Carbonic anhydrase and Na/K-ATPase activities at different molting stages of the giant freshwater prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   In the present study, the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na/K-ATPase in the gill and epidermal tissues in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was examined as a function of molting stage. CA activity levels in the front and back gills were low at the intermolt stage C₀, but increased significantly at premolt stage D₃, and then decreased after molting. In the epidermal tissue, activity levels decreased gradually towards premolt to a minimum level at stage D₃, but became elevated at postmolt stages A and B. Na/K-ATPase levels in the front and back gills did not change significantly during the molt cycle. CA in the gill is possibly involved in supplying counter-ions for ion uptake, while CA in the epidermal tissue may play a role in mineralizing the exoskeleton after ecdysis. Na/K-ATPase in the gills may function in ion uptake from the ambient medium; however, since its activity was not influenced by the molt cycle, it probably does not have a major role in osmoregulation in the freshwater environment.     

The molt stages and the hepatopancreas contents of lipids,glycogen and selected inorganic elements during the molt cycle of the Chinese mitten crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriocheir sinensis</Emphasis>

A rapid molt-staging technique was developed for the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, with the aim of investigating selected molt-linked biochemical and inorganic factors in these animals. The results allow the identification of four distinct molting periods (postmolt, intermolt, premolt and ecdysis) and the further classification of the premolt period into three substages (D₀, D₁ and D_3-4). These findings are consistent with the classical scheme elaborated by Drach and Tchernigovtzeff (Vie Milieu 18:595–610, 1967). The contents of lipids, glycogen and several inorganic elements (Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn) in the hepatopancreas fluctuated and agreed well with their functions and with the molting stages during the molt cycle.     

Morphological and biochemical changes in the muscle of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei during the molt cycle

Morphological changes and biochemical composition of abdominal muscles over the molt cycle were investigated in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Eight molt stages were characterized and clear uropod images are presented. Molt frequency was highly correlated with the age of the shrimp. Juvenile shrimps appeared to molt faster at one month of age (4.6 ± 0.5 days/cycle), slow to 11.8 ± 1.7 days/cycle at three months of age, and reach a long molt cycle at six months (17.2 ± 2.7 days/cycle). Myofiber cross-sectional images revealed specific morphological changes in abdominal muscle associated with each molt stage. Expanded fiber size was observed during intermolt stages. Water content and total soluble proteins were balanced throughout the molt cycle. Total DNA concentration increased in intermolt and premolt, while total RNA concentration remained stable except in late-premolt stages. SDS-PAGE analysis showed high levels of actin and myosin in postmolt, reaching a plateau in intermolt and declining in premolt. These results suggest the occurrence of muscle fiber rearrangement in both the premolt and postmolt stages. Abdominal muscle buildup occurs mostly during the intermolt stage.     

Practical Molt Staging of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus stylirostris

Molt staging has many applications in penaeid aquaculture as a routine procedure. Using criteria developed for various crustaceans, a method of rapid molt staging was applied to Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus setiferus adults. The most useful characters were the degree of epidermal retraction from the setal bases and epidermal retraction from the cuticle coupled with the development of new setae. The duration of the molt cycle of P. stylirostris was 11.5 ± 1.0 days ( N = 5) at 27–29 C. The early postmolt, late postmolt, intermolt, early premolt and late premolt stages were readily determined. For P. stylirostris , the duration of postmolt was 27% of the cycle; intermolt, 17%; and premolt, 56%. The length of the molt cycle of P. setiferus at 27–29 C was 13.6 ± 1.0 days ( N = 21) with postmolt occupying 22% of the cycle; intermolt, 19%; and premolt, 59%. Unilaterally eyestalk enucleated P. setiferus had a significantly shorter molt cycle than intact P. setiferus (11.7 ± 1.21 days vs. 13.6 ± 1.02 days, P < 0.05). There were no differences in molt cycle duration between the sexes, whether enucleated or intact ( P > 0.05). A series of illustrations identifies the key characteristics for determining stage of molt in these penaeids.     

中华绒螯蟹蜕皮周期中肝胰腺细胞组成的变化

取一年生未成熟中华绒螯蟹 (Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹, 甲壳宽度在15~40 mm, 暂养在75 cm×50 cm×45 cm的玻璃缸内, 24 h充气, 自然光照, 每天换水1/3, 每次换水后投喂土豆、杂鱼等食物, 动物适应实验室条件1周后进行实验。为得到蜕皮后的样本, 将处于蜕皮前晚期的个体在相同条件下单独饲养。根据已报道方法, 将中华绒螯蟹的蜕皮周期分为蜕皮间期C期、蜕皮前D₀、D₁和D_3–4期、蜕皮后A-B期等5个时期。采用细胞学和组织学方法观察中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程中肝胰腺细胞组成的变化, 结果显示, R细胞数量在蜕皮间期和蜕皮前期都占绝对优势, 虽然在蜕皮前早期D₀期数量显著下降(P<0.05), 但从D₁期开始上升, 于蜕皮前晚期D_3–4期达到最高(62.06 ± 3.92)%, 而在蜕皮后A-B期又显著降低(P<0.05)。F细胞的数量除在D₁期显著增加外(P<0.05), 其余时期的变化无统计学差异(P>0.05)。B细胞数量在蜕皮前早期D₀期显著增高(P<0.05), 随后开始下降, 直到蜕皮前晚期D_3–4期恢复到间期水平, 而蜕皮后A-B期数量又显著增高(P<0.05)。E细胞数量除在蜕皮前早期D₀期稍微上升外, 其余时期基本稳定(P>0.05)。饥饿对处于不同蜕皮时期的中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺细胞组成的影响不同, 饥饿48 h后, 处于D₀时期的中华绒螯蟹与正常组相比, 肝胰腺R细胞数量无显著变化, B细胞和E细胞数量显著下降, F细胞数量上升。处于D₁时期的中华绒螯蟹与正常组相比, 肝胰腺R细胞、B细胞、F细胞和E细胞数量均无显著变化。说明中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程中肝胰腺细胞组成的变化和蜕皮周期密切相关。本研究通过探讨中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程中肝胰腺组织结构及细胞组成变化, 了解甲壳动物蜕皮过程的基础生物学现象, 并为其健康养殖提供理论基础。

     

中华绒螯蟹蜕皮周期及蜕皮过程中肝胰腺消化酶活性的变化

采用Darch蜕皮周期分期方法,对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的蜕皮周期进行了划分,并初步探讨了中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程中肝胰腺消化酶活性变化。根据第三颚足末端刚毛和表皮的形态学特征,可将中华绒螯蟹的蜕皮周期分为蜕皮后期(A-B期)、蜕皮间期(C期)、蜕皮前期(D期)和蜕皮期(E期),其中D期可进一步分为D0、D1、D3-43个亚期。在蜕皮过程中,肝胰腺淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性在蜕皮后A-B期开始升高,于蜕皮前早期D0阶段达最大(P<0.05),随后又逐渐降低,至蜕皮前晚期D3-4阶段降至最低(P<0.05);胃蛋白酶活力在蜕皮周期中于蜕皮前晚期D3-4阶段显著降低(P<0.05),其他阶段变化不明显(P>0.05)。结论认为,中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程可分为C、D0、D1、D3-4、A-B 5个时期,蜕皮过程中肝胰腺淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶活性发生周期性变化。     

日本沼虾蜕皮过程中头胸甲外骨骼超微结构的改变

采用HE染色及石蜡切片的扫描电镜观察方法,描述了日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)蜕皮间期(C期,intermolt stage)及新旧表皮更替变化剧烈的蜕皮前晚期(D4期,late premolt stage)和蜕皮后期(postmolt stage)A-B期头胸甲外骨骼的形态结构变化特点。结果显示,日本沼虾外骨骼分为上表皮、外表皮、内表皮三层,D4期出现新的上表皮和外表皮,B期出现新内表皮,外表皮强嗜碱性而内表皮弱嗜酸性。扫描电镜观察发现,C期头胸甲内、外表皮均为几丁质-蛋白质纤维构成的平行板层结构且板层内有发达的孔道系统(pore canals,pc),但内外表皮板层间排列紧密程度不同,外表皮板层切面边缘较整齐,结构致密,板层内pc大小均一、近似圆形,内表皮板层切面边缘粗糙,结构较疏松,板层内pc大小不等、多为梭形。在蜕皮前后,新外表皮结构变化显著,与C期相比,D4期新外表皮超微结构与旧内表皮结构相似,而在A期,外表皮超微结构由疏松变为致密,这可能与蜕皮后表皮的钙化相关。本研究旨为阐明沼虾的蜕皮机制提供基础资料。     

中华绒螯蟹Y-器官在蜕皮周期中的超微结构

以光镜和电镜观察处于蜕皮周期不同阶段的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis),结果显示,中华绒螯蟹具Y-器官(YO)1对,卵圆形,直径1 5～2 0mm,苍黄色,位于头胸部鳃腔前端,大颚外侧内收肌腹缘,邻近头胸甲内侧上皮。YO细胞排列成索状,细胞索之间为血窦,YO的细胞索由一种细胞构成,细胞核质比高。YO细胞具有类似脊椎动物合成类固醇激素的典型超微结构特征,蜕皮前期YO细胞的光面内质网、管嵴状线粒体和游离核糖体丰富;蜕皮后期和蜕皮间期的内质网、线粒体和游离核糖体明显减少;青春蜕皮后的YO出现大面积细胞凋亡,YO趋向退化。     

Effects of Salinity on Biogenic Amines,Hemolymph Osmotic Pressure,and Activity of Gill’s Na+/K+‐ATPase in Charybdis japonica (Crustacea,Decapoda)

The effects of salinity on hemolymph osmotic pressure, gill Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity and dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5‐HT) in the gills, and hemolymph of the adult Charybdis japonica were studied. DA levels increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the NE and 5‐HT revealed contrary change in hemolymph and gills. The iso‐osmotic point of C. japonica (911.4 mOsm/kg) was at salinity of 27.87 ppt. The Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity of gill showed negative correlation with salinity in the hypotonic environment (<27.87 ppt). The results of this experiment indicated that C. japonica had great capability to acclimate to low salinity.     

Effects of an organophosphorus insecticide,trichlorfon, on hematological parameters of the giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Hemolymph osmolality, ion concentration, acid–base balance, and immune parameters in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (15–20 g) were measured after 8 days of exposure to 0–0.3 mg l⁻¹ trichlorfon. A significant depression in hemolymph osmolality and Cl⁻¹ contents were observed with exposure to 0.3 mg l⁻¹ trichlorfon. Similarly, hemolymph pH, HCO₃⁻, and TCO₂ decreased significantly when prawns were exposed to concentration of greater than 0.2, 0.1, and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ trichlorfon, respectively. A notable increase in the hemolymph pCO₂ was observed with 0.3 mg l⁻¹ trichlorfon. However, no significant differences in hemolymph oxyhemocyanin or protein levels were observed among prawns with 0–0.3 mg l⁻¹ trichlorfon. These findings may have resulted from histological changes in the respiratory epithelium and/or the inhibitory action of the nervous system of respiration. Phenoloxidase activity in the hemocytes of prawns decreased significantly with exposure to greater than 0.2 mg l⁻¹ trichlorfon. This indicates that trichlorfon reduces the immune ability of M. rosenbergii.     

Chemical composition and osmolality of seminal fluid of Acipenser persicus; their physiological relationship with sperm motility

Determination of semen quality is necessary to understand the basic biochemical processes occurring during motility of sperm and during fertilization to evaluate the reproductive ability of different fish species and to create an optimal environment for storage of spermatozoa; in this regard less information is available for Acipenseridae compared with Cyprinidae and Salmonidae. The aim of the present study is to determine chemical composition and osmolality of seminal fluid and their relationship with sperm motility in Acipenser persicus. The results obtained show that sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?) and potassium (K⁺) were predominant ions in the seminal plasma and the average of osmolality of seminal plasma was 82.56 mOsm kg^?1. The higher chemical contents and osmolality compared with other sturgeon species reveal species‐specific characteristics and high secretory activity of spermatic duct in A. persicus. Significant positive correlations were observed between osmolality‐Cl^?, Na⁺‐osmolality and Na⁺–Cl^? (P<0.05, P<0.001 and P<0.05 respectively). But statistically significant correlation was not observed between seminal plasma parameters and sperm motility. Probably, the Na⁺ and Cl^? are the main electrolytes playing a major role in maintaining the osmolality of the seminal plasma and the viability of the spermatozoa in vivo.     

Dopamine induces transient modulation of the physiological responses of whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Levels of glucose, lactate, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, protein, and oxyhemocyanin in the hemolymph and its osmolality were measured when the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vanammei; 20 ± 1.5 g), were individually injected with saline or dopamine at 10^− 8, 10^− 7, or 10^− 6 mol shrimp^− 1. Results showed that elevations of hemolymph glucose and lactate occurred at between 2 and 4 h, increases in hemolymph osmolality, Cl⁻, Na⁺, and total protein occurred at 2 h, and a reduction in hemolymph oxyhemocyanin occurred at 4 h after the dopamine injection. All physiological parameters except K⁺ had returned to the control values 8–16 h after receiving the dopamine. The injection of dopamine also significantly decreased the oxyhemocyanin/protein ratio of L. vannamei at 2 h as a result of the elevation of hemolymph protein. These results suggest that stress-inducing dopamine causes a transient period of modulation of energy metabolism, osmoregulation, and a respiratory response in L. vannamei in adapting to an environmental stress.     

日本沼虾N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶基因克隆及KK-42对其表达的影响

为进一步探究KK-42缩短蜕皮周期的分子机制,本研究以日本沼虾幼虾为材料,通过RACE技术克隆了几丁质降解途径中的限速酶基因NAGase c DNA全长序列,定量测定了KK-42处理不同时间对头胸甲表皮组织中NAGase m RNA相对表达量和对应酶活力的影响。序列分析结果显示,NAGase c DNA全长2 536 bp,编码617个氨基酸。同源性分析显示,NAGase基因保守性较低,与凡纳滨对虾的相似度最高,仅为68%。系统进化分析显示,日本沼虾、三疣梭子蟹、凡纳滨对虾、中国明对虾聚为一个大类,凡纳滨对虾和中国明对虾亲缘关系更为接近,日本沼虾单列一个分支。Real-time PCR分析表明,NAGase相对表达量在蜕皮前D_0期达到峰值;KK-42处理后3 h,D_4期的相对表达量是对照组的253%,处理后6 h,C期和D_0期较对照组分别提高了226%和187%。NAGase酶活力从C期到D_4期逐渐提高,KK-42处理能明显提高C和D_0期NAGase酶活力,尤其对C期的影响最为显著,在处理后3、6和12 h分别提高了11.26、5.99、7.15倍。结果提示,KK-42对日本沼虾表皮NAGase的诱导效应可能是其缩短蜕皮周期的分子机制之一。     

盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼鳃Na+/HCO3-共转运子、碳酸酐酶基因表达的影响

为了探讨盐碱胁迫条件下鱼类渗透生理调节机制,以尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验材料, PCR扩增得到了Na⁺/HCO₃^-共转运子(NBCe1)基因cDNA部分序列,比较了单盐(盐度10、盐度15)、单碱(1.5 g/L、3 g/L NaHCO₃)、盐碱混合(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L;盐度15,碱度3 g/L)胁迫后不同时间(0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h)血清渗透压、离子浓度(Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺)以及鳃碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化。结果显示,不同胁迫条件下,血清渗透压、离子浓度、鳃组织CA酶活、CA与NBCe1基因mRNA表达变化均与胁迫强度呈正相关。随时间推移,血清渗透压、离子浓度呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,单盐、盐碱混合组血清渗透压值较单碱组高。单盐、单碱、盐碱混合组中, NBCe1基因mRNA在鳃中均呈略微上调,但不显著(P>0.05)。单碱组和盐碱混合组鳃CA活性较单盐组高,低盐碱胁迫(盐度10,碱度1.5 g/L)下CA活性较晚达最高值;不同胁迫条件下, CA基因mRNA表达均表现上调,单碱、盐碱混合组更为显著(P<0.05),推测CA较NBCe1对体内HCO₃^-转运作用更为显著。研究结果为尼罗罗非鱼盐碱适应生理调节提供了基础资料。     

Comparative time-course study on pituitary and branchial response to salinity challenge in Mozambique tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis mossambicus</Emphasis>) and Nile tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">O</Emphasis>. <Emphasis Type="Italic">niloticus</Emphasis>)

The physiological response of Mozambique and Nile tilapia transferred from fresh to brackish (15 ppt) water was compared during a one-week time course. Response in the pituitary was measured by the gene expression pattern of prolactin (PRL I), growth hormone (GH), and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), while the response in the gills was measured by the gene expression pattern of the prolactin receptor (PRL-R), Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC) and Na⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter (NCC), and by activity and expression of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA). The time-course curves of plasma osmolality levels indicate a rapid elevation 24 h after transfer, which later decreased and maintained at stable level. PRL I expression decreased in both species, but with stronger response in the Nile tilapia, while no differences were found in the slightly elevated levels of GH mRNA. The branchial response demonstrated a faster up-regulation of NKA and NKCC in the Mozambique tilapia, but similar levels after a week, while Nile tilapia had stronger and constant down-regulation of NCC. The time-course response of the measured osmoregulatory parameters indicate that 24 h after transfer is a critical time point for brackish-water adaptation. The differences in responses to saltwater challenge between Mozambique and Nile tilapia shown in this study may be associated with the differences in saltwater tolerance between these two tilapiine species.     

蜕壳周期内中华绒螯蟹钙含量、组织结构及相关基因表达变化

运用生化分析、组织切片和分子生物学等技术,测定蜕壳期(蜕下旧壳后0.5 h内)和蜕壳后期(蜕下旧壳0.5 h后至新壳未完全硬化之前)平均体质量(5.63±2.35)g中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和鳃中的钙含量,观察肝胰腺和鳃组织结构变化,用荧光定量PCR技术分析肝胰腺和鳃中的钙网蛋白(CRT)基因的表达情况.试验结果表明,蜕壳后期...     

Osmoregulation in the mudskipper,Boleophthalmus boddaerti II. transepithelial potential and hormonal control

Boleophthalmus boddaerti submerged in 10%, 50% and 80% seawater (sw) for 7 days, had whole body transepithelial potentials (TEP) of 3.3, 18.3 and 22.9 mV, respectively. Hypophysectomy significantly decreased the TEP ofB. boddaerti and reversed the polarity of the TEP of the fish exposed to 10% sw.Hypophysectomy also significantly decreased the branchial Na⁺-K⁺ activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase) activity but increased the activity of branchial HCO₃ ^–-Cl^– stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (HCO₃ ^–,Cl^–-ATPase) inB. boddaerti exposed to 10% sw. However, survival in 10% sw was not significantly impaired by hypophysectomy and no significant change in plasma osmolality and plasma Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations was observed.Various doses of ovine-prolactin or salmon-prolactin were unable to restore the TEP of hypophysectomizedB. boddaerti in 10% sw to that of the sham-operated fish. However, cortisol increased TEP to a positive value in hypophysectomizedB. boddaerti, though it was still lower than the sham-operated control. Cortisol treatment also affected the plasma osmolality, plasma Na⁺ and Cl^– contents and branchial Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase and HCO₃ ^–,Cl^–-ATPase activities. Overall, the hormonal control of osmoregulation inB. boddaerti appeared to differ from that of other teleosts.     

Setal development and molt prediction in the larvae and adults of the crayfish,Astacus leptodactylus (Nordmann, 1842)

The criteria for determination, given by Drach (1939), have been adapted to divide the molt cycle into different stages for larvae and adults of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. The setal formation in the transparent appendages can be used for the definition of stages and substages in the premolt period. In order to evaluate the post-and intermolt stages in more detail, one can combine this method with changes occurring in the cuticle.     

KK-42对日本沼虾表皮蛋白基因MnCP-1表达的上调效应

为探讨KK-42显著缩短日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)蜕皮周期的可能机制,本研究采用RACE技术首次从头胸甲中获得了一个含几丁质结合-4(chitin_bind_4)结构域的表皮蛋白(cuticle proteins,CPs)c DNA基因全长,命名为Mn CP-1。该序列全长604 bp,可编码122个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对显示,Mn CP-1与普通黄道蟹(Cancer pagurus,P81576.1)相似性最高(61%)。系统进化分析发现,Mn CP-1与地中海实蝇(Ceratitis capitata)聚类为一支。Real-time PCR结果显示,头胸甲中Mn CP-1在蜕皮前期晚期(D3-4期)和蜕皮后期(A期)的表达量较高,而在蜕皮间期(C期)和蜕皮前期早期(D0-2期)的表达量较低。KK-42处理能显著上调C期和D0-2期Mn CP-1的表达,在处理后6、24和48 h,其mRNA表达水平较对照组高3倍以上。结果表明,头胸甲上皮细胞Mn CP-1的表达与蜕皮周期有关,KK-42可显著上调C期和D0-2期Mn CP-1的表达。