寒地李树无公害优质化高产栽培技术

李树果实营养价值高,不仅含糖量高,且含有各种果酸及矿物质和维生素,含糖量为7%～17%,含有机酸0.16%～2.29%,除鲜食外,还可加工成果脯、果酱、果汁、果干、果酒及罐头等.     

“中国沙棘”果实的综合利用

本文阐述了在我国分布最广的“中国沙棘”的工业化流水线生产工程的有关问题,介绍了生产纯沙棘原汁、纯沙棘油、浓缩沙棘汁、沙棘果汁等的主要工艺。分析结果表明,经该生产线处理:果汁无泥沙颗粒;果肉油的分离效果为83.4％～94.52％;果肉茸渣含油7.5％,可制成“沙棘果酱”和“液态超浓缩沙棘精”;Vc含量损失仅为30％左右。     

冬果梨的种质资源及贮藏加工研究综述

综述了冬果梨的种质资源及贮藏加工技术研究现状。在长期的自然和人工选择下，冬果梨形成了相应的品种群，种质丰富多样。冬果梨的贮藏以简易设施为主，改良贮藏以单果包纸为好。冬果梨加工品的研发涉及果酒、果醋、果汁和口服液等。提出了冬果梨产业的发展方向与对策。     

荔枝柔性去核刀具的设计与试验

为解决现有荔枝去核刀具存在去核成功率低,果核破损严重等问题,根据荔枝的物理特性和对去核过程的受力分析,研制了一种荔枝柔性去核刀。选取去核成功率、果肉果汁损失率、果核破损率为评价指标,在荔枝去核机上对影响刀具去核效果的关键结构参数和运动参数进行正交试验,结果表明,3因素中刀管内径对去核效果影响最大、进刀深度次之、刀轴转速影响最小;当刀管内径为10 mm,进刀深度为2 mm,刀轴转速为9 r/min时,去核刀对桂味品种荔枝（果核等效直径在6.4～14.2 mm）去核效果最好。该刀具具有适应性强、去核效果好、制造方便等优点,研究结果为荔枝灯笼状果肉剥出装置的设计提供了指导。     

荔枝常压与减压干燥过程的试验研究

在干燥介质相对湿度基本不变和不同的温度条件下，考察了荔枝整果和果皮、果肉、果核各部分在常压和减压下的干燥特性及干燥过程中果内温度的变化特性。查明了果膜对果肉及果核中水分向果壳迁移的抑制力很强；减压干燥虽有利于果皮中的水分扩散，但并不能有效地促使荔枝果肉及果核中水分向外迁移；在整个干燥过程中，整果内的温度上升速度比较缓慢。     

高静压加工对黄桃罐头品质的影响（英）

为拓展非热加工技术在水果罐头加工中应用,以黄桃罐头为试材,研究了高静压加工对黄桃罐头品质的影响。分析了黄桃罐头果肉或汤汁的质地、显微结构、色泽、pH值、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物在加工前后变化,并与传统热加工产品进行比较。结果表明：高静压加工（600 MPa, >5 min）能有效地保持产品质地、显微结构、色泽、pH值、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物,而热加工（90±2°C, 20 min）导致果肉质地软化、显微结构破坏及可溶性固形物增加,严重影响产品品质。同时感官分析表明,与对照相比,高静压加工黄桃罐头除新鲜度及滋味稍差外,其他方面均无明显差别,而热处理黄桃罐头除保持较好色泽与香气外,其他方面均产生劣质的影响。所得研究结果将为高静压技术在水果罐头中工业化应用提供理论依据。     

紫果西蕃莲的营养成分及其加工利用

本文在对紫果西蕃莲果汁的营养成分分析的基础上,研究了果实加工成果汁、汽水、蜜饯、果冻及配制果酒等系列产品的方法,为开发利用紫果西蕃莲资源提供了科学依据。     

高静压杀菌对不同形状果块的黄桃罐头质地的影响

该文在保证黄桃罐头无菌的前提下,研究了高静压杀菌技术对不同形状果块的黄桃罐头质地的影响。首先通过测定不同的高静压条件下黄桃罐头细菌总数、霉菌和酵母数的变化,并结合热杀菌时间,确定出质地研究的杀菌条件为600 MPa/20 min。再将不同形状果块的黄桃罐头在600 MPa下处理20 min后,以90℃,20 min热杀菌的黄桃罐头为对照,通过测定2种杀菌方式前后及低温和常温贮藏过程中不同形状果块的黄桃罐头果肉硬度、汤汁黏度及果肉细胞结构的变化,得出了高静压杀菌结合低温贮藏技术在罐头质地保持方面的优越性。研究结果表明：高静压杀菌的3种形状果块的罐头果肉硬度分别为热杀菌的2.8倍（“条状”）,3.1倍（“丁状”）和2.9倍（“块状”）,高静压杀菌后“块状”黄桃罐头汤汁黏度较小,果肉细胞结构较完整;且高静压杀菌后低温贮藏（4±1）℃的黄桃罐头质地品质均优于常温贮藏（25±1）℃。在3种形状果块的黄桃罐头中,无论是低温贮藏（4±1）℃还是常温贮藏（25±1）℃,“块状”的黄桃罐头其果肉硬度最大,汤汁黏度最小,细胞结构破坏程度最小,是最适宜的黄桃罐头加工形状。研究结果为高静压技术取代热杀菌应用于黄桃罐头的加工提供了理论依据。     

钙果的实用价值与栽培技术

钙果,属蔷薇科樱桃属欧李树种中的优良品种之一,是一种落叶矮小灌木,为我国特有果树。抗寒、抗旱、耐贫瘠,对土壤条件要求不严,适应性很强。果肉含有丰富的蛋白质等营养物质,茎叶是牛羊的好饲草,果仁可入药,果实可加工果汁、果酒、蜜饯等系列产品。大力栽植,既可保持水土,美化环境,又能取得客观的经济效益。介绍了钙果的生物学特性、实用价值和栽培技术。     

机器手采摘苹果抓取损伤机理有限元分析及验证

为了减少机器人自动采摘过程中夹持器抓取苹果时的碰撞、挤压损伤,对抓取过程中苹果与不同指面类型夹持器手指接触时果实内部的应力变化进行研究。通过压缩试验后计算得到了苹果果皮、果肉和果核3个不同部分的力学参数,建立了单个苹果的3层实体力学模型。将苹果果皮、果肉和果核3部分弹性模量分别取多次试验的平均值,通过ANSYS软件建立了苹果所对应的有限元模型,模拟苹果与平面和弧面手指的接触过程,进而得到苹果果皮、果肉和果核3部分的节点Von Mises应力云图。结果显示,加载过程中,果皮处的应力最大,果肉处的应力次之,但由于果肉破坏应力较小,果肉最易受到损伤;同时,当加载力相同时,弧面手指比平面手指对苹果各部分的作用应力要小,苹果的形变也较小,当加载力分别为5、20、35、50 N时,平面手指对苹果所造成的形变量分别比弧面手指大6.7%、12.1%、12.4%、14.5%,因此,弧面手指对果皮内部造成机械损伤的概率相对较小。最后,利用自行研制的采摘机器人2弧面手指夹持器苹果实物抓取损伤试验验证了所研究方法的有效性。该研究结果可以实现苹果损伤的较准确预测和评估,并为采摘机器人末端夹持器减损结构优化设计提供了一定参考依据。     

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of sweet cherry at different ripening stages

The development and ripening process of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv. 4-70) on the tree was evaluated. For this purpose, 14 different stages were selected in accordance with homogeneous size and color. Some parameters related to fruit quality, such as color, texture, sugars, organic acids, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid were analyzed. The results revealed that in sweet cherry, the changes in skin color, glucose and fructose accumulation, and softening process are initiated at early developmental stages, coinciding with the fast increase in fruit size. Also, the decrease in color parameter a was correlated with the greatest accumulation of total anthocyanins. Ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity (TAA), and total phenolic compounds decreased during the early stages of sweet cherry development but exponentially increased from stage 8, which coincided with the anthocyanin accumulation and fruit darkening. TAA showed positive correlations (r(2) = 0.99) with both ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds and also with the anthocyanin concentration from stage 8. Taking into account the reduced shelf life of sweet cherry and to ensure that these fruits reach consumers with the maximum organoleptic, nutritional, and functional properties, it is advisable to harvest sweet cherries at stage 12 of ripening.     

Fungicide residues in strawberry processing.

The fate of three fungicides (dichlofluanid, procymidone, and iprodione) applied under field conditions was studied during strawberry processing to juice, wine, and jam. An untreated control was compared to raw material treated with fungicides according to recommended doses and to a sample with 6-fold higher application rates. The highest residue values were found in the pomace after pressing. Residue values in readily produced juices and fruit wines were very low and did not exceed legally required maximum residue levels. Generally, processing steps such as pressing and clarification diminished fungicide residues from 50 to 100%. If the whole fruit is processed, as in fruit preparations or jam, the residue levels remain higher due to missing processing steps.     

Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Sweet Cherries (Prunus avium L.)

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars 'Emperor Francis', 'Huldra', 'Sam', 'Stella', 'Kristin', and 'Van' were stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) during one, two or three seasons. The cherries were held at a temperature of 0°C, or 2°C for up to three weeks. The fruit quality was evaluated on juice optical density (OD), titratable acidity (TA), pH, soluble solids content (SSC), ethanol, firmness and flavour. In general, CA had little effect on SSC in the three seasons and did not show any effects in reducing pitting. Controlled atmosphere has shown some beneficial effects on flavour, reducing decay, reducing toughening, and maintaining TA in sweet cherries. Generally, flavour score was higher for fruit kept in CA than for fruit stored in air, and the higher the CO₂ the better the taste. 'Van' and 'Sam' showed excellent taste scores after three weeks both from CA and air storage. There was very little ethanol accumulation in the fruits under CA, and it was well below the detrimental level. It is recommended that O₂ levels for sweet cherry storage can be further reduced below 10% and/or CO₂ can be increased above 15%.     

甘薯茎叶多酚分离纯化及降血糖活性研究进展

甘薯茎叶为甘薯地上蔓生部分,一年能多次采收,与甘薯块茎产量相当。甘薯茎叶中的多酚类物质含量丰富,主要为酚酸类和黄酮类物质,具有抗氧化、降血糖、抗菌消炎、抗肿瘤、保护肝脏和免疫调节等作用,且甘薯茎叶多酚类物质的降血糖作用已成为天然产物活性研究领域的热点之一。本文综述了甘薯茎叶多酚类物质的提取和分离纯化方法、酚酸类和黄酮类物质的组分构成及体外、体内降血糖活性作用,并展望了甘薯茎叶多酚类物质降血糖活性的研究方向,旨在为甘薯茎叶多酚类物质在食品和医疗保健领域的开发应用提供理论参考,提高甘薯茎叶多酚类物质的有效开发利用率,进一步促进我国甘薯茎叶加工业的可持续发展。     

Morphological characterization of sweet and sour cherry cultivars in a germplasm bank at Portugal

Nine sweet cherry and eight sour cherry varieties located in a germplasm bank at Fundão, Portugal, were studied from the viewpoint of characterization. Most of them were autochthonous cultivars that have a high risk of extinction since at the present they are markedly minor varieties. Morphological characteristics were evaluated in different organs: crown and trunk of the trees, leaves, flowers and fruits, over a three consecutive years period. Statistical analyses were carried out in order to detect similarities between cultivars as well as the existence of synonymies. Qualitative characteristics of the fruits were scored in order to carry out the multivariate analysis. A dendrogram of the evaluated characters shows the marked differentiation between sour and sweet cherries and suggests the existing synonymies. Conservation of the autochthonous cultivars in the future is highly recommended.     

模拟物流运输条件下不同内包装对甜樱桃品质的影响

甜樱桃果实上市集中且不耐贮运,为延长甜樱桃的货架期和储运时间,以新型材料—纳米包装箱为外包装,观察了不同内包装对模拟物流运输条件下甜樱桃对机械损伤的抗性。结果表明,72 h的运储对各处理甜樱桃的可溶性固形物无影响,纳米箱+内包装PE保鲜膜处理在36 h的运储期果实无腐烂,果梗干枯指数比对照纳米箱无内包装处理低74.39%,可有效抗机械损伤且保鲜效果好。长距离运输时(72 h)纳米箱+内包装果实套袋处理抗机械损伤效果最好,其腐烂率为对照纳米箱无内包装处理的55.80%,但纳米箱+内包装果实套袋处理在装箱时应注意剔除腐烂果及裂果。     

Activity and concentration of polyphenolic antioxidants in apple juice. 2. Effect of novel production methods

There is a great interest in food components that possess possible health-protecting properties, as is the case with flavonoids. Previous research showed that conventional apple juice processing resulted in juices poor in flavonoids and with a low antioxidant activity. This paper shows that it is possible to improve flavonoid content in juice and its antioxidant activity by applying an alcoholic extraction either on the pulp or on the pomace. The levels of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in enriched juice were between 1.4 (chlorogenic acid) and 9 (quercetin glycosides) times higher than in conventional apple juice. In enriched juice the antioxidant activity was 5 times higher than in conventional apple juice, with 52% of the antioxidant activity of the originating fruits present. The novel processing method had similar effects for three apple cultivars tested (Elstar, Golden Delicious, and Jonagold). The taste and color of enriched juice were different from those of conventional juice.     

18个品种蓝靛果营养成分分析及综合品质评价

为了研究不同品种蓝靛果各指标的差异，确定影响其品质的关键指标，对不同品种蓝靛果进行综合评价并分类。以18个品种蓝靛果为研究对象，基于百粒质量、可溶性固形物含量、含水率、总酸、可溶性糖、糖酸比、总酚、总黄酮、花色苷、维生素C、铁、钙、感官评分、胰脂肪酶抑制率等各项指标的差异，通过相关性分析、主成分分析，建立一套综合评价蓝靛果品质的方法，并结合热图聚类分析将18个品种的蓝靛果进行分类，根据各类蓝靛果特点分析其潜在应用方向。测定结果显示不同品种蓝靛果多项指标存在显著差异（P＜0.05），经各指标之间相关性分析可得总酸与总酚、总黄酮以及花色苷含量之间呈显著正相关（P＜0.05），胰脂肪酶抑制率与总酸含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01），与花色苷含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05），感官评分与百粒质量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。经主成分分析，提取出5个主成分，累计贡献率达84.524%，总酸、总酚、总黄酮、花色苷含量以及胰脂肪酶抑制率是评价蓝靛果品质的关键指标。根据综合评价函数计算综合得分，排名前五的品种分别是"谢列娜"（42.38）、"蓓蕾"（41.04）、"别列里"（39.26）、"乌兰"（35.38）和"炭火"（34.56），此5种蓝靛果品质优良，可用于选育新品种或定向育种。经热图聚类分析可将18个品种蓝靛果分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类，各分别含有4、5、9个品种。第Ⅰ类蓝靛果适宜鲜食；第Ⅱ类蓝靛果适合开发具有辅助降脂功能的保健食品；第Ⅲ类蓝靛果适宜开发成休闲食品，其中"阿索里""1-100-82""33-11-82"和"蓝纺锤"适合开发果汁、果酒等产品，"蓝色温柔""伊利亚特""托米奇卡""瓦秀岗""炭火"适合加工果酱、果脯、罐头等产品。研究结果为蓝靛果的定向育种提供一定参考，为不同品种蓝靛果的开发利用提供理论依据，也为蓝靛果等浆果品质分析、综合评价及合理分类提供系统可靠的方法。     

壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜对甜樱桃采后生理和贮藏品质的影响

为研究壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜对甜樱桃贮藏期生理及品质的影响,以新鲜大连甜樱桃为材料,研究4℃条件下3种壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜处理(0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.2%壳聚糖、0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.5%壳聚糖、0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖)对甜樱桃的腐烂率、失重率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C(Vc)含量、呼吸强度、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化的影响。结果表明,0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖复配的壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌涂膜处理对甜樱桃果实的保鲜效果优于壳聚糖单膜处理(1.0%壳聚糖)。壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜处理能够使可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc含量维持在较高水平,降低果实的腐烂率、失重率,有效延缓呼吸强度、MDA含量的上升及CAT活性的下降,抑制POD和SOD活性。在维持甜樱桃贮藏品质和延缓衰老方面,以0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖复配的壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合膜处理的保鲜效果最好。本研究结果为改性壳聚糖涂膜在甜樱桃贮藏保鲜中的应用提供了理论依据。