奶牛瘤胃脂类营养研究进展

在奶牛饲养过程中,由于其生产性能和产品品质的特殊要求,奶牛瘤胃脂类营养研究越来越受到国内外学者的重视。一方面,奶牛日粮中添加脂肪的水平与有效方式对瘤胃微生物、能量供给和乳成分有不同影响;另一方面,瘤胃微生物对奶牛的脂类消化代谢及体脂和乳脂组成等方面均有其特殊作用。1奶牛饲料中脂类1.1饲草饲料中的脂类大多数饲草中脂类含量很低(1~4%),但奶牛采食量较大,因而从饲草中获得的脂类不容忽视(Garton,1960)。从饲料定性和定量的观点,可将脂类分为三类,即种子的贮备脂肪(主要是甘油三酯)、叶的脂类(糖脂,主要是半乳糖脂)和混杂类(…     

奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的研究现状

随着奶牛养殖业的迅速发展,为了提高奶牛的生产性能,部分养殖者在泌乳早期和中期大量饲喂以易发酵的碳水化合物为主要能量来源的高精饲料和酸性饲草饲料,而这些饲料,可引起高产奶牛的一系列营养代谢疾病,其中最常见的是瘤胃亚急性酸中毒（SARA）。本文主要从奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的发病机理及对健康的影响和治疗的研究方面进行了阐述。     

脂肪在奶牛生产中的应用

满足高产奶牛能量需要是现代奶牛饲养所面临的一大难题，当青贮玉米或其他饲草不足、质量低劣时．能量缺乏就显得尤为严重。这时，如果采用大量精料来补充能量，易导致奶牛瘤胃酸中毒、乳脂率降低和采食量下降。因为要保证瘤胃的正常功能，其饲草的喂量至少应达到日粮干物质的45％。脂肪作为一种高能饲料原料，可以替代较多的谷物，以补充低质饲草的能量，维持奶牛的能量平衡，提高其生产性能。因此，在奶牛饲料中添加脂肪已成为现代奶牛饲养技术的要点，但由于其方式方法各不相同，导致补饲脂肪的成功率较低。本文介绍了脂肪在奶牛体内的消化代谢及其在奶牛生产中的作用。同时介绍了在奶牛生产中饲喂脂肪的几条原则．希望对广大奶牛养殖户有所稗益。     

饲草饲用时应考虑的几种因素

饲草质量一般认为就是其营养成分的代名词。对于反刍动物,饲草对维持瘤胃正常功能和瘤胃发酵起重要作用。因此,除了采食量、消化率和利用率这三种营养指标外,还要了解影响食团的咀嚼、瘤胃液的缓冲性和其他生理因素。本文讨论当今家畜生产(尤其是高产奶牛)中选用饲草时必须考虑的几种因素。     

缓冲剂调控乳牛瘤胃消化代谢及其对泌乳性能的影响

奶牛的瘤胃消化代谢与其泌乳性能有着密切的联系。在生产实践中,摄入大量精料、青贮、切碎的饲草往往导致瘤胃发酵类型的改变,出现乳脂含量降低、增加酸负荷及酸中毒等一系列疾病。国外利用缓冲剂改变瘤胃发酵类型、降低瘤胃酸度的报道很多,本文就碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)、氧化镁(MgO)、乙酸钠(NaAC)、膨润土对奶牛瘤胃消化代谢调控机制及其对泌乳性能的影响进行探讨,为生产实践应用缓冲剂提供参考。     

如何给奶牛补充脂肪

满足高产奶牛能量需要是现代奶牛饲养所面临的一大难题，当青贮玉米或其他饲草不足、质量低劣时，能量缺乏就显得尤为严重。这时，如果采用大量精料来补充能量，易导致奶牛瘤胃酸中毒、乳脂率降低和采食量下降。因为要深证瘤胃的正常功能，其饲草的喂量至少应达到日粮干粮质的45％。脂肪作为一种高能饲料原料，可替代较多的谷物，来补充低质饲草的能量，维持奶牛的能量平衡，提高其生产性能。因此在奶牛饲料中添加脂肪己成为观代奶牛饲养技术的要点，但由于其方式方法各不相同，导致补饲脂肪的成功率较低。本文介绍了在奶牛日粮中补充脂肪的原则与方法，希望对广大养牛户有所裨益。     

秸秆发酵生产高蛋白饲草技术

正目前在畜牧业养殖成本中饲料成本占到了60%~80%,养殖成本的高低关系到企业的经济效益和发展空间。为什么牛羊可以食草长肉?为什么奶牛可以食草泌乳?大量研究证实,反刍动物的这些特性都与瘤胃微生物的活动相关。据此,我们在系统研究瘤胃微生物的基础上,模拟瘤胃微生物的作用原理,创建了发酵秸秆(草)生产高蛋白饲草技术,给动物增加一个体外人工瘤胃,对饲草进行饲前预加工。秸秆发酵生产高蛋白饲草技术体系可以概括为:模拟瘤胃微生物作用原     

微多蛋白素在奶牛生产中的应用效果

奶牛的正常泌乳需要充足的蛋白质饲料.在畜牧业生产中,根据反刍动物可在其瘤胃内将非蛋白氮转化为菌体蛋白的生理特性,常利用非蛋白氮饲喂奶牛以缓和常规蛋白质饲料来源不足的矛盾,同时降低奶牛饲养成本,提高产奶量和增加效益.本试验利用微多蛋白素饲料添加剂直接添加和替代部分常规蛋白质饲料喂奶牛,以观察其使用效果.     

过瘤胃胆碱和蛋氨酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和健康状况影响的研究现状

泌乳早期在奶牛饲养中是一个基础时期,这一时期奶牛经受着激素、生理、代谢水平的强烈应激,导致奶牛的健康和生产性能受到很大的影响。对于提高泌乳早期奶牛的生产性能和健康状况,添加剂的使用越来越受到广大研究者的青睐。文中对添加过瘤胃胆碱和过瘤胃蛋氨酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和健康状况的研究进行综述。     

奶牛低淀粉型日粮研究进展

低淀粉型日粮的应用不仅可以满足高产奶牛生产阶段的能量需要,而且可以保证奶牛瘤胃健康,避免瘤胃酸中毒。常用低淀粉型饲料有优质牧草、中性洗涤可溶性纤维源饲料以及可溶性糖三大部分。饲喂低淀粉型日粮可以有效缓解挥发性脂肪酸的产生,避免瘤胃pH降低,并促进了奶牛的采食以及养分消化,提高乳品质。本文从低淀粉型日粮的实现手段,以及瘤胃发酵参数和生产性能方面阐述低淀粉型日粮在奶牛生产中的必要性,确立今后的研究重点应该在各种原料替代谷物原料的最适比例及组合效应方面,从而完善奶牛低淀粉型日粮配制技术。     

奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（SARA）的易感因素及其对瘤胃功能的影响

在奶牛养殖中,亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（subacute ruminal acidosis,SARA）是一种高发的营养代谢病。随着我国奶牛养殖集约化程度的提高,为提升奶牛生产性能饲喂大量高能谷物饲料极易诱发SARA,导致瘤胃液pH值降低,瘤胃菌群发生改变,瘤胃上皮黏膜层受损,进而影响瘤胃代谢功能。分析了奶牛不同生理阶段、择食行为以及个体差异等SARA的易感因素,探讨了SARA对奶牛瘤胃菌群变化、瘤胃上皮细胞基因表达、瘤胃屏障功能的影响,以期为阐明SARA造成瘤胃功能损伤的机制、降低奶牛发生SARA的风险提供参考。     

Processing, mixing, and particle size reduction of forages for dairy cattle

Adequate forage amounts in both physical and chemical forms are necessary for proper ruminal function in dairy cows. Under conditions in which total amounts of forage or particle size of the forage are reduced, cows spend less time ruminating and have a decreased amount of buoyant digesta in the rumen. These factors reduce saliva production and allow ruminal pH to fall, depressing activity of cellulolytic bacteria and causing a prolonged period of low ruminal pH. Insufficient particle size of the diet decreases the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio and reduces ruminal pH. The mean particle size of the diet, the variation in particle size, and the amount of chemical fiber (i.e., NDF or ADF) are all nutritionally important for dairy cows. Defining amounts and physical characteristics of fiber is important in balancing dairy cattle diets. Because particle size plays such an important role in digestion and animal performance, it must be an important consideration from harvest through feeding. Forages should not be reduced in particle size beyond what is necessary to achieve minimal storage losses and what can be accommodated by existing equipment. Forage and total mixed ration (TMR) particle sizes are potentially reduced in size by all phases of harvesting, storing, taking out of storage, mixing, and delivery of feed to the dairy cow. Mixing feed causes a reduction in size of all feed particles and is directly related to TMR mixing time; field studies show that the longest particles (>27 mm) may be reduced in size by 50%. Forage and TMR particle size as fed to the cows should be periodically monitored to maintain adequate nutrition for the dairy cow.     

Association of residual feed intake with abundance of ruminal bacteria and biopolymer hydrolyzing enzyme activities during the peripartal period and early lactation in Holstein dairy cows

Background: Residual feed intake(RFI) in dairy cattle typically calculated at peak lactation is a measure of feed efficiency independent of milk production level. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in ruminal bacteria, biopolymer hydrolyzing enzyme activities, and overall performance between the most-and the leastefficient dairy cows during the peripartal period. Twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows with daily ad libitum access to a total mixed ration from d-10 to d 60 relative to the calving date were used. Cows were classified into most-efficient(i.e. with low RFI, n = 10) and least-efficient(i.e. with high RFI, n = 10) based on a linear regression model involving dry matter intake(DMI), fat-corrected milk(FCM), changes in body weight(BW), and metabolic BW.Results: The most-efficient cows had ~ 2.6 kg/d lower DMI at wk 4, 6, 7, and 8 compared with the least-efficient cows. In addition, the most-efficient cows had greater relative abundance of total ruminal bacterial community during the peripartal period. Compared with the least-efficient cows, the most-efficient cows had 4-fold greater relative abundance of Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens at d-10 and d 10 around parturition and tended to have greater abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Megaspheara elsdenii. In contrast, the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and Streptococcus bovis was lower and Succinimonas amylolytica and Prevotella bryantii tended to be lower in the most-efficient cows around calving. During the peripartal period, the most-efficient cows had lower enzymatic activities of cellulase, amylase, and protease compared with the least-efficient cows.Conclusions: The results suggest that shifts in ruminal bacteria and digestive enzyme activities during the peripartal period could, at least in part, be part of the mechanism associated with better feed efficiency in dairy cows.     

小肽对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究小肽(small peptides,SP)对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能及氮排泄的影响。选取年龄、体重、产奶量、乳成分及泌乳期[(45±15)d]相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,分为4组,每组10头,对照组和试验1组、2组、3组分别补饲0、50、100和150 g/(d·头)SP。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)试验组的瘤胃微生物蛋白产量显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验1组、2组、3组分别比对照组提高17.38%、22.94%、12.22%。2)试验组产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验1组、2组、3组分别比对照组提高9.93%、12.64%、7.53%;SP能显著提高乳脂率和乳蛋白率(P0.05),显著降低乳体细胞数(P0.05)(以试验2组最低)。3)在氮总排泄量上,试验组显著低于对照组(P0.05),试验1组、2组、3组分别降低13.31%、15.01%、9.43%。本试验条件下,综合考虑瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶量、乳成分含量及氮排泄等指标,SP以添加100 g/(d·头)最有利。     

Effects of different sources of carbohydrates on intake,digestibility, chewing,and performance of Holstein dairy cows

To investigate the effects of different sources of carbohydrates on intake, digestibility, chewing, and performance, nine lactating Holstein dairy cows (day in milk= 100±21 d; body weight=645.7 ± 26.5 kg) were allotted to a 3 × 3 Latin square design at three 23-d periods. The three treatments included 34.91% (B), 18.87% (BC), and 18.86% (BB) barley that in treatment B was partially replaced with only corn or corn plus beet pulp in treatments BC and BB, respectively. The concentration of starch and neutral detergent soluble carbohydrate varied (22.2, 20.2, and 14.5; 13.6, 15.9, and 20.1% of DM in treatments B, BC, and BB, respectively). Cows in treatment BB showed a higher DMI and improved digestibility of DM, NDF, and EE compared with treatments B or BC. Ruminal pH was higher in cows fed on BB (6.83) compared with those that received B or BC treatments (6.62 and 6.73, respectively). A lower proportion of propionate accompanied the higher pH in the BB group; however, a greater proportion of acetate and acetate: propionate ratio was observed compared with cows fed either on the B or BC diet. Moreover, cows fed on the BB diet showed the lowest ruminal passage rate and longest ruminal and total retention time. Eating time did not differ among treatments, rumination time was greater among cows fed on the BB diet compared with the others, whereas total chewing activity was greater than those fed on BC, but similar to those fed on B. The treatments showed no effect on milk yield. Partially replacing barley with corn or beet pulp resulted in an increase in milk fat and a lower protein concentration. Changing dietary NFC with that of a different degradability thus altered intake, chewing activity, ruminal environment, retention time or passage rate, and lactation performance. The results of this study showed that beet pulp with a higher NDF and a detergent-soluble carbohydrate or pectin established a more consistent ruminal mat than barley and corn, thus resulting in higher mean retention time and chewing activity, whereas no changes in 3.5% FCM and milk fat were observed.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate and monensin on expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in liver of transition dairy cows

Thirty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized block design to evaluate the effects of feeding nonforage fiber sources (NFFS), monensin, or their combination on expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver during the transition to lactation. The addition of 0 or 300 mg/d of monensin to a conventional (CONV) or NFFS prepartum diet was evaluated in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The NFFS diet was formulated by replacing 30% of the forage component of the CONV diet with cottonseed hulls and soyhulls. The CONV and NFFS basal diets were fed at dry-off and continued through parturition. Monensin was fed from -28 d relative to calving (DRTC) through parturition. At calving, all cows were placed on the same diet. Liver biopsy samples obtained at -28, -14, +1, +14, and +28 DRTC were used to determine pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) mRNA expression. Feeding NFFS resulted in greater (P < 0.05) prepartum DMI compared with the CONV diet. There was no effect of prepartum diets on postpartum DMI or average milk production to 56 d of lactation. Expression of PC mRNA was elevated (P < 0.05) at 1 d postpartum, but there was no effect of NFFS or monensin on PC mRNA abundance. Expression of PEPCK-C mRNA at calving was increased (P < 0.05) with prepartum monensin feeding. The data indicate that feeding monensin to transition cows induces hepatic PEPCK-C mRNA expression before calving. The increased expression of hepatic PEPCK-C mRNA with monensin feeding suggests a feed-forward mechanism of metabolic control in ruminants that links molecular control of gluconeogenesis with the profile of rumen fermentation end products.     

饲粮中添加籽粒苋对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、血液指标和生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加籽粒苋青贮和干草对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和生产性能的影响。选取产奶量、胎次和泌乳天数等相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛45头,随机分成3组,每组15头牛。对照组粗饲料包括全株玉米青贮、羊草和苜蓿干草,试验Ⅰ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋青贮替代30%玉米青贮,试验Ⅱ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋干草替代30%苜蓿干草。3组饲粮营养水平接近。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组能显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率、瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)和血液总氨基酸(T-AA)的含量(P0.05),对其他营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和乳成分影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的血液T-AA含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),对其他血液指标、瘤胃发酵指标、营养物质表观消化率和乳成分均无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加适量的籽粒苋不会影响奶牛的生产性能,同时会提高牧场经济效益。     

A cow‐level association of ruminal pH on body condition score,serum beta‐hydroxybutyrate and postpartum disorders in Thai dairy cattle

Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows occurs when ruminal pH is below about 5.5. However, the exact threshold level of ruminal pH affecting cow health is still in debate. This investigation was carried out in 505 cows within 31 farms. The postpartum disorders, including dystocia, retained placenta, anestrus, cystic ovary, metritis, clinical mastitis and lameness, were analyzed. Ruminal pH, serum beta‐hydroxy butyrate (SBHB), serum urea nitrogen and body condition score (BCS) were measured once during the 3 to 6 weeks postpartum, while BCS was determined once more at 1 week before calving. Ruminal pH was determinded by ruminocentesis technique. The ruminal pH was evaluated to study the association with BCS, SBHB and postpartum disorders using linear regression in a generalized linear mixed model with farm as a random effect. The results show that low ruminal pH was associated with dystocia, metritis and lameness. Moreover, a low ruminal pH can be found in cows with a high loss of BCS after calving and also in cows with low SBHB postpartum. These findings confirmed the feasibility of the ruminocentesis technique and the association of low ruminal pH on various postpartum disorders at the individual cow level. However, the consequences of low ruminal pH on dairy cow health still needs more exploration for a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms.     

A comparison of pH determination methods in food animal practice

The accuracy of a portable pH meter in measuring blood pH in neonatal calves, urine pH, and ruminal fluid pH in cows has been assessed. Thirty-five diarrheic and 15 healthy beef calves were used for blood gas analysis; 57 healthy dairy cows provided voided urine samples; and ruminal fluid samples were obtained from 10 dairy cows with ruminal fistulas on 4 separate days. Measurements of blood pH were obtained from an automated blood gas analyzer and the portable pH meter. Measurements of urine and ruminal fluid pH were determined with the benchtop pH meter, urinalysis strips, narrow range pH paper, and the portable pH meter. The portable pH meter was more accurate in measuring urine pH and ruminal fluid pH in cows than blood pH in neonatal calves. The urinalysis strips and the narrow range pH paper were found adequate to evaluate urine and ruminal pH.