Serogrouping of United States and some African serotypes of bluetongue virus using RT-PCR

The diagnostic potential of RT-PCR for detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence in cell culture and tissue samples from infected ruminants from United States, Sudan, South Africa and Senegal, was evaluated. The non structural protein 1 (NS1) gene of North American BTV serotype 11 was targeted for PCR amplification. The United States BTV serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13 and 17 and the Sudanese BTV serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 16 and BTV serotype 4 from South Africa and BTV serotype 2 from Senegal were studied. RNAs from all BTV field isolates used in this study, propagated in cell cultures, were detected by the described RT-PCR-based assay. The first specific 790bp BTV PCR products were amplified using a pair of outer primers (BTV1 and BTV2). Specificity of the PCR products was confirmed by a nested amplification of a 520bp PCR product using a pair of internal (nested) primers (BTV3 and BTV4). The BTV PCR products were visualized on ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. Amplification products were not detected when the RT-PCR-based assay was applied to RNAs from closely related orbiviruses including, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) prototypes serotypes 1, 2, 4; RNA from Sudanese isolate of palyam orbiviruses serogroup and total nucleic acid extracts from uninfected Vero cells. Application of the nested BTV RT-PCR to clinical samples resulted in amplification of BTV RNA from blood and serum samples from goats experimentally infected with BTV4 and from naturally infected sheep, goats, cattle and deer. The results of this study indicated that this RT-PCR assay could be applied for rapid detection of BTV, in cell culture and clinical samples from susceptible ruminants during an outbreak of the disease, in the United States and African.     

Development of PCR-based tests for the identification of North American isolates of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus.

A serogroup-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and isolate identification strategies (restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and nucleotide sequencing) were developed for the detection of North American isolates of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). PCR primers (EHDV-pr4, EHDV-pr5) were designed to hybridize to the L3 gene of a North American isolate of EHDV serotype 1. Total nucleic acid was extracted from preparations of infected tissue culture and PCR was performed using a cDNA-PCR kit, according to the manufacturer's specifications. The PCR assay generated a 459 base pair product from North American isolates of EHDV serotypes 1 and 2, while bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17, and cell controls, failed to demonstrate PCR products. Slight modifications allowed for the PCR detection of EHDV-1 and -2 in white-tailed deer blood (Odocoileus virginiatus); PCR fragments were not amplified from uninfected deer blood. A number of restriction endonucleases and sequencing primers were evaluated for their utility in isolate identification experiments. Specifically, REA employing HincII and cycle sequencing with an internal primer (EHDV-1-pr3) proved most successful for identifying isolate-specific genome markers. The techniques presented are expected to prove valuable for rapid and specific detection of possible future EHDV incursions in wild and domestic animal species.     

单一引物标记LUX荧光RT-PCR鉴别BTV和EHDV

采用在线LUXTM专业软件,根据BTV-NS3基因序列和EHDV-NS3基因序列,通过特异性单一引物序列3′末端的荧光标记,分别设计出两对BTV和EHDV的LUX荧光PCR引物,并采用BLAST软件对各引物进行匹配性和特异性分析,根据分析结果选择合适的引物合成。经过各反应条件的优化和特异性、敏感性试验,并对BTV、EHDV、VSV、PPRV、BVDV、AKV的BHK-21细胞培养物和临床样品检测,与常规RT-PCR进行对比检测,建立了能同时鉴别检测BTV和EHDV的二重LUXTM荧光PCR方法。该二重LUXTM荧光PCR的BTV和EHDV各自引物只对相应的病毒呈阳性反应,两者没有交叉反应现象,对健康牛、羊和猪基因组DNA、BKH-21细胞对照,以及其他几种相似疾病如VSV、PPRV、BVDV、AKV均呈阴性反应。该法对病毒的细胞培养液鉴别检测敏感性可达1TCID50C以上,比常规RT-PCR敏感性提高10倍以上,从样品核酸纯化到完成二重LUXTM荧光PCR反应和熔解曲线分析,仅需3h,在进出口动物检验检疫中快速鉴别BTV和EHDV具有实际应用价值。     

蓝舌病毒群特异性RT—PCR检测技术及其应用

目的:建立一种适于蓝舌病毒(BTV)群特异性基因检测的RT-PCR方法。方法:根据本实验室设计的一对BTVNS1基因通用型检测引物建立BTV群特异性RT-PCR检测技术;对不同血清型BTV及鹿流行性出血热病毒(EHDV)进行检测,验证其特异性;同时,利用该方法检测血清模拟样品及抗病毒血清样品。结果:所设计的检测方法特异性好,与EHDV无交叉反应,可检测至少17个血清型BTV,并能有效检出不同病毒浓度的模拟样品及不同型的血清样品。结论:建立的RT-PCR方法可用于BTV群的特异性通用检测。     

4种动物虫媒病病毒多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

分别设计和合成4对特异性引物,通过对反应条件的优化,初步建立了鉴别蓝舌病病毒(BTV)、鹿流行性出血病病毒(EHDV)、水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)和赤羽病病毒(AKV)的多重RT-PCR检测方法,并对其特异性和敏感性进行了检测。结果表明,所设计的4对引物可对同一样品中的VSV、BTV、EHDV和AKV进行特异性扩增,所扩增的目的片段的长度分别为301、351、537、250bp。建立的四重RT-PCR检测方法能够检测出10-7稀释的细胞培养病毒液,4种病毒之间没有发生交叉反应,说明该检测方法特异性强,敏感性较高。所建立的多重RT-PCR方法可用于上述4种动物虫媒病病毒的快速鉴别诊断,在动物检疫、临床诊断和流行病学调查方面具有较好的应用前景。     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody to epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to detect antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus (EHDV). The assay incorporates a monoclonal antibody to EHDV serotype 2 (EHDV-2) that demonstrates specificity for the viral structural protein, VP7. The assay was evaluated with sequential sera collected from cattle experimentally infected with EHDV serotype 1 (EHDV-1) and EHDV-2, as well as the four serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV), BTV-10, BTV-11, BTV-13, and BTV-17, that currently circulate in the US. A competitive and a blocking format as well as the use of antigen produced from both EHDV-1- and EHDV-2-infected cells were evaluated. The assay was able to detect specific antibody as early as 7 days after infection and could differentiate animals experimentally infected with EHDV from those experimentally infected with BTV. The diagnostic potential of this assay was demonstrated with field-collected serum samples from cattle, deer, and buffalo.     

Analysis of genetic variation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus field isolates by coelectrophoresis of their double-stranded RNA.

Thirty-two bovine field isolates of bluetongue virus (BTV), 6 field isolates of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) from deer, 4 BTV prototype serotypes (10, 11, 13, and 17), and 2 EHDV prototype serotypes (1 and 2) were coelectrophoresed, using polyacrylamide gels. Field isolates were obtained from various regions of the United States. Analysis of polyacrylamide gels and scattered plots generated for comparison of migration patterns for different isolates within each serotype of BTV revealed wide variation among the individual segments. The BTV serotypes 10 and 11 had more variation, compared with BTV serotypes 13 and 17, especially for migration of genome segment 5. A definitive correlation was not seen between the double-stranded RNA migration profiles on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, geographic origin, herd of origin, or year of collection. One BTV field isolate contained more than 1 electropherotype, with 2 bands at the segment-7 position, and it was further characterized as BTV serotype 11. Segments 2 and 5 of EHDV isolates were more variable in their migration than were the other gene segments. Generally, migration profiles for EHDV double-stranded RNA were more variable, compared with those of BTV isolates. Although a correlation was found between migration profiles and serotype of 2 isolates of EHDV, a study of additional EHDV isolates is required before the diversity of electrophoretic patterns of EHDV can be determined.     

Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus isolation from vertebrate and invertebrate hosts at a common geographic site

One serotype of bluetongue virus (BTV) and two serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) were isolated from vertebrate and invertebrate hosts on a farm in Colorado. The isolations were from blood samples collected a week apart from a dairy heifer with stomatitis and laminitis; EHDV serotypes 1 and 2 were isolated from the first blood sample, and BTV serotype 13 and EHDV serotype 1 were isolated from the second. Antibodies to EHDV and BTV were detected in the serum from this heifer. Both EHDV serotypes and BTV serotype 13 were isolated from pools of female biting gnats (Culicoides variipennis) that had not had a recent blood meal. The BTV insect isolate was biologically transmitted by female gnats from an infected donor sheep to a recipient host sheep. Culicoides variipennis was the predominant insect collected during three nights of light trap captures at the farm.     

鸡胚胎性病原茵多重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立同时检测禽波氏杆菌(Bordetella avium)、沙门氏茵(Salmonella)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)4种导致鸡胚死亡病原菌的多重PCR方法,本研究根据B.aviun的ompA基因、Salmonella的invA基因、E.coli的phoA基因和P.aeruginosa的toxR基因序列,各设计一对特异性引物进行多重PCR反应,并对反应体系和条件进行优化.结果显示,4对引物分别扩增出597bp、724bp、372bp和278bp的目的条带;并且特异性强不与其他非目的茵发生反应.经优化B.aviun、P.aeruginosa和E.coli多重PCR检测灵敏度达到104cfu/mL,而Salmonella为103cfu/mL.本研究建立的多重PCR方法为相关病原茵的快速检测提供方法.     

Antigenic relationship of Ibaraki,bluetongue, and epizootic Hemorrhagic disease viruses

Ibaraki virus, which causes a bluetongue-like disease of cattle in Japan, was compared antigenically with the four serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) found in the U.S. and with the two serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). No antigenic relationship was found between Ibaraki virus and BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 in tests for group or serotype-specific antigens. However, Ibaraki virus and EHDV were related antigenically. The agar gel precipitin and indirect fluorescent antibody tests for group antigens showed two-way cross relationships between Ibaraki virus and EHDV serotypes 1 and 2. The more restrictive serotype-specific neutralization test revealed that antigenic relatedness was stronger between Ibaraki virus and the serotype 2 (Alberta strain) of EHDV than between Ibaraki virus and the serotype 1 (New Jersey strain) of EHDV.     

Neutralizing antibody responses to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes in beef cattle

Blood samples were obtained from sentinel beef cattle at monthly intervals, and the sera were tested for antibodies, using a bluetongue virus (BTV) immunodiffusion test (IDT) and virus-neutralization test (VNT), for 5 BTV serotypes (2, 10, 11, 13, and 17) and 2 epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotypes (1 and 2). The cattle tested were transported from Tennessee to Texas in 1984 and 1985. All cattle were seronegative by the BTV IDT at the initial bleeding in Texas in 1984 and 1985. In 1984, 16 of 40 (40%) cattle seroconverted as assessed by results of the BTV IDT. In the 16 seropositive cattle in 1984, neutralizing antibodies were detected to BTV serotypes 10 (n = 7), 11 (n = 3), and 17 (n = 11), and EHDV serotypes 1 (n = 1) and 2 (n = 7). In 1984, no cattle seroconverted to BTV-2 or BTV-13. In 1985, 10 of 36 (27.8%) cattle seroconverted as assessed by results of the IDT. Of the 10 seropositive cattle in 1985, neutralizing antibodies were detected to BTV serotypes 10 (n = 10), 11 (n = 10), 13 (n = 7), and 17 (n = 5), and EHDV serotypes 1 (n = 1) and 2 (n = 7). In 1985, no cattle seroconverted to BTV-2. Clinical diseases attributable to BTV or EHDV was not detected in these cattle in 1984 or 1985.     

光生物素cDNA探针对体内外蓝舌病病毒感染的检测

蓝舌病病毒(BTV)基因的第三片段(RMA_3)在不同型间有较高的同源性.用光生物素标记的其cDNA重组体pC7,检测2～22型BTV BHK细胞培养物全部为阳性,而相关病毒EHDV_1、EHDV_2和Ibraki病毒为阴性;同一探针检测17个型BTV攻毒羊的全血样品均为阳性,未感染的正常羊血细胞和BHK细胞培养物样品均为阴性.     

牛、羊布鲁菌多重PCR方法的建立与应用

根据布鲁菌属特异性基因BCSP31和布鲁菌种间特异性标志IS711插入序列,设计合成了3对引物,以牛种布鲁菌544A、104M和羊种布鲁菌16M基因组DNA为模板,通过优化反应条件,建立了可同时检测布鲁菌属、牛种布鲁菌和羊种布鲁菌的多重PCR方法。牛种布鲁菌可扩增出301和114 bp 2条带,羊种布鲁菌可扩增出301和253 bp 2条带,该方法对牛种布鲁菌544A和羊种布鲁菌16M混合DNA模板的最小检出量为100 pg,对大肠杆菌O157∶H7、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌等15种参照菌的核酸扩增结果均为阴性。应用该方法对吉林省某牛场的106份粪便进行检测,虎红平板凝集试验作对照,结果PCR检测9份为阳性,且全为牛种布鲁菌阳性,对应的虎红平板凝集试验也为阳性。结果表明,建立的多重PCR方法具有良好的敏感性和特异性,为布鲁菌病的鉴别诊断提供了一种分子检测工具。     

Recombinant cDNA probe from bluetongue virus genome segment 10 for identification of bluetongue virus

Genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 11 UC8 strain was cloned and subsequently hybridized to viral double-stranded RNA extracted from 90 field isolates of BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17; the prototype strains of BTV 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17; the prototype strain epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 1; and 4 field isolates of EHDV serotype 2. The 90 field isolates were obtained from different counties in California, Louisiana, and Idaho during the years 1979, 1980, and 1981. The cloned genetic probe hybridized with all the BTV samples tested, showing different degrees of cross-hybridization at the stringency conditions used in this study. This indicated that BTV genome segment 10 has conserved nucleotide sequences among the BTV serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17. No cross-hybridization signals were detected between the cloned genome segment 10 of BTV 11 UC8 strain and the prototype strain of EHDV serotype 1 and the field isolates of serotype 2. This probe recognized a wide variety of BTV isolates.     

Expression and antigenic characterization of the major core protein VP7 of Chuzan virus, a member of the Palyam serogroup orbiviruses

The Palyam serogroup-specific antigen, VP7, of Chuzan virus strain K-47 was expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus. The expressed protein appeared as a single band of 38kDa corresponding to the predicted molecular mass of Chuzan virus VP7 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In immunoprecipitation analysis, the recombinant VP7 was not only recognized by all polyclonal antibodies against the Palyam serogroup viruses (PALV) tested in this study, but also by antisera to bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 1, epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotypes 1 and 2. However, in Western immunoblot assay, no positive signals were observed between this protein and these antisera, even in the homologous reaction using antiserum to Chuzan virus. These findings demonstrate that the common antigenic determinants on the VP7 proteins of Chuzan virus and the other PALV serotypes are mainly conformational and that the proteins share some epitopes with those of BTV and EHDV beyond the serogroup. No cross-reactivities were detected between Chuzan virus VP7 and antisera to BTV and EHDV in agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect ELISA tests, indicating that the recombinant VP7 is useful as a diagnostic reagent for serological tests of congenital abnormalities of cattle caused by PALV.     

A competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies to the group antigen of bluetongue virus.

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was developed to detect antibodies to the group antigen of bluetongue virus (BTV). The epitope recognized by the BTV-specific monoclonal antibody was confirmed, by immunofluorescence staining of monolayers of virus-infected Vero cells, to be present on BTV serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17 but not on epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotypes 1 and 2. Sera from BTV-inoculated ruminants and rabbits were used to evaluate the cELISA and to compare its specificity and sensitivity with that of the conventional BTV-specific agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and serum neutralization (SN) tests. Rabbit antisera to the 5 serotypes of BTV present in the United States had cELISA titers (inverse of the final dilution of serum that gave greater than 20% inhibition) that ranged from 32 to greater than 1.024. Seroconversion of the 8 calves and lambs inoculated with BTV was detected by all 3 serologic tests (SN, AGID, cELISA) by 6 weeks after inoculation. Specificity of the cELISA test was confirmed with bovine sera that contained neutralizing antibodies to EHDV but not to the 5 serotypes of BTV present in the United States; these sera gave positive results by AGID test but were negative by cELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA test was further confirmed by analysis of a panel of bovine test sera supplied by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, indicating that the cELISA is a superior test for detection of BTV group-specific antibodies in sera from ruminants in the United States.     

Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus of deer (EHDV) and bluetongue virus by immunisation of mice with EHDV recombinant VP7 antigen.

Immunisation of mice with recombinant VP7 antigen of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus of deer (EHDV) induced serum antibody responses to EHDV. However, from the 19 monoclonal antibodies (Mab) produced from these mice, 15 were specific for EHDV and four for bluetongue virus (BTV). No Mabs were identified with the specificity for an epitope of VP7 shared by both EHDV and BTV in spite of the fact that they share a large portion of homology in VP7 amino acids composition. These Mabs were divided into five groups based on their specificity and interaction with each other. Group II Mabs, consisting of 13 Mabs, recognises a potential serogroup specific, linear epitope of EHDV VP7 antigen. One of the Mabs to BTV (Group V) was identified as BTV VP7 specific with the possibility of being the serogroup specific and recognizes a potential conformational epitope. Two Mabs from these VP7 specific groups were further analysed and found to be useful in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C - ELISA) for detection of specific antibodies against EHDV and BTV in bovine sera.     

猪链球菌2型多重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

设计3对引物,分别扩增链球菌属特异性gdh、猪链球菌种特异性16S rRNA和猪链球菌2型特异性cps2J等基因,目的片段大小分别为725bp、523bp和387bp。利用合成的3对引物并通过对反应条件与反应体系的优化建立了多重PCR。应用该多重PCR检测了分离到的链球菌1105株,检出猪链球菌667株,猪链球菌2型33株。研究结果表明,该方法特异性高、敏感性强,可广泛应用于猪链球菌病的快速诊断及流行病学调查。