利用黄色诱虫板防治水稻潜叶蝇试验研究

由于水稻潜叶蝇对黄色趋性最强,我们研究利用黄色诱虫板防治水稻潜叶蝇试验。试验设3个处理,分别为利用黄色诱虫板防治潜叶蝇,化学药剂防治潜叶蝇,空白对照。结果表明,利用黄色诱虫板防治效果为52.5%,利用化学药剂防治效果为88.4%。黄色诱虫板防治水稻潜叶蝇可以在水稻有机米生产中进行大面积推广应用。     

用黄色粘虫板监测玉米田双斑萤叶甲和蚜虫种群动态与诱杀效果研究

2018和2019年7～9月在齐齐哈尔地区通过在玉米田间悬挂黄板(40 cm×25 cm),设距地面1.0 m和玉米雌穗上2种悬挂高度,每7 d更换,调查其对双斑萤叶甲、蚜虫诱杀作用及对主要天敌昆虫的诱集影响。结果表明,黄板对双斑萤叶甲成虫具有显著的诱杀作用,高峰期周平均最多诱杀188头/板。平均单板诱虫量变化反映出双斑萤叶甲7月初始发,8月中旬为盛发期,9月上旬为盛发末期。黄板对有翅蚜有一定的诱杀效果,平均单板诱集有翅蚜量与田间单株玉米上无翅蚜种群密度呈显著线性相关。蚜虫种群密度高峰期,黄板诱杀区单株平均蚜量比不挂黄板(对照区)显著减低44.8%～45.3%(2018)和21.0%～28.3%(2019)。黄板对瓢虫有一定的诱集作用,对草蛉、食蚜蝇等天敌基本无显著诱集作用。在齐齐哈尔地区黄板既可以用于田间监测玉米田双斑萤叶甲和蚜虫的种群发生动态,又具有诱杀和防治的潜力。     

生态诱虫板对茶假眼小绿叶蝉和黑刺粉虱的控制效果

在茶假眼小绿叶蝉和黑刺粉虱成虫高峰期,挂放生态诱虫板有较好的控制效果。茶假眼小绿叶蝉在挂板后15天每板平均虫口量为109.6头,挂板后3天黑刺粉虱成虫平均每板达到276.3头,挂板后15天达到658.8头。挂板后5～8天,田间黑刺粉虱卵量减少64.31%～71.36%。挂板防治后25天,茶假眼小绿叶蝉虫口密度下降67.89%,黑刺粉虱若虫虫口密度下降68.73%。在福建省4个茶区示范推广,结果表明对茶假眼小绿叶蝉和黑刺粉虱成虫诱杀效果显著。     

棉田使用诱虫板对绿盲蝽和非靶标昆虫的诱集作用

 评价了诱虫板颜色、位置、高度和每日时段对绿盲蝽和其他植食性害虫以及对捕食性昆虫诱集量的影响。结果表明：绿盲蝽对蓝色表现出强烈趋性,其次是橙色、青色、黄色和绿色。另外,诱虫板高度、每日时段和诱虫板位置也影响色板对绿盲蝽的诱集。距地面50 cm和200 cm处的诱虫板诱集到数量相近的绿盲蝽成虫,在180 cm（棉花冠层高度）处的诱虫板能诱集到更多的绿盲蝽;在傍晚时比其他时段诱集到的绿盲蝽数量多;9月初,设置在棉田边缘的诱虫板比在棉田中心能诱集到更多的绿盲蝽。其他植食性害虫中烟粉虱和棉叶蝉对橙色、黄色具有很强的趋性,棉蓟马对蓝色趋性最强。捕食性天敌中华草蛉和龟纹瓢虫对绿色以外的颜色趋性均较低。可见,将蓝色、黄色、青色或橙色诱虫板放置在棉花冠层上方一定高度,并在9月初设置在棉田边缘,对绿盲蝽能起到较好的诱集作用,且对其他植食性害虫尤其是蓟马表现出较好的诱集效果,而对捕食性天敌诱集作用较弱。     

利用黄板监测不同茶树品种(品系)上黑刺粉虱成虫的种群消长及日节律变化

黄板诱杀是监测与防治茶园黑刺粉虱成虫的主要技术措施之一.本文利用黄板对不同品种(品系)上黑刺粉虱成虫的种群密度、年消长动态,以及一天中不同时间段内色板诱集到的粉虱成虫数量进行了较系统的调查.结果表明:1)中选 2号、中选3号和中选7号上黑刺粉虱成虫的发生数量显著低于目前茶区大面积种植的福鼎大白茶;2)在杭州黑刺粉虱成虫数量具有明显的4个高峰期,其中春季和秋季的虫口发生数量较高;3)色板在上午9:00~11:00期间诱集到的黑刺粉虱成虫数量最高.     

林间诱集松墨天牛雌成虫与诱木卵刻槽数的关系

在厦门市同安区的林间160个松墨天牛诱捕点悬挂诱捕器同时设置诱木。通过观察诱捕器引诱松墨天牛雌成虫数量与在诱木上产卵刻槽数量的关系。了解其发生规律及诱捕器的引诱效能，结果表明：松墨天牛产卵高峰期集中在5、6、7月份；雌成虫数量与产卵刻槽比值呈逐月增大趋势。在悬挂诱捕器同时设置诱木的诱虫点。约有1/5的雌成虫没有进入诱捕器。而飞到诱捕器旁的诱木上产卵。平均每根诱木有卵9粒。诱木可以作为诱杀松墨天牛的辅助手段加以利用。     

豇豆上三叶草斑潜蝇与美洲斑潜蝇种群分布调查研究

三叶草斑潜蝇(Liriomyza trifolii Burgess)和美洲斑潜蝇(Liriomyza sativae Blanchard)是海南地区发生和危害比较严重的2种蔬菜潜叶蝇,通过对两种斑潜蝇在豇豆上的种群分布调查研究表明：三叶草斑潜蝇在豇豆上的种群数量达到了97%以上,已上升为豇豆上斑潜蝇的优势种;三叶草斑潜蝇主要集中在80 cm以上的空间,种群百分比达到了71.30%,美洲斑潜蝇主要集中在40～120 cm的空间,种群百分比为61.29%。种间竞争使得两种斑潜蝇在豇豆上空间生态位分布产生差异。     

油菜潜叶蝇幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术的研究

本文应用频次分布X~2检验法、Taylor幂指数法、Iwao回归法以及七种聚集度指标等分析了油菜潜叶蝇幼虫的空间分布型。结果表明:油菜潜叶蝇幼虫的田间分布为聚集分布,分布的基本成分是以个体群形式存在;聚集的原因主要是自身行为的结果;采用Iwao理论抽样数模式,得到了该虫的理论抽样数模式和序贯抽样模式。     

茶小绿叶蝉发生规律与绿色防控研究进展

综述了茶小绿叶蝉一般发生规律及近些年来茶树对于叶蝉抗性、昆虫信息物质、诱虫板和杀虫灯诱杀叶蝉机理和功效,讨论了生态调控、生物防治、农业防治和化学防治对叶蝉的防治效果.展望了信息素和诱虫板等诱杀技术产品、抗性育种和生物防治技术的研发及其在叶蝉绿色防控中的应用前景.     

海南中部典型槟榔-象草复合系统中根系空间分布及地下竞争

农林复合系统中，各组分根系的空间分布决定了其对系统内资源的竞争能力，是复合系统设计的重要依据。本文采用带状分层挖掘法，对槟榔–象草复合系统中二者的根系密度和空间分布进行研究，并用Levins提出的生态位重叠公式计算槟榔与象草的地下竞争指数。结果显示，槟榔根系的生物量密度(1343.88 g/m³)是象草(558.53 g/m³)的2.41倍。在水平方向上，槟榔细根(0～2 mm)、中根(2～5 mm)和粗根(>5 mm)的生物量密度、根长密度及竞争指数随根系距槟榔树干基部距离的增加呈下降趋势；象草的根系生物量密度、根长密度及竞争指数则随距离的增加呈上升趋势，且分布相对均匀。水平方向上，在距槟榔树干80 cm内时槟榔的整体根系生物量密度显著大于象草，120～140 cm处时象草的根系生物量密度显著大于槟榔，其余距离内二者之间的差异不显著；20～40 cm处槟榔的根长密度大于象草，但差异不显著，其余水平距离内象草根系的根长密度均显著大于槟榔；除距离树干20～60 cm处，其余区域内象草的竞争指数均大于槟榔。垂直方向上，0～20 cm土层内槟...     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.