皮胎果后熟过程芳香物质变化初报

以皮胎果为试材,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用技术测定皮胎果果实后熟过程中挥发性芳香物质种类及其相对含量的变化。结果表明,在皮胎果后熟过程中,共计采集到酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、醚类、酸类、酚类、烯烃类和烷烃类9大类132种挥发性芳香物质;皮胎果在绿果期(0 d)、转黄期(4 d)、软化期(8 d)、成熟期(12 d)的主要挥发性芳香物质种类和相对含量差别很大,酯类物质相对含量在果实软化即将成熟时积累达到最高峰值,醇类物质较酯类变化小,在果实成熟期相对含量下降到最低值,酯类和醇类物质种类在成熟期均小于绿果期,醇类物质较酯类种类变化较大,说明每个时期皮胎果都含有独特的挥发性物质,提供不同的嗅觉感官特征。     

SPME-GC-MS分析广西海鸭蛋挥发性成分

以广西海鸭蛋为原料,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对广西海鸭蛋的挥发性化合物进行测定和分析。结果表明,从广西海鸭蛋的蛋清、蛋黄中分别检测出37种,29种挥发性化合物,鉴定到的挥发性物质主要包括烷烃类、烯烃类、醇类、酮类、醛类、醚类、酸类、酯类、含硫化合物、杂环类及硅化物等。研究结果为海鸭蛋的品质和风味提供了重要信息,也为海鸭蛋的生产加工方式提供一定的参考。     

冰温贮藏对山西不同产地玉露香梨挥发性有机物的影响

为了解冰温贮藏对不同产地玉露香梨挥发性有机物影响的差异性,采用气相离子迁移谱技术对山西省3个产地(隰县、原平、清徐)玉露香梨贮藏前后的挥发性有机物进行分析,以期为提升贮后果实风味品质提供数据参考。结果表明:通过气相离子迁移谱检测出玉露香梨采后主要挥发性有机物有酯类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、呋喃类及其他未定性物质;其中酯类、醛类物质的相对含量占比达38.31%~39.10%。3个产地玉露香梨采后特征风味物质分别为:隰县玉露香梨为丙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、(E)-2-己烯醛、2-甲基丙醛、壬醛等,原平玉露香梨为丙酸己酯、乙酸戊酯、丁酸己酯、己醛、3-戊酮、正己醇等,清徐玉露香梨为2-甲基丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、乙醇、3-戊酮和异丁酸等。冰温贮藏后,3个产区玉露香梨果实的酯类物质含量有不同程度下降,醛类、醇类和酮类物质含量增加。其中隰县玉露香梨醛类物质相对含量较高,清徐玉露香梨酮类物质相对含量较高。根据风味物质的主成分分析,可将贮藏前后及3个产地玉露香梨进行有效区分。     

不同熟度竹筒饭在不同灭菌和储藏条件下的品质变化

研究了不同熟度(全生、半熟、全熟)竹筒饭经不同条件灭菌后,在不同温度下储藏0 d和180 d的微生物、感官品质及风味成分的变化。结果表明:在储藏期间,竹筒饭中的霉菌、大肠杆菌及菌落总数均未超标,符合卫生要求;储藏期间,竹筒饭的感官评分随储藏温度的升高而降低,考虑成本因素,以全熟竹筒饭经真空包装后121℃下灭菌20 min,于常温(22~25℃)下储藏为宜;通过GC-MS技术鉴定出竹筒饭中主要挥发性成分81种,主要包括12种醛类物质,5种酸类物质,27种烷烃,4种酮类物质,6种醇类物质,3种酯类物质,13种烯烃,2种苯类物质,以及9种杂环类物质,这些物质使得竹筒饭具有特殊的香气。     

不同加工方式对糟辣椒风味物质的影响

为研究不同加工方式的糟辣椒风味物质的变化规律,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术（SPME-GC-MS）对4种糟辣椒中挥发性风味成分进行鉴定和分析。结果表明：4种糟辣椒中共检测出64 种挥发性风味成分,以醇类、烯烃类、酯类为主。主成分结合聚类热图分析表明,反-香叶醇、醋酸牻牛儿酯、二烯丙基二硫醚、棕榈酸乙酯、α-法呢烯、β-倍半苯乙烯、1,8-桉油精为糟辣椒主要挥发性风味成分。韦恩图分析表明,4种糟辣椒中有19种共有成分,醋酸牻牛儿酯、棕榈酸乙酯、α-法呢烯、β-倍半苯乙烯、1,8-桉油精共同构成糟辣椒的主要风味骨架。     

阳光玫瑰冬葡萄贮藏期糖酸组分及甜酸风味分析

高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析0℃和10℃保鲜的阳光玫瑰冬葡萄贮藏期糖酸组分含量,探究葡萄贮藏过程甜酸风味的变化规律。结果表明,不同贮藏温度阳光玫瑰冬葡萄糖酸组分含量变化规律不同,糖酸含量的变化直接引起风味品质改变。贮藏期4周内,10℃保鲜的葡萄果实甜酸风味保持较好;4~8周,0℃贮藏的葡萄果实风味保持较好;12周后,阳光玫瑰葡萄甜酸风味品质开始发生劣变。甜酸风味变化可作为判定贮藏期葡萄品质劣变程度的因素之一。     

不同发育期百香果品质及EMP-TCA代谢限速酶活性变化

为揭示黄金百香果果实发育过程中果实品质形成规律和糖酸代谢限速酶活性变化,本研究以黄金百香果为研究材料,测定黄金百香果果实外观品质、内在品质和EMP-TCA代谢限速酶活性等数据,并进行相关性分析。结果表明：(1)随着黄金百香果的果实发育,果皮厚度不断减少,可食率不断增加。(2)可溶性固形物(TSS)和可溶性糖含量逐渐上升,在T5时期(花后14周)均达到最大值,且在T7时期(花后16周)出现退糖现象;可滴定酸(TA)含量在T3时期(花后12周)含量最高。因此,T6时期果实风味最佳。(3) EMP-TCA代谢限速酶与果实糖酸含量具有相关性,TSS与磷酸果糖激酶、柠檬酸合酶呈负相关,与丙酮酸激酶、胞浆异柠檬酸脱氢酶呈正相关;可溶性糖与己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶呈正相关,与柠檬酸合酶呈负相关;TA与己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶、柠檬酸合酶、胞浆异柠檬酸脱氢酶、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶呈负相关,与丙酮酸激酶呈正相关。本研究结果为黄金百香果最佳食用期的选择和品质改善提供参考依据。     

不同风味类型甜瓜果实发育过程中风味品质比较

采用风味类型不同的4个甜瓜品种为试材,测定果实发育过程中的可溶性糖、可滴定酸、Vc、可溶性固形物和芳香物质等风味品质。结果表明:日本甜宝(TB)在果实发育过程中的可溶性糖含量最高,其次是雪奶香(XNX),泽甜十里香(ZT)第三,风味4号(FW)最低;但FW中有机酸含量显著高于其他品种,成熟期XNX的Vc含量最为丰富;在花后25/35 d时FW的芳香物质以6和9碳醛类为主,其他3个品种则以醇类为主,尤其是9碳醇,随着果实的成熟,芳香物质总量均有较大提高,特别是乙酸酯类,FW的酸类和含苯化合物增加显著。在36/46 d时芳香物质的总含量为XNX最高,其次为ZT,TB第三,FW最低,品种间差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同品种的糖酸比、芳香物质的组分与含量,及其特有芳香物质的差异共同导致了品种间风味品质的差异。     

静压损伤对苹果呼吸强度、品质及香气的影响

为探讨苹果贮运中的损伤机理,以"嘎啦"苹果为试材,将其做模拟损伤处理后,装入PE保鲜袋中于20℃下贮藏,研究静压损伤对苹果呼吸强度、贮藏品质以及香气成分的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,静压损伤导致苹果果实呼吸强度上升,硬度、可溶性固形物及可滴定酸含量下降,褐变度及MDA含量明显增加,同时导致果实香气中酯类、醇类、醛类、酸类和烯类物质种类增加,并且贮藏前期(0~5 d)酯类、醇类、醛类和酸类物质的相对含量高于未损伤果实,后期(7 d以后)低于对照。由此可见,静压损伤会使果实品质迅速下降,同时降低贮藏后期果实的风味。研究结果为静压损伤对苹果品质及香气成分的影响提供了理论依据。     

大葱粉中挥发性风味物质的分析

新鲜大葱经40℃加热干燥后粉碎,利用顶空固相微萃取法萃取大葱粉中的挥发性风味物质,然后用气质联用法对不同处理中的挥发性成分进行分离鉴定。结果表明,大葱粉中风味性成分主要是含硫化合物和醛类,其中二甲基硫醚和3-甲基丁醛的含量最高,葱白粉中的含硫化合物含量高于葱叶中的含量。     

贮藏温度对成熟百香果贮藏品质的影响

为了探明贮藏温度对成熟百香果贮藏品质的影响,为提高百香果采后贮藏品质提供参考。以‘台农一号’百香果为材料,分别把成熟果实放于4℃、8℃冰箱和室温下贮藏,每2天测定相关品质指标。结果表明,低温贮藏（4℃和8℃）均能显著延缓百香果果皮转色和皱缩,可以保持较高感观品质和延长货架期,低温贮藏TSS、TA和TSS/TA和感官品质都没有显著差异(P>0.05)。室温贮藏,4~6天TSS显著高于低温贮藏(P<0.05),14天时显著低于低温贮藏(P<0.05),10天后TA显著低于低温贮藏(P<0.05),6天后TSS/TA显著高于低温贮藏(P<0.05),2~6天感官品质显著高于低温贮藏(P<0.05),10天后显著低于低温贮藏(P<0.05)。失重率都是随着贮藏时间延长和贮藏温度升高而升高。总之,6天前室温贮藏果实品质优于低温贮藏,而低温贮藏可以保持较高的感观品质和延长货架期。     

桃果实冷害及低温特征风味物质合成机理

综述了桃果实风味物质的研究背景,以及冷敏果实冷害产生的原因,描述了果实特有的香气成分、果实的风味阈值,探讨了桃果实香气的生物合成途径及关键酶和前体物质,提出桃果实可能的特征风味物质合成途径,以期阐明桃果实冷害及低温下特征风味物质合成机理,据此建立和完善采后低温贮藏技术,进而为桃果实在冷藏期间以及冷藏回温后风味保持提供保障。     

低温结合GABA处理对樱桃番茄果实采后品质的影响

探讨低温贮藏结合GABA处理对樱桃番茄果实采后品质的影响,为寻找樱桃番茄采后保鲜新技术提供理论依据。本研究以‘粉娇’樱桃番茄为试材,设置清水浸渍+常温(25℃)贮藏、清水浸渍+低温(8℃)贮藏和GABA(500 mg/L)浸渍+低温(8℃)贮藏3个处理,在樱桃番茄16天的贮藏期内,调查果实腐烂率,测定果实呼吸强度、果实硬度、可溶性固形物、维生素C、柠檬酸和类胡萝卜素含量。结果表明,与常温(25℃)贮藏相比,低温及其结合GABA处理均显著降低了樱桃番茄果实贮藏期间的腐烂率,其中在贮藏16天时,防治效果分别达到了45.81%和63.11%,低温结合GABA处理优于单独低温贮藏。同时,低温结合GABA处理显著降低了果实的呼吸强度,延缓了果实硬度的降低,保持了较高的可溶性固形物、维生素C和柠檬酸含量,抑制了番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素的积累。因此,低温结合GABA处理可有效延缓樱桃番茄果实的腐烂和衰老,并能保持果实的采后品质,在樱桃番茄果实保鲜上具有良好的应用前景。     

Effect of harvest maturity on quality of fresh-cut pear salad

Texture of an unripe pear is firm and crisp, similar to an apple. However, at the crisp stage, the flavor of pears is flat. This study evaluated the effect of harvest maturity on the quality of fresh-cut pear salad. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and 1-month delayed. After 2 and 5 months (1 and 4 months for delayed-harvest fruit) storage at ?1 °C, fruit were sliced into 8–12 wedges per fruit, dipped in an antibrowning solution, packaged in Ziploc bags and stored at 1 °C for up to 21 d. Delayed-harvest fruit were larger in size (≈20% increase in weight), had lower flesh firmness (≈17% decrease), lower titratable acidity content (≈20% decrease), and lower phenolic content (≈45% and 13% decreases in pulp and peel, respectively). There was no significant difference in soluble solids content. After 2 months storage, ethylene production and respiration rate were initially lower in the slices from delayed-harvest fruit, but tended to become similar after 7 d in storage at 1 °C. Delayed-harvest fruit had lower hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols, and higher ester, alcohol, and aldehyde volatile compounds after 2–5 months storage. The results indicated that fruit salad produced with delayed-harvest pears had less browning potential and better flavor. Sensory evaluation results showed that about 80% of the panel liked slices from delayed-harvest fruit over commercial harvested, especially in terms of visual quality (65–85%), sweetness (75–95%), taste (70–80%), and overall quality (75–80%) during 21 d storage at 1 °C. The cut surface of slices appeared dry in delayed-harvest fruit when processed after 5 months in storage. However, sensory evaluation showed that panels still preferred the delayed-harvest fruit.     

台湾青枣贮藏期间外形与生理变化

台湾青枣在贮藏期间失水严重,硬度迅速下降;呼吸速率缓慢上升,跃变高峰出现在第6天;果皮叶绿素和蛋白质含量一直呈下降趋势,而维生素C和有机酸的含量先升后降,室温贮藏6天后其商业品质迅速下降.     

壳寡糖处理对草莓贮藏品质的影响

以草莓为试材,果实采后,分别用质量分数为1.0%,1.5%,2.0%的壳寡糖溶液浸泡处理草莓果实1min,研究壳寡糖处理对草莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,壳寡糖处理能较好地保持贮藏草莓的感官品质、风味品质、营养品质;能有效调节、控制果肉细胞的成熟与衰老,从而延长果实贮藏期。质量分数1.5%壳寡糖处理果实的各项品质指标均优于其他处理组,是有效延长草莓果实贮藏时间的最佳浓度。     

采收期对圆黄梨果实贮藏品质和采后生理的影响

不同采收期圆黄梨果实在常温（20±1）℃和冷藏（0±0.5）℃条件下的试验结果表明：圆黄梨有一定程度的呼吸跃变,乙烯释放量较小;在盛花期后128～142 d内,采收越早,贮藏期间果心褐变程度越轻,乙醇含量越低,但SSC含量相对偏低,果实风味稍差;盛花期后135 d采收的果实贮藏期间能保持较高的硬度和TA含量,风味良好,果柄新鲜程度较高。北京地区贮藏圆黄梨果实最佳采收期为盛花期后135 d。     

Storage temperature and time influences sensory quality of mandarins by altering soluble solids,acidity and aroma volatile composition

Mandarins are very prone to losing flavor quality during storage and, as a result, often have a short shelf life. To better understand the basis of this flavor loss, two mandarin varieties (‘W. Murcott’ and ‘Owari’) were stored for 0, 3 and 6 weeks at either 0 °C, 4 °C, or 8 °C plus 1 week at 20 °C, and then evaluated for sensory attributes as well as quality parameters and aroma volatile profile. The experiment was conducted multiple times for each variety over two seasons, using three separate grower lots per experiment. Flavor quality was reduced in ‘Owari’ following 4 weeks of storage as off-flavor increased, while for ‘W. Murcott’ the hedonic score decreased after the fruit were stored for 7 weeks. Sensory panelists also noted a decline in tartness during storage for both varieties that was associated with an increase in the ratio of soluble solids concentration (SSC) to titratable acidity (TA). Large increases in alcohols and esters occurred during storage in both varieties, a number of which were present in concentrations in excess of their odor threshold values and are likely contributing to the loss in flavor quality. Thirteen aroma volatiles, consisting mainly of terpenes and aldehydes, declined during storage by up to 73% in ‘Owari’, only one of which significantly changed in ‘W. Murcott’. Although many of these volatiles had aromas characteristic of citrus, their involvement in flavor loss during storage is unclear. ‘W. Murcott’ stored at 8 °C had slightly superior flavor to fruit stored at either 0 °C or 4 °C, and the better flavor was associated with higher SSC/TA and lesser tartness. Aroma volatiles did not play a role in the temperature effect on flavor as there were no significant differences in volatile concentrations among the three temperatures. There was no effect of storage temperature on the flavor of ‘Owari’.     

Does ethylene degreening affect internal quality of citrus fruit?

Citrus fruit are non-climacteric. However, exposure to exogenous ethylene, e.g., during ethylene degreening, stimulates various ripening-related processes in the peel tissue, such as destruction of the green chlorophyll pigments and accumulation of orange/yellow carotenoids. Nonetheless, it is not yet known whether exogenous ethylene affects internal ripening processes in citrus flesh. To address this question, we examined the possible effects of ethylene on taste, aroma, perceived flavor, and nutritional quality of various citrus fruit, including ‘Navel’ oranges, ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit and ‘Satsuma’ mandarins. Exposure to ethylene enhanced peel color break, and respiration and ethylene production rates in all citrus fruit tested. However, ethylene degreening had no effect on juice total soluble solids and acid contents, and had only minor effects on contents and composition of juice aroma volatiles. Moreover, sensory analysis tests revealed that ethylene degreening did not affect the flavor of oranges and grapefruit, but marginally impaired sensory acceptability of mandarins; the latter change could be attributed, at least partially, to storage of the fruit for 5 days at 20 °C. Nevertheless, ethylene degreening did not enhance off-flavor perception or accumulation of off-flavor volatiles, nor had any effect on levels of health promoting compounds such as vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoids, or antioxidant-activity of citrus juice. We conclude that although ethylene affects peel color break, it is probably not involved in regulation of internal ripening processes in citrus fruit and, therefore, does not impair internal fruit quality.