不同释放速度瘤胃调控剂对瘤胃亚急性酸中毒体外发酵参数的影响

本试验通过在体外构建瘤胃亚急性酸中毒(SARA)模型,来研究不同释放速度的瘤胃调控剂对SARA体外发酵特性及牛链球菌数量的影响.选取3头育肥期并安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的宣汉黄牛,于晨饲2h后采集瘤胃内容物,滤液作为体外发酵液的接种物,通过添加玉米与白酒糟(1∶1)的方式诱导体外发生SARA.借助于构建成功的SARA体外模型...     

硫胺素对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒状态下山羊瘤胃发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在研究硫胺素对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)状态下山羊瘤胃发酵特性的影响。选用6只1～2岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、身体健康的徐淮山羊为试验动物,分为试验组和对照组,每组3只,采用逐渐提高饲粮精粗比的方式诱导发生SARA。试验动物处于SARA状态后,试验组饲粮中添加240 mg/kg硫胺素。结果表明:饲粮中添加硫胺素提高了瘤胃液pH;饲粮中添加硫胺素显著或极显著降低了乳酸(4～8 h)和乙酸的浓度(0～12 h)以及乙酸/丙酸(0～12 h)(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著或极显著提高了丙酸(0～12 h)与丁酸的浓度(0、6、9 h)(P<0.05或P<0.01);饲粮中添加硫胺素显著或极显著降低了各时间点组胺浓度(P<0.05或P<0.01),但未使除6 h外的内毒素浓度发生显著变化(P>0.05),显著或极显著提高了各时间点瘤胃液硫胺素浓度(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著或极显著降低了硫胺素酶的活性(0、6、9 h)(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结果提示,饲粮中添加240 mg/kg硫胺素能够改善SARA状态下瘤胃内环境,缓解山羊SARA。     

日粮同时添加酵母培养物与延胡索酸二钠与对慢性酸中毒奶山羊瘤胃发酵和细菌数量的影响

本试验利用酵母培养物(yeast culturc,YC)和延胡索酸二钠(disodium fumarate)的优化组合,研究该组合添加剂在慢性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute rumen acidosis,SARA)状态下对瘤胃发酵功能及瘤胃微生物数量的影响.选取6只泌乳期并安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的奶山羊,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各3只,通过逐渐添加精料的方式诱导动物发生SARA.试验动物处于SARA后,试验组添加组合添加剂,测定瘤胃发酵指标.采用16S rRNA寡核苷酸探针杂交定量分析法和传统滚管法测定瘤胃内细菌的含量.结果表明,投喂组合添加剂后,瘤胃pH、乙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acids,TVFA)浓度显著升高(P<0.05),丙酸和乙酸/丙酸没有显著变化(P>0.05),NH..N浓度显著降低(P<0.05).淀粉分解菌、反刍兽新月单胞菌、埃氏巨型球菌及3种主要纤维分解菌的数量显著增高(P<0.05),乳酸杆菌、牛链球菌的数量显著降低(P<0.05).以上结果说明YC和延胡索酸二钠的组合使用能够改善SARA状态下瘤胃内环境,对减少SARA的发生具有较好的效果.     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒湖羊瘤胃液中菌群和B族维生素丰度变化的关联分析

【目的】本试验旨在探讨湖羊亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute rumen acidosis, SARA)对瘤胃液中微生物菌群结构和B族维生素表达丰度的影响,同时分析二者之间的相关性。【方法】选用体况良好的湖羊12只,随机均分为2组,每组6只,对照组饲料精粗比为3∶7,SARA组饲料精粗比为7∶3建立SARA模型。通过16S rRNA测序技术分析菌群结构变化,利用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS)方法分析瘤胃液中B族维生素的表达丰度,并用Pearson法分析二者相关性。【结果】对照组湖羊瘤胃菌群多样性指数(Shannon和Chao1)显著高于SARA组,菌群多样性显著高于SARA组(P<0.05)。在细菌门水平,对照组放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、Candidatus＿Saccharibacteria、软壁菌门(Tenericutes)丰度显著高于SARA组(P<0.05);在细菌属水平,对照组双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、夏普氏菌属(Sharpea)、产丁酸盐菌属(Saccharibacteria)、未分类的瘤胃球菌属(unclassified＿R...     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对奶山羊血浆细胞因子和激素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究以递增饲粮非纤维性碳水化合物与中性洗涤纤维比( NFC/NDF)方式诱导奶山羊发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒( SARA)后,血浆细胞因子和激素含量的变化。选取9只体况良好,体重接近的泌乳期莎能奶山羊,随机分为3组(对照组、SARA组、恢复组, n=3),对照组饲喂基础饲粮,SARA组和恢复组先后饲喂NFC/NDF为1.40、1.79、2.31、3.23的4种试验饲粮诱导SARA发生,每种饲喂15 d,恢复组奶山羊诱导SARA后自由采食青干草30 d。对照组3只羊分别在饲养30、60(与SARA组同时)和90 d(与恢复组同时)屠宰。结果表明：1) SARA长期提高了血浆LPS浓度,恢复组与SARA组差异不显著( P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,SARA组奶山羊血浆中促炎性细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α( TNF-α)、白细胞介素( IL)-1β和IL-6含量呈升高趋势(P>0.05),IL-2含量显著升高(P<0.05),IL-8含量呈降低趋势(P>0.05),γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)含量显著降低(P<0.05),抗炎性细胞因子IL-4和IL-10含量均呈降低趋势(P>0.05);SARA组奶山羊血浆中生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ、胰岛素含量变化不显著(P>0.05),催乳素(PRL)和皮质醇(COR)含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。3)与SARA组相比,恢复组奶山羊血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6这些促炎性细胞因子的含量仍持续性升高,其中IL-1β和IL-2含量显著升高(P<0.05);恢复组奶山羊血浆中PRL含量仍维持与SARA组同一水平(P>0.05),而COR含量则回归到对照组水平( P>0.05)。本研究结果显示,SARA可引起奶山羊血浆中长时间含有一定量的LPS,引发机体免疫和炎症反应,并引起内分泌激素的变化,这一系列变化导致奶山羊长期处于应激状态。     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对瘤胃黏膜上皮细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

本试验选取9只健康处于泌乳期的奶山羊作为试验动物,按体重、泌乳量相近原则随机分为3组:对照组、SARA组和恢复组,对照组饲喂基础日粮;SARA组饲喂非纤维性碳水化合物与中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)为1.02、1.24、1.63和2.58的日粮诱导试验奶山羊发生SARA;恢复组诱导奶山羊发生SARA后自由采食青干草4周.取瘤胃黏膜上皮组织,采用增殖细胞抗原(PCNA)、原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测瘤胃黏膜上皮增殖与凋亡的变化情况,并在透射电镜下观察细胞凋亡情况.结果表明,SARA对瘤胃上皮细胞增殖活性有抑制作用,对细胞凋亡有促进作用.     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒奶山羊瘤胃上皮形态结构和通透性的变化

本试验旨在研究亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)对瘤胃上皮形态结构和通透性的影响。选用体况良好、体重相近的泌乳期萨能奶山羊9只,随机分为3组(对照组、SARA组、恢复组,n=3),对照组饲喂基础饲粮[非纤维性碳水化合物与中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)=1.40],SARA组和恢复组先后饲喂NFC/NDF为1.40、1.79、2.31、3.23的4种试验饲粮诱导SARA发生,每种饲喂15 d,恢复组奶山羊待SARA诱导成功后自由采食青干草30 d。对照组奶山羊分别在饲养30、60(与SARA组3只同时)和90 d(与恢复组3只同时)各屠宰1只。采集瘤胃腹囊部上皮组织用于石蜡切片、透射电子显微镜观察及尤斯灌流系统(Ussing chamber)研究。结果表明:1)组织切片结果显示,瘤胃上皮角质层厚度SARA组显著高于对照组和恢复组(P0.05),恢复组显著低于对照组(P0.05);颗粒层厚度对照组显著高于SARA组和恢复组(P0.05),但SARA组和恢复组之间无显著差异(P0.05);棘突层厚度3组之间无显著差异(P0.05);上皮总厚度恢复组显著低于对照组和SARA组(P0.05),但对照组与SARA组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。透射电子显微镜结果显示,SARA组瘤胃上皮紧密连接被破坏,细胞间隙增大,棘状层细胞线粒体出现降解并出现空泡。2)与对照组相比,SARA组和恢复组瘤胃上皮短路电流(Isc)、组织导电性(Gt)和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)流速显著升高(P0.05),跨膜电位差(PD)显著降低(P0.05)。综合得出,SARA破坏了奶山羊瘤胃上皮形态结构的完整性,使瘤胃上皮通透性增加,导致瘤胃上皮屏障功能长期受损。     

日粮添加延胡索酸二钠和瘤胃素对慢性酸中毒奶山羊瘤胃发酵和细菌数量的影响

本试验研究延胡索酸二钠与瘤胃素组合在高精料日粮条件下对慢性瘤胃酸中毒状态下瘤胃发酵功能和微生物数量的影响.选取6只2～3岁平均体重(32.00±1.21) kg安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳期奶山羊作为试验动物,采用逐渐提高日粮精料的方式诱导发生SARA.试验动物处于SARA后,试验组添加组合添加剂(延胡索酸二钠10 g,瘤胃素34 mg),对照组不添加.测定瘤胃发酵指标并通过16S rRNA探针杂交定量分析法结合传统厌氧培养法分析瘤胃内细菌的变化情况.结果表明,组合添加剂能显著提高瘤胃VFA浓度(P<0.05),维持高精料条件下瘤胃pH的稳定,使乳酸杆菌和牛链球菌数量减少(P<0.05),而反刍兽新月单胞菌、埃氏巨型球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的数量增加(P<0.05).以上结果说明,延胡索酸二钠和瘤胃素的联合使用可以改善SARA状态下的瘤胃发酵功能,并使乳酸产生菌减少而乳酸利用菌增加.     

饲粮中添加硫胺素缓解奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的研究进展

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)是一种常见的奶牛营养代谢病,严重影响了养殖业的经济效益。硫胺素是奶牛所需的营养物质,在奶牛饲粮中添加硫胺素可缓解SARA,提高瘤胃液pH,维持瘤胃内环境稳态。本文综述了硫胺素的生物学功能及硫胺素对SARA奶牛瘤胃微生物区系、代谢产物及瘤胃上皮屏障功能的影响,为硫胺素在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考。     

饲粮中添加硫胺素缓解奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的研究进展北大核心CSCD

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)是一种常见的奶牛营养代谢病,严重影响了养殖业的经济效益。硫胺素是奶牛所需的营养物质,在奶牛饲粮中添加硫胺素可缓解SARA,提高瘤胃液pH,维持瘤胃内环境稳态。本文综述了硫胺素的生物学功能及硫胺素对SARA奶牛瘤胃微生物区系、代谢产物及瘤胃上皮屏障功能的影响,为硫胺素在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考。     

Potential protective effects of thiamine supplementation on the ruminal epithelium damage during subacute ruminal acidosis

In ruminants, the ruminal epithelium not only has the function of absorbing nutrients but also is an important tissue to prevent harmful substances in the rumen from entering the blood circulation. Thus, the normal function of ruminal epithelium is critical for ruminants. However, subacute ruminal acidosis induced by high-concentrate diets often damages the barrier function of ruminal epithelium in ruminants. Recently, many studies have shown that dietary supplementation with thiamine is an effective method to alleviate subacute ruminal acidosis. In order to provide theoretical reference for the in-depth study of subacute ruminal acidosis and the application of thiamine in the future, this review introduces the effects of subacute ruminal acidosis on morphological structure, inflammatory response, and tight junction of ruminal epithelium. In addition, this paper summarizes the role of thiamine in maintaining ruminal epithelial function of ruminants during subacute ruminal acidosis challenge.     

Response to monensin in cattle during subacute acidosis

A steer metabolism study was conducted to measure changes in ruminal and blood components in response to monensin level following an abrupt switch from forage to a concentrate diet. Six ruminal-cannulated crossbred steers (373 kg) were fed either 0, 150 or 300 mg monensin per head daily in a replicated 3 X 3 Latin-square design. In all treatments, ruminal pH declined to a low of 5.4 to 5.6 12 h post-feeding, suggesting steers experienced subacute acidosis. Also in the first 12 h post-feeding, all treatments exhibited nearly a twofold increase in total ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, while peak ruminal lactate concentrations ranged from .86 to 1.50 mM. During the entire 48-h period, there were no significant treatment differences in blood pH, HCO3- or ruminal lactate, although there was a trend of higher ruminal and blood lactate associated with increased level of monensin supplementation. Feeding higher levels of monensin resulted in higher pH and propionate with lower acetate and butyrate concentrations. Increasing the level of monensin fed resulted in reduced (P less than .01) total ruminal VFA concentrations. Ruminal pH was more highly correlated to total ruminal VFA concentrations (r = -.69, P less than .01) than lactate concentrations (r = -.14, P less than .10). Results from this study indicate the significance of total ruminal organic acid concentration rather than ruminal lactate concentration during subacute acidosis. Monensin maintained a higher ruminal pH by reducing concentrations of VFA.     

奶牛非饲草来源纤维营养研究进展

本文在总结分析国内外最新研究成果的基础上,对非饲草来源纤维(NFFS)对奶牛的营养作用和生理影响及其机理进行了综述,主要从NFFS部分替代饲草对奶牛生产性能、瘤胃草垫层和瘤胃发酵的影响,以及NFFS部分替代精料对饲料效率、生产性能和亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)奶牛生理的影响等方面进行论述,旨在为NFFS饲料在奶牛饲粮中的科学合理利用提供理论参考和依据。     

Anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody administration mitigates ruminal lipopolysaccharide release and depression of ruminal pH during subacute ruminal acidosis challenge in Holstein bull cattle

The effects of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody on rumen fermentation and LPS activity were investigated during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge. Eleven Holstein cattle (164 ± 14 kg) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Cattle were fed a roughage diet on days −11 to −1 (pre-challenge) and day 2 (post-challenge), and a high-grain diet on days 0 and 1 (SARA challenge). For 14 days, 0-, 2-, or 4-g of anti-LPS antibody was administered once daily through a rumen fistula. Ruminal pH was measured continuously, and rumen fluid and blood samples were collected on days −1, 0, 1, and 2. Significantly lower ruminal LPS activity on day 1 was observed in the 2- and 4-g groups than those in the 0-g group. In addition, significantly higher 1-hr mean ruminal pH on SARA challenge period (days 0 and 1) was identified in the 4-g group than in the 0-g group. However, rumen fermentation measurements (total volatile fatty acid [VFA], VFA components, NH₃-N and lactic acid) and peripheral blood metabolites (glucose, free fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) were not different among the groups during the experimental periods. Therefore, anti-LPS antibody administration mitigates LPS release and pH depression without the depression of rumen fermentation and peripheral blood metabolites during SARA challenge in Holstein cattle.     

Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Role of fermentation acid absorption in the regulation of ruminal pH

Highly fermentable diets are rapidly converted to organic acids [i.e., short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactic acid] within the rumen. The resulting release of protons can constitute a challenge to the ruminal ecosystem and animal health. Health disturbances, resulting from acidogenic diets, are classified as subacute and acute acidosis based on the degree of ruminal pH depression. Although increased acid production is a nutritionally desired effect of increased concentrate feeding, the accumulation of protons in the rumen is not. Consequently, mechanisms of proton removal and their quantitative importance are of major interest. Saliva buffers (i.e., bicarbonate, phosphate) have long been identified as important mechanisms for ruminal proton removal. An even larger proportion of protons appears to be removed from the rumen by SCFA absorption across the ruminal epithelium, making efficiency of SCFA absorption a key determinant for the individual susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis. Proceeding initially from a model of exclusively diffusional absorption of fermentation acids, several protein-dependent mechanisms have been discovered over the last 2 decades. Although the molecular identity of these proteins is mostly uncertain, apical acetate absorption is mediated, to a major degree, via acetate-bicarbonate exchange in addition to another nitrate-sensitive, bicarbonate-independent transport mechanism and lipophilic diffusion. Propionate and butyrate also show partially bicarbonate-dependent transport modes. Basolateral efflux of SCFA and their metabolites has to be mediated primarily by proteins and probably involves the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) and anion channels. Although the ruminal epithelium removes a large fraction of protons from the rumen, it also recycles protons to the rumen via apical sodium-proton exchanger, NHE. The latter is stimulated by ruminal SCFA absorption and salivary Na(+) secretion and protects epithelial integrity. Finally, SCFA absorption also accelerates urea transport into the rumen, which via ammonium recycling, may remove protons from rumen to the blood. Ammonium absorption into the blood is also stimulated by luminal SCFA. It is suggested that the interacting transport processes for SCFA, urea, and ammonia represent evolutionary adaptations of ruminants to actively coordinate energy fermentation, protein assimilation, and pH regulation in the rumen.     

异戊酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵的影响

选用4头体重420 kg，年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛，采用4×4拉丁方设计，以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮，研究异戊酸（0、0.02、0.04和0.06 g/kg体重）对瘤胃pH、氨态氮、挥发性脂肪酸浓度及乙酸/丙酸比例的影响。结果表明：0.06 g/kg体重组显著降低瘤胃pH（P<0.05），饲喂后3~6 h 0.04 g/kg体重组和0.06 g/kg体重组NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组和0.02 g/kg体重组（P<0.05）；0.04 g/kg体重组瘤胃乙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著增加（P<0.05），乙酸/丙酸比例显著提高（P<0.05）。异戊酸的适宜添加水平为0.04 g/kg体重。     

Supplemental corn grain for steers grazing native rangeland during summer

Effects of supplemental corn grain on forage OM intake (FOMI), digesta kinetics, ruminal fermentation patterns, in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD), and in situ OM digestion were examined in steers grazing summer blue grama rangeland in northeastern New Mexico during July and August 1988. Sixteen ruminally cannulated steers (average BW 507 kg) were allotted to four treatments and individually fed whole-shelled corn at 0, .2, .4, and .6% of BW in a complete random design with repeated measurements over time. Forage OMI decreased linearly (P = .02) with increasing levels of supplemental corn; however, a tendency toward greater FOMI, as well as faster particulate and fluid passage, was observed when corn was fed at .2% of BW compared with 0, .4, or .6% of BW. Molar proportions of butyrate increased (P less than .10) but molar proportions of acetate and propionate, ruminal pH, and total VFA concentration did not change (P greater than .10) with added corn. Added corn linearly decreased (P less than .10) ruminal ammonia N concentrations in July, but patterns were inconsistent in August. A cubic response (P less than .05) for in situ OM disappearance with added corn was noted after 24, 72, and 96 h of incubation. Supplemental whole corn fed at .2% of BW had no detrimental effects and tended to increase FOMI. However, supplemental corn fed at .4 or .6% of BW decreased FOMI compared with 0 or .2% of BW.     

The effects of high levels of rumen degradable protein on rumen pH and histamine concentrations in dairy cows

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the supplementation of crude protein (CP) results in rumen acidosis and increased histamine concentrations in dairy cows. Six ruminally fistulated, non-pregnant dry cows were fed three experimental rations in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The CP contents in the low-CP, the high rumen undegradable protein (high-RUP) and the high rumen degradable protein (high-RDP) rations were 112, 259 and 266 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. The cows were fed 7.7 kg DM of the concentrates and 2.7 kg DM of rice straw. High levels of RDP in the ration significantly increased the ammonia, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and histamine concentrations in the rumen fluid. However, supplemental CP, whether degradable or undegradable, did not significantly affect the pH of rumen fluid. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was higher in both high-RDP and high-RUP in relation to cows fed the low-CP ration. The rise in ruminal histamine concentrations was physiologically non-relevant, most likely because rumen pH was not affected by supplemental CP at the installed level of DM intake. Therefore, it can be concluded that the issue of supplemental CP, rumen pH and ruminal histamine concentrations has not yet been settled. Further research is warranted to understand these relationships.     

Effect of wood kraft pulp feed on digestibility,ruminal characteristics,and milk production performance in lactating dairy cows

The effect of wood kraft pulp (KP) feed on dietary digestibility, ruminal fluid pH, rumen fermentation characteristics, and milk production performance in lactating dairy cows was examined. Four lactating dairy cows were used for the feeding experiment by the cross‐over design. The control group and KP group were set up as treatments. The control group was fed total mixed ration (TMR) (40% roughage and 60% concentrate) and the KP group was fed TMR containing 12% KP that replaced half of the rolled corn in the control diet. The dry matter intake, digestibility of the feed components, and milk yield were not significantly different between control group and KP group. The number of times that the ruminal fluid pH was below 6.1 tended to decrease in the KP group compared to the control group (p < 0.10). The acetic acid ratio in the ruminal fluid of the KP group increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05) and the propionic acid ratio in the ruminal fluid of the KP group decreased compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The acetate:propionate acid ratio was increased in the KP group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharide levels in the ruminal fluid of the KP group tended to decrease compared to the control group (p < 0.10). Based on these results, it was indicated that the use of KP feed for lactating dairy cows induced the same rumen fermentation characteristics as those in cows given a large amount of roughage without depressing milk productivity. Therefore, KP could be a valuable feed resource substitute for grains, which would also reduce the risk for subacute rumen acidosis.     

奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒研究进展

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（SARA）作为一种普遍存在于大多数牛场的奶牛健康问题,目前已经得到人们充分认识。大量的研究结果表明,患SARA的奶牛产奶量会普遍降低,损害母牛健康,强制性淘汰率增加,最终影响生产者的经济利益。作者就目前与奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒有关的饲养管理及其预防措施进行综述,希望对奶牛生产者如何正确的预防亚急性瘤胃酸中毒有所帮助。