利用SRAP标记绘制中国芥菜基因源分子指纹图谱

以中国9个省份和地区的86份芥菜种质资源为供试材料,利用SRAP分子标记和DNA指纹图谱分析软件,绘制芥菜遗传资源基因组DNA指纹图谱。从270对SRAP引物中筛选出40对多态性明显、条带清晰的引物组合,对86份供试材料基因组DNA分子进行扩增,共扩增出632条谱带,其中多态性条带427条,多态性比率为67.56%,表明芥菜种质资源遗传多样性较丰富。以供试的86份芥菜种质资源的SRAP扩增条带为基础,建立供试材料扩增条带指纹数据库的Excel文件,然后利用自主开发的DNA指纹图谱软件,构建86份芥菜种质资源的DNA指纹图谱,获得了所有芥菜种质资源的分子"身份证"。结果表明,SRAP分子标记非常适合芥菜DNA指纹图谱的构建。     

利用RAPD、ISSR分子标记分析野牡丹属亲缘关系

采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术对9个种44份野牡丹属种质资源进行了亲缘关系分析。结果表明:11条ISSR引物共扩增出91条谱带,其中多态性条带90条,多态性条带的比率为98.9%;16条RAPD引物共扩增出113条谱带,其中101条多态性条带,多态性比率为89.38%。2种分子标记相比较,ISSR分子标记检测出的多态性比率更高。44份野牡丹属种质明显聚为2组,种质资源遗传相似系数在0.61~0.88,平均相似系数0.75。基于不同引物的条带组合构建了供试的44份野牡丹属种质资源的ISSR和RAPD指纹图谱,采用这2种指纹图谱可对供试的所有野牡丹属种质资源进行鉴定。     

燕麦光周期不敏感基因的分子标记

为了寻找燕麦光周期不敏感基因的分子标记,本研究采用SSR及AFLP标记对来自加拿大和中国的22份燕麦材料进行了DNA指纹分析及光周期不敏感基因的分子标记研究。结果表明,所选6对燕麦SSR引物中有3对扩增出多态性高的条带,通过带型分析可以将所研究的多数燕麦品种区分开,所选的10对大麦SSR引物和4对小麦SSR引物在22个燕麦品种中多态性不高,不能将不同燕麦品种区分开来。同时利用AFLP标记对其中5个不同熟期的燕麦材料进行了分析,64对AFLP引物组合经选扩共获得18 240个条带,平均57条/引物组合。统计分析AFLP图谱,获得品种特异条带20条,可将各燕麦品种区分开。此外获得光周期不敏感燕麦品种特异条带2条,可作为燕麦光周期不敏感基因的相关分子标记。     

吉林省新育成大豆品种SSR指纹图谱身份证的构建

为快速鉴定和准确评价大豆新品种,以吉林省98个大豆品种为材料,从大豆20个连锁群上均匀分布的320对SSR标记引物中初筛出12对扩增稳定、条带清晰、多态性高的引物,为以最少引物组合有效区分品种,揭示参试材料间丰富的遗传多样性,又进一步依据每对引物多样性指数的高低,复筛出了由7个SSR标记构成的核心引物组合,并最终以此构建吉林省近年育成大豆品种的SSR指纹图谱身份证。结果表明:98个参试大豆品种都有唯一的指纹图谱身份证代码,说明所选用的7个SSR核心标记可靠且有效;此外,以SSR标记扩增的整体带型作为编码依据能够有效提高大豆品种指纹图谱身份证构建的准确性。本研究完善了大豆品种指纹图谱身份证技术体系,能够满足当前吉林省乃至全国大豆品种分子鉴定的需求。     

2个杂交籼稻和2个粳稻品种SSR指纹图谱的构建及双重PCR技术的初步研究

 用460对水稻SSR引物对5个杂交籼稻及其双亲和16个粳稻品种（系）进行了PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,筛选出12对稳定性好、多态性高、杂带少的SSR引物作为核心引物,构建了国稻6号和两优培九的SSR指纹图谱。另外,还筛选出9对核心引物,构建了粳稻品种盐稻8号和徐稻4号的分子指纹图谱。其中,筛选出国稻6号的特异性标记5个,两优培九的特异性标记3个,盐稻8号的特异性标记1个,徐稻4号的特异性标记2个。这些特异标记可用于种子纯度的快速鉴定。另外,挑选扩增条带稳定、特异性较好的引物组合,进行了双重PCR分析。     

基于EST-SSR标记的云南无性系茶树良种遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

分析茶树品种遗传多样性和构建茶树品种分子指纹图谱对茶树育种、品种鉴别、品种权益保护、苗木纯度检测等具有重要意义。利用SSR标记对28份无性系茶树品种遗传多样性和指纹图谱进行了研究。22对引物共检测到等位位点56个,平均每对引物产生2.55个;共检测到97个基因型,平均每对引物所扩增的基因型有4.41个,遗传多态性信息含量为0.279~0.709,平均0.527,表明SSR标记具有较高的多态性。品种间的遗传相似系数为0.642~0.973之间,平均为0.797,表明品种间的遗传差异较小,遗传多样性较低,遗传基础较窄。根据SSR标记特点,将SSR引物扩增统计的“0”、“1”转换成基因型,通过不同基因型组合,构建了云南无性系茶树品种的分子指纹图谱,使每个品种都获得了1个22位数的指纹图谱号码,进而可将不同品种完全区分鉴别。     

利用SRAP分子标记鉴定内蒙古栽培大豆与野生大豆杂交后代真实性

以通辽市科左后旗查金台牧场野生大豆和栽培品种大白眉种间杂交后代为材料,通过SRAP分子标记鉴定其真实性并构建杂交后代指纹图谱,首先从234对引物中筛选出15对扩增条带较多、信号强、背景清晰的引物组合,再利用2个亲本对引物进行筛选,筛选出10对能扩增出父本特异性条带的引物。对50个杂交后代进行真实性鉴定,鉴定结果为50个杂交后代中有2个后代未扩增出父本特征带,被鉴定为假杂种。用筛选出的15对引物组合对大豆各株系进行PCR扩增,共扩增出347个位点,其中有265个为多态性位点,多态性位点的百分率为76.37%。结果表明,SRAP分子标记可以用于鉴定大豆杂交后代的真实性,所筛选出的15对引物组合可以有效地应用于杂交大豆种质资源的SRAP分析。     

基于SRAP分子标记的栽培种花生遗传连锁图谱构建

采用新型分子标记SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism)技术,以杂交组合(豫花4号×郑8903)的F2群体为材料构建花生栽培种的分子遗传连锁图谱。采用238对SRAP引物对豫花4号和郑8903进行多态性筛选,结果表明用SRAP引物能充分反映两亲本之间的多态性,每个引物组合可产生10~30个左右清晰可辨的条带。筛选多态性较好的78对引物对其F2群体进行分析,共得到287条多态性条带,每对引物组合产生的多态性条带从1~9条不等,平均产生3.68个多态性条带。采用Mapmaker/EXP3.0软件对产生的287个标记位点构建连锁群(LOD≥3.0),共223个标记位点进入到22个连锁群中,总长2 129.4cM,标记间平均间距为9.55cM。标记在整个连锁群中分布相对比较均匀,这是目前首张基于SRAP分子标记建立的花生栽培种遗传连锁图谱。     

三个高含油量甘蓝型油菜新品系SSR指纹图谱的构建

在80对SSR引物中筛选到9对多态性好,条带清晰,重复性高的引物构建三个高含油量甘蓝型油菜新品系的指纹图谱。结果显示,9对SSR引物构建的指纹图谱可以区分开三个保护品系和其他138个对比品种;运用引物组合法构建3个保护品系的指纹图谱,大大提高了图谱的特异性;虽然同一品系不同单株间在DNA水平上存在微弱差异,但利用UPGMA法聚类分析表明,三个保护品系各自聚类在一组并与其他对比品种区分开。     

两系杂交稻亲本SSR指纹图谱的建立及其在种子纯度鉴定中的应用

利用筛选到的20对SSR引物建立了两系杂交稻32个亲本(24个光温敏不育系和8个恢复系)的DNA指纹图谱,针对所涉及的9个杂交稻组合,获得能在父、母本间表现出多态性的特异SSR标记48个.以杂交稻组合两优932为例,在实验室用一个特异SSR标记(RM302)对200粒种子样本进行了纯度鉴定,结果鉴定纯度为90.50%,与田间种植鉴定结果90.60%(海南鉴定)和91.57%(武汉鉴定)基本一致,表明SSR标记技术适用于构建DNA指纹图谱和种子纯度鉴定.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.