础饲粮中添加20、40、60和80 mg/kg Zn-MMT(均以锌含量计算)。试验鸡自由采食和饮水,试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组和ZnSO 4组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加60和80 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡1~21日龄平均日增重(ADG,P<0.05),添加80 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡1~21日龄料重比(F/G,P<0.05);添加Zn-MMT对肉鸡22~42日龄和1~42日龄ADG、平均日采食量和F/G以及1~21日龄ADG无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加Zn-MMT对肉鸡21和42日龄免疫器官指数无显著影响(P>0.05);但与ZnSO 4组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡21日龄胸腺指数和法氏囊指数(P<0.05),且添加80 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡42日龄胸腺指数(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加20和60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡42日龄腿比率(P<0.05);与ZnSO 4组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加Zn-MMT对肉鸡屠宰性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)与对照组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加40和60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡十二指肠隐窝深度(CD,P<0.05),且添加60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡空肠CD(P<0.05);添加20 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡回肠CD(P<0.05),并显著提高肉鸡回肠绒毛高度(VH)/CD(V/C)值(P<0.05);同时,添加80 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡空肠V/C值(P<0.05)。与ZnSO 4组相比,低蛋白质饲粮添加20 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡回肠V/C值(P<0.05),并显著降低回肠CD(P<0.05);添加40 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡空肠VH(P<0.05),并显著降低肉鸡十二指肠CD(P<0.05);添加20和60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著降低肉鸡空肠CD(P<0.05);添加20、40和60 mg/kg Zn-MMT显著提高肉鸡空肠V/C值(P<0.05)。综上所述,在低蛋白质饲粮中添加Zn-MMT对肉鸡后期生长性能无显著影响,但与添加ZnSO 4相比,可显著提高肉鸡免疫器官指数,提高小肠VH和V/C值,降低小肠CD,促进肉鸡肠道发育。     

能量水平对0～21日龄岭南黄肉鸡生产性能、胴体品质和体组成的影响

将600只岭南黄初生雏鸡随机分为5组,每组120只,公母各半,分栏饲养,饲粮代谢能水平(MJ／kg)分别为11.88,12.19,12.92,13.22和13.60,观察21天。结果,11.88 MJ／kg组公雏平均日增重显著低于其余四组(p<0.05),料肉比显著高于其余四组(p<0.05),13.60MJ／kg组腹脂率最高,极显著高于其余四组(p<0.01),13.22和13.60MJ／kg组体蛋白含量极显著低于11.88,12.19MJ/kg组(p<0.01);对母雏,饲粮代谢能12.92,13.22和13.60MJ／kg组平均日增重显著或极显著高于11.88,12.19MJ／kg组(p<0.05或P<0.01),料肉比显著低于11.88 MJ／kg组(P<0.05),11.88 MJ／kg组体脂肪含量显著低于其余四组(p<0.05),但体蛋白含量显著高于其余四组(p<0.05),灰分含量极显著高于12.92,13.22和13.60MJ／kg组(p<0.01)。     

饲粮添加不同水平维生素D_3对肉仔鸡生长性能和骨磷代谢利用的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平维生素D3(VD3)对肉仔鸡生长性能及骨磷代谢利用的影响。试验选用480只1日龄艾拔益加肉公雏,采用2×4双因子完全随机设计,设2个饲粮非植酸磷水平[0.45%和0.23%(实测值为0.44%和0.21%)]与4个VD3添加水平(0、1 000、2 000和4 000IU/kg),共8个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验期21d。结果表明,与0.21%非植酸磷水平相比,0.44%非植酸磷水平显著提高肉仔鸡平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、胫骨灰分含量和胫骨灰分磷含量(P0.05),显著降低料重比(F/G)和胫骨灰分磷绝对沉积率(P0.05);与不添加VD3相比,饲粮中添加VD3显著提高肉仔鸡ADG、15~21和1~21日龄ADFI、胫骨灰分含量和胫骨灰分磷绝对沉积率(P0.05),显著降低1~21日龄肉仔鸡F/G(P0.05);0.21%非植酸磷水平下,与不添加VD3相比,饲粮中添加VD3显著降低肉仔鸡死亡率(P0.05),显著提高21日龄肉仔鸡胫骨灰分磷重量(P0.05),添加2000IU/kg VD3显著提高14日龄肉仔鸡胫骨灰分磷重量(P0.05);0.44%非植酸磷水平下,与不添加VD3相比,饲粮中添加VD3显著提高肉仔鸡胫骨灰分磷重量(P0.05)。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加VD3可提高肉仔鸡的生长性能并降低死亡率,促进磷在骨骼中的代谢利用。     

日粮中添加酸制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能及肠道健康的影响

为了研究酸制剂在肉仔鸡日粮中的添加效果,试验选用126只1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡,随机分为对照组(不添加酸制剂组)和试验组(添加酸制剂),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加酸制剂,试验期为49 d,分为前、中、后期(1～21、22～42和43～49日龄)。结果表明,在肉仔鸡的生产前期1～21日龄添加酸制剂有降低平均日采食量,增加平均日增重,提高21日龄末体重,降低料重比的趋势,但对22～49日龄肉仔鸡生长性能没有显著影响。添加酸制剂有提高49日龄回肠食糜中有益挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸)含量,降低有害挥发性盐基氮的趋势。因此,酸制剂能够改善肉仔鸡的肠道健康,且在肉仔鸡前期日粮中添加酸制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能的效果要优于在后期日粮中的添加效果。     

Effects of a New Recombinant Phytase on the Performance and Mineral Utilization of Broilers Fed Phosphorus-Deficient Diets

An experiment was conducted with Arbor Acres broiler chickens that were fed 3 experimental diets—a control diet containing an adequate level of available phosphorus (AP) and 2 diets that were deficient in AP but supplemented with phytase at a level of either 500 or 750 phytase units/kg—to assess the effects of a novel microbial phytase supplement in broilers fed AP-deficient diets on growth performance and mineral utilization. Similar average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency (P > 0.05) were obtained among broilers fed different diets. Compared with broilers fed the control diet, broilers fed diets with phytase had greater (P < 0.05) retention of Ca, P, and Zn. Moreover, the levels of Cu, Zn, Mg, and Mn in the tibia bone at 28 d of age, and Zn and Mn at 42 d of age in birds fed diets with phytase exceeded (P < 0.05) those of birds fed the control diet. Supplementation of phytase increased Zn and Mg contents in the plasma at 42 d of age. Birds responded similarly to phytase supplemented at a level of 500 or 750 phytase units/kg in terms of growth performance, mineral retention, and mineral content in the serum and bone. Therefore, with the supplementation of this novel phytase, it is possible to reduce the dietary levels of P and other minerals to below the recommended levels of the Feeding Standard of Chicken in P. R. China (ZB B 43005-86).     

Effects of dietary phytase on performance and nutrient metabolism in chickens

1. A broiler growth study was conducted to compare the effect of different concentrations of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase on performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), nitrogen (N), amino acid and mineral metabolisability, sialic acid excretion and villus morphology when fed to broiler chickens. 2. Female Ross 308 broilers (480) were reared in floor pens from 0 to 28 d of age. All birds were fed on nutritionally complete starter (0 to 21 d of age) and grower diets (21 to 28 d of age) with the exception that they were low in P (28 and 23 g/kg available P, respectively). These maize-soy diets were supplemented with 0, 250, 500 or 2500 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed. 3. Between 21 and 28 d of age, two birds from each floor pen were selected, and each pair placed in one of 32 metabolism cages (two birds per cage). Feed intake was recorded and excreta collected for the last 2 d of the feeding period, and AME, N, amino acid and mineral metabolisability coefficients and endogenous losses were determined following a total collection procedure. 4. Feed intake and weight gain increased in a linear manner in response to phytase dose, with an average increase of approximately 11.7 and 13.5%, respectively, compared with chickens fed on the low-P diet. Birds given diets with 2500 FTU weighed 6.6% more and had a 2.4% higher feed conversion efficiency (FCE) than those fed on diets containing 500 FTU. 5. Enzyme supplementation increased the intake of AME and metabolisable N by 10.3 and 3.9%, respectively, principally through increases in feed intake. Birds given enzyme-supplemented diets also improved their intake of metabolisable amino acids and P by approximately 14 and 12.4%, respectively, compared with birds fed on the control diet. Enzyme supplementation did not affect ileal villus morphometry of the birds.     

Effect of commercial diets quality on bio-economic performances of broilers in Benin

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of commercial poultry feeds in Benin. The performances of 396 unsexed broilers chickens Ross 308 fed with a control diet (R1) and five commercial diets (R2 to R6) were evaluated. Broilers fed commercial diets showed significantly low (P < 0.001) body weight gain (BWG) and economic feed efficiency (EFE) and significantly high (P < 0.001) mortality rate, feed conversion ratio and feed cost (FC). At 42 days of age, the body weight of broilers fed control diet was 1662 g versus 838 to 1041 g for broilers fed commercial diets. In R1 diet, overall FC was 388 Fcfa/kg BWG, and EFE was 2.7 Fcfa BWG/Fcfa feed. These values represented respectively 50 to 64% and 1.6 to 2.0 times the FC and the EFE recorded in commercial diets. A deficiency in crude protein and metabolisable energy, combined with high contents of crude fibre and total ash was found in some commercial diets. These results suggest the necessity to organize the market of poultry feed in Benin in the perspective to reduce the production cost by using more efficient and cheap commercial diets.     

Influence of particle size and xylanase supplementation on the performance, energy utilisation, digestive tract parameters and digesta viscosity of broiler starters

1. The aim of the present experiment was to examine the influence of particle size and xylanase supplementation on the performance, energy utilisation, and gross morphological and histological parameters of the digestive tract of broiler starters fed wheat-based diets. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating two wheat particle sizes (medium and coarse) and two levels of xylanase supplementation (without or with 1000 xylanase units/kg diet). The two particle sizes were achieved by grinding the whole wheat in a hammer mill to pass through 3 and 7 mm screens, respectively. Broiler starter diets, based on wheat and soybean meal, were formulated and each diet was fed ad libitum to 6 pens of 8 male broilers each from d 1 to 21 post-hatch. 2. Wheat particle size had no effect on the performance of broilers. Xylanase supplementation had no effect on weight gain and feed intake. However, a significant particle size x xylanase interaction was observed for feed per unit gain with xylanase lowering feed per gain only in the coarse particle size diet. Xylanase supplementation improved the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy at both particle sizes. 3. Xylanase supplementation decreased the relative weight and relative length of all gut components. Villus height and crypt depth and total extent of the mucosal layer were unaffected by both wheat particle size and xylanase supplementation. 4. The apparent viscosity of intestinal digesta, determined over the physiological range of shear rates, was not influenced by xylanase addition or particle size. 5. The findings of this study suggest that the effectiveness of exogenous xylanase in broiler diets is influenced by wheat particle size.     

Influence of high dose of phytase and an emulsifier on performance,apparent metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention in broilers fed on diets containing soy oil or tallow

1. The effects of high dose of microbial phytase and an emulsifier on the performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen (N) retention in broilers fed on diets containing different fat sources were examined in a 5-week trial. Two fat sources (soy oil and tallow), two inclusion levels of E. coli phytase (500 or 1000 phytase units (FTU)/kg diet) and two inclusion levels of lysolecithin emulsifier (0 or 3.5 g/kg of diet) were evaluated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments.

2. Throughout the 5-week trial, soy oil supplementation improved weight gain and feed per gain compared with tallow, but had no effect on feed intake.

3. The high dose of phytase increased the weight gain and feed intake and lowered the feed per gain during d 1–21, but had no effect on performance parameters over the whole trial period.

4. An effect of emulsifier was observed for feed intake during d 1–21 and over the whole trial period. Addition of emulsifier increased feed intake compared with diets without emulsifier.

5. During weeks 1, 2, 3 and 5, birds fed on soy oil–based diets had higher nitrogen-corrected AME (AME_N) compared with those fed on tallow-based diets. During weeks 2, 3 and 5, the effect of phytase was significant for AME_N, with the high dose increasing the AME_N. During week 2, AME_N was increased with emulsifier addition.

6. During weeks 1, 2, 3 and 5, birds fed on soy oil–based diets had higher fat retention compared with those fed on tallow-based diets. The high dose of phytase improved the retention of fat during week 5 and the addition of emulsifier resulted in higher fat retention during week 1.

7. During weeks 2, 3 and 5, an interaction between fat source × phytase × emulsifier was observed for N retention. In soy oil–based diets, emulsifier plus 1000 FTU/kg phytase increased N retention compared with other groups, while in tallow-based diets, emulsifier addition increased N retention in diets with 500 FTU/kg, but not in 1000 FTU/kg diet.

8. Overall, the present data suggest that the dietary fat source influenced performance, AME_N and fat retention in broiler chickens. There is opportunity to improve bird performance during d 1–21, AME_N and fat retention with higher doses of microbial phytase. Addition of the emulsifier increased the AME_N during week 2 and tract retention of fat during week 1, but this effect was not translated into improvements in performance.

     

复合微生态制剂对肉鸡生产性能、肠道菌群、抗氧化指标和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在探讨复合微生态制剂对肉鸡生产性能、肠道菌群、抗氧化指标和免疫功能的影响。将 ２４０只 １日龄雌性健康肉鸡随机分为 ４组,每组 ３个重复,每个重复 ２０只。试验预试期 ５ｄ,Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为试验组,在饲喂基础饲粮同时,分别定时在饮水中添加复合微生态制剂 Ａ及其佐剂 Ｂ,其中复合微生态制剂 Ａ的添加水平为饲粮的２．０‰,６日龄时开始添加,每周 ２次,每次饮用量为周采食量 ２．０‰的 １／２;复合微生态制剂佐剂Ｂ在 ７、１４和 ２１日龄免疫后分别连续使用 ３ｄ,每天 １次,每次饮用量为日采食量的 ０．５‰、１．０‰和 ２．０‰。正试期为 ３７ｄ。测定各组生产性能、肠道菌群数量、抗氧化指标和免疫指标。结果表明：１）在每个试验阶段,Ⅱ组肉鸡平均日增重均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,料重比均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且除 ７～１４日龄和 １５～２１日龄料重比外,Ⅱ组肉鸡平均日增重最高,料重比最低,与其他组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）１４日龄和 ２８日龄时,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肉鸡盲肠乳酸菌数量均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;１４日龄时,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肉鸡盲肠大肠杆菌数量均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,２８日龄时,仅Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠大肠杆菌数量显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３）２１、２８和 ３５日龄时,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肉鸡血浆总抗氧化能力均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,２组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。４）１４日龄和 ４２日龄时,Ⅳ组肉鸡的脾脏指数最高,均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;１４、２８和 ４２日龄时,Ⅲ组肉鸡的法氏囊指数均较高,显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可知,２．０‰复合微生态制剂 Ａ和 ０．５‰复合微生态制剂佐剂 Ｂ能够提高肉鸡生产性能,改善其肠道微生态环境,提高其抗氧化能力。同时,复合微生态制剂及其佐剂的添加可在一定程度上增强肉鸡免疫功能。